Cereal–Pea Intercropping Reveals Variability in the Relationships among Yield, Quality Parameters, and Obligate Pathogens Infection in Wheat, Rye, Oat, and Triticale, in a Temperate Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Difference in Effects of Year and Cultivation Practices on Yield and TKW of Cereal Crops
2.2. Potentials of Cereal–Pea Intercropping Systems for Regulating Powdery Mildew and Leaf Rust Infections
2.3. Effect of Intercropping Systems on Nitrogen Usage of Cereal Crops and Contribution of Cereal Crops to the Land Equivalent Ratio
3. Discussion
3.1. The Variable Effects of Year and Cultivation Practices on Yields and TKWs of Cereal Crops
3.2. Potential of Cereal–Pea Intercropping Systems for Regulating Powdery Mildew and Leaf Rust Infection
3.3. Effect of Intercropping Systems on Nitrogen Usage of Cereal Crops and Contribution of Cereal Crops to the Land Equivalent Ratio
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Disease Assessments
4.2. Yield and Crude Protein
4.3. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
4.4. Climatic Conditions
4.5. Statistical Methods
5. Conclusions
- The effect of intercropping on yield and TKW was not straightforward. The changes in TKW in a single variety cultivated using different practices were not dependent on the year to the same extent as the yield.
- Intercropping could decrease the yield variation under extreme fluctuations of climatic factors during the flowering and grain-filling periods.
- The relationships between the level of pathogenic infection and yield results were not straightforward and were highly dependent on the yield potentials of the cultivars.
- The contributions of the cereal crops to the LER differed within and across the years.
- Year, variety, cultivation practices, and their interactions (year × variety × cultivation) were all determined as significantly influencing factors (p < 0.001) on the crude protein of cereal crops.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yield t/ha | TKW g | Crude Protein% | Powdery Mildew% | Leaf Rust % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Powdery mildew | 0.063 | - | - | - | - |
Leaf rust | 0.147 | - | - | - | - |
Year | 0.003 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.202 | 0.009 |
Variety | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Cultivation | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Seeding time | - | - | - | - | - |
Year × Variety | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
Year × Cultivation | 0.192 | - | <0.001 | 0.669 | 0.503 |
Variety × Cultivation | 0.428 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.029 | <0.001 |
Year × Variety × Cultivation | 0.033 | - | <0.001 | 0.021 | 0.001 |
Variety 1 | Cultivation Practice | Yield t/ha | SE of Mean | Yield t/ha | SE of Mean | TKW g | SE of Mean | TKW g | SE of Mean | Crude Protein% | SE of Mean | Crude Protein % | SE of Mean | PM 2 % | SE of Mean | PM 2 % | SE of Mean | LR 3 % | SE of Mean | LR 3 % | SE of Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||||||
Dunav | Intercropping | 3.9 | 0.37 | 6.5 | 0.16 | 34.2 | 0.46 | 34.5 | 1.08 | 10.4 | 0.36 | 6.1 | 0.14 | 7.5 | 1.44 | 8.7 | 1.25 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 |
Standalone | 5.9 | 0.28 | 9.5 | 0.04 | 29.9 | 0.49 | 30.5 | 0.29 | 8.9 | 0.21 | 6.7 | 0.17 | 5.0 | 2.04 | 12.5 | 2.50 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | |
Ilina | Intercropping | 4.7 | 0.20 | 4.2 | 0.19 | 41.8 | 0.72 | 35.4 | 0.42 | 8.9 | 0.12 | 9.1 | 0.12 | 10.0 | 0 | 12.5 | 2.50 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 |
Standalone | 7.6 | 0.08 | 7.4 | 0.37 | 39.4 | 1.55 | 35.5 | 0.45 | 7.4 | 0.09 | 6.9 | 0.09 | 35.0 | 2.89 | 30.0 | 4.08 | 10.0 | 4.08 | 2.5 | 2.50 | |
Jadar | Intercropping | 3.6 | 0.18 | 4.3 | 0.36 | 28.7 | 0.96 | 28.8 | 0.73 | 8.7 | 0.16 | 7.6 | 0.19 | 3.7 | 2.39 | 5.0 | 2.04 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 |
Standalone | 6.3 | 0.52 | 7.9 | 0.30 | 28.7 | 1.10 | 28.5 | 0.55 | 7.9 | 0.12 | 6.2 | 0.07 | 15.0 | 2.89 | 6.2 | 2.39 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | |
Nataša | Intercropping | 4.2 | 0.19 | 4.4 | 0.29 | 38.4 | 0.51 | 39.2 | 0.34 | 10.4 | 0.04 | 8.2 | 0.07 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 5.0 | 2.89 |
Standalone | 6.4 | 0.23 | 7.5 | 0.10 | 40.3 | 1.43 | 38.9 | 0.69 | 9.1 | 0.04 | 7.3 | 0.06 | 0.0 | 0 | 3.7 | 2.39 | 0.0 | 0 | 12.5 | 4.79 | |
Odisej | Intercropping | 4.6 | 0.09 | 3.2 | 0.21 | 48.5 | 0.89 | 49.6 | 0.47 | 12.1 | 0.06 | 9.6 | 0.13 | 0.0 | 0 | 6.2 | 1.25 | 8.7 | 1.25 | 6.2 | 4.73 |
Standalone | 7.8 | 0.15 | 6.4 | 0.46 | 45.8 | 0.55 | 46.6 | 0.39 | 9.5 | 0.04 | 7.4 | 0.09 | 10.0 | 4.08 | 15 | 5.00 | 15.0 | 2.89 | 5 | 5.00 | |
Savo | Intercropping | 5.4 | 0.21 | 5.2 | 0.21 | 32.1 | 0.97 | 29.5 | 0.76 | 9.6 | 0.07 | 6.8 | 0.14 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 8.7 | 1.25 | 11.2 | 3.15 |
Standalone | 8.3 | 0.39 | 6.9 