Spontaneous Officinal Plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: Tradition, Protection, Enhancement, and Recovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Samples, Identification, and Biomass Evaluation
2.2. Ethnobotanical Uses
2.3. Recovery of Aromatic Waters
2.4. Conservation using Traditional Methods
2.5. Extraction from Dried Material
2.6. Chemical–Physical Analysis
2.7. Evaluation of the Anti-Germinative Activity
2.8. Characterization of the Essential Oil of Spontaneous Lavender
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Collection of Plants and Biomass Relieves
3.2. Results of Ethnobotanical Research
3.2.1. Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
3.2.2. Hypericum perforatum L.
3.2.3. Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
3.2.4. Malva sylvestris L.
3.2.5. Matricaria chamomilla L.
3.2.6. Myrtus communis L.
3.2.7. Origanum heracleoticum L.
3.2.8. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
3.3. Results of the Chemical–Physical Analysis of Aromatic Waters and Residual Distillation Waters
3.4. Results of Drying using the Traditional Method
3.5. Results of the Chemical–Physical Analysis of Aqueous Extracts and Anti-Germinative Activity
3.6. Results of the Characterization of the Lavender Essential Oil
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Geolocalization (Monte Bulgheria) | Harvesting Period | Phenological Stage | Vegetation Height (m) | Canopy cover Per Plant (m2) | Volume Estimate Per Plant (m3) | Leaf Weight (%) | Flower/Inflorescence Weight (%) | Moisture at Harvest (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foeniculum vulgare | “Jacolina” 40°5′43.60″ N—15°24′48.96″ E | Third ten days of August | End of flowering—beginning of waxy ripening | 1.67 ± 0.10 | 0.065 ± 0.037 | 0.106 ± 0.055 | 44 ± 8 | 56 ± 8 | 69.6 ± 0.2 |
Hypericum perforatum | “Altarino” 40°5′7.49″ N—15°24′49.41″ E | Third ten days of June | Flowering | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.005 ± 0.003 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 75 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 71.1 ± 0.2 |
Lavandula angustifolia | “Altipiano” 40°4′40.23″ N—15°23′57.88″ E | Third ten days of July | Flowering | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 1.180 ± 0.313 | 0.786 ± 0.192 | - | 100 ± 1 | 62.9 ± 0.1 |
Malva sylvestris | “Jacolina” 40°5′43.60″ N—15°24′48.96″ E | Third ten days of April | Flowering | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 0.138 ± 0.035 | 0.088 ± 0.039 | 69 ± 2 | 31 ± 2 | 80.4 ± 0.3 |
Matricaria chamomilla | “Jacolina” 40° 5′43.60″ N —15°24′48.96″ E | Third ten days of May | Flowering | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.009 ± 0.005 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 75 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 75.7 ± 0.2 |
Myrtus communis | “Morgialdo” 40°5′21.84″ N—15°25′2.18″ E | Third ten days of July | Flowering | 1.72 ± 0.09 | 1.048 ± 0.279 | 1.820 ± 0.568 | 85 ± 5 | 15 ± 5 | 59.0 ± 0.1 |
Origanum heracleoticum | “Altarino” 40°5′7.49″ N—15°24′49.41″ E | Third ten days of June | Beginning of flowering | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.088 ± 0.058 | 0.037 ± 0.029 | 80 ± 3 | 20±3 | 70.0 ± 0.2 |
Rosmarinus officinalis | “Altarino” 40°5′7.49″ N—15°24′49.41″ E | Third ten days of June | Vegetative stage | 1.36 ± 0.14 | 2.776 ± 0.592 | 3.830 ± 1.187 | 100 ± 1 | - | 63.4 ± 0.2 |
Species | English Common Name | Local Name |
---|---|---|
Foeniculum vulgare | Wild fennel | Finùcchiu sirvàticu |
Hypericum perforatum | Hypericum | Èriva rì San Giùuanni |
Lavandula angustifolia | True lavender | Spicaddòsa |
Malva sylvestris | Mallow | Màleva |
Matricaria chamomilla | Common chamomile | Cammumilla |
Myrtus communis | Myrtle | Murtédda |
Origanum heracleoticum | Oregano | Arìgana |
Rosmarinus officinalis | Rosemary | Rosamarìnu |
pH | EC (μS/cm) | Refractive Indices (n) | |
---|---|---|---|
Foeniculum vulgare | 6.34 | 44 | 1.3333 |
Lavandula angustifolia | 5.86 | 30 | 1.3335 |
Matricaria chamomilla | 6.74 | 65 | 1.3332 |
Myrtus communis | 6.09 | 50 | 1.3333 |
Origanum heracleoticum | 6.25 | 46 | 1.3332 |
Rosmarinus officinalis | 5.87 | 35 | 1.3333 |
pH | EC (μS/cm) | |
---|---|---|
Foeniculum vulgare | 6.44 | 1285 |
Lavandula angustifolia | 5.46 | 1949 |
Matricaria chamomilla | 6.23 | 948 |
Myrtus communis | 4.63 | 1156 |
Origanum heracleoticum | 5.43 | 2340 |
Rosmarinus officinalis | 6.13 | 1552 |
Species Harvested | Hypericum perforatum | Lavandula angustifolia | Malva sylvestris | Myrtus communis | Origanum heracleoticum | Rosmarinus officinalis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drying duration (days) | 20 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 20 | 20 |
Moisture (%) | 8.55 | 15.27 | 12.31 | 10.66 | 11.66 | 9.09 |
Foreign materials | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
Foreign plant materials (traces) | Rosemary | Lavender | Oregano | |||
Molds | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
Pest damage | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
Munsell color | ||||||
of the leaf blade | 10Y 4/4 | 7.5Y 5/6 | 10Y 5/4 | 2.5GY 5/2: 2.5GY 5/4; 2.5GY 6/4; 2.5GY 6/6 | 10Y 6/2; 10Y 6/4 | |
of the flowers | 2.5Y 8/10 | 10PB 4/4; 10PB 3/8 | 2.5P 3/6 | 7.5Y 9/4 | ||
Visual impact color | ||||||
of the leaf blade | Dark green | Bright light green | Dark green | Bright light green | Dark green with light shades | |
of the flowers | Dark ocher yellow | Blue/deep purple | Bright purple | Light yellow |
Samples | Extracts at 100 °C | Extracts at Air Temperature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | CE (μS/cm) | pH | CE (μS/cm) | |
Hypericum perforatum | 5.38 | 3600 | 5.30 | 1000 |
Lavandula angustifolia | 5.68 | 3640 | 5.81 | 1182 |
Malva sylvestris | 6.10 | 3940 | 6.80 | 2000 |
Myrtus communis | 4.80 | 2700 | 5.60 | 741 |
Origanum heracleoticum | 5.72 | 4170 | 5.67 | 1513 |
Rosmarinus officinalis | 6.26 | 1506 | 6.20 | 862 |
Extract at Air Temperature | Extract at 100 °C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Germinated Seeds (%) | Root Length (mm) | Germinated Seeds (%) | Root Length (mm) |
Water (control) | 93.3 ± 0.6 a | 22.9 ± 0.3 a | ||
Malva sylvestris | 90.0 ± 1.0 a | 1.5 ± 0.4 c | 66.6 ± 3.5 c | |
Hypericum perforatum | 83.3 ± 2.1 b | 10.5 ± 0.3 b | 83.3 ± 1.2 b | |
Myrtus communis | 83.3 ± 1.5 b | 6.9 ± 1.0 b | 83.3 ± 0.6 b | 2.04 ± 0.9 c |
Lavandula angustifolia | 53.3 ± 1.5 c | 2.5 ± 0.1 c | 36.6 ± 2.1 d | |
Origanum heracleoticum | 30.0 ± 1.0 d | 1.8 ± 0.7 c | 60.0 ± 2.0 c | 0.96 ± 0.3 c |
Rosmarinus officinalis | 76.6 ± 1.5 b | 14.5 ± 3.5 b | 60.0 ± 1.0 c | 2.49 ± 0.3 c |
Ki a | Ki b | Compound | Sanza Lavender (SL) (%) c | Commercial Lavender (CL) (%) c |
---|---|---|---|---|
993 | 1173 | Myrcene | 0.5 | 1.3 |
1030 | 1203 | Limonene | T | 0.6 |
1034 | 1213 | 1,8-Cineole | - | 4.1 |
1040 | 1232 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | 0.2 | 0.7 |
1049 | 1265 | (E)-β-Ocimene | 0.3 | 0.8 |
1076 | 1477 | cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 0.5 | 0.2 |
1080 | 1436 | trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 0.4 | T |
1098 | 1553 | Linalool | 45.0 | 45.6 |
1109 | Octenol acetate | 1.1 | - | |
1145 | 1532 | Camphor | 0.9 | 8.9 |
1167 | 1718 | Borneol | 6.3 | 4.0 |
1176 | 1611 | Terpinen-4-ol | 5.9 | 4.3 |
1189 | 1706 | α-Terpineol | 6.6 | 5.9 |
1218 | 1806 | Nerol | 0.8 | - |
1237 | 1847 | Geraniol | 0.1 | - |
1259 | 1665 | Linalyl acetate | 19.9 | 14.0 |
1284 | 1597 | Bornyl acetate | 0.2 | - |
1287 | 1599 | Lavandulyl acetate | 0.8 | 3.2 |
1358 | 1601 | Neryl acetate | 2.1 | 1.3 |
1388 | 1731 | Geranyl acetate | 3.9 | 2.2 |
1418 | 1612 | (E)-β-Caryophyllene | 1.0 | 0.4 |
1440 | 1688 | (E)-β-Farnesene | T | - |
1477 | 1726 | Germacrene D | 0.2 | 0.6 |
1579 | 2208 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.4 | - |
1652 | 2255 | α-Cadinol | 2.7 | - |
1662 | 2153 | α-Bisabolol | - | 1.0 |
Total | 99.8 | 98.2 |
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De Falco, E.; Rigano, D.; Fico, V.; Vitti, A.; Barile, G.; Pergola, M. Spontaneous Officinal Plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: Tradition, Protection, Enhancement, and Recovery. Plants 2023, 12, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030465
De Falco E, Rigano D, Fico V, Vitti A, Barile G, Pergola M. Spontaneous Officinal Plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: Tradition, Protection, Enhancement, and Recovery. Plants. 2023; 12(3):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030465
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Falco, Enrica, Daniela Rigano, Vito Fico, Antonella Vitti, Gaia Barile, and Maria Pergola. 2023. "Spontaneous Officinal Plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: Tradition, Protection, Enhancement, and Recovery" Plants 12, no. 3: 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030465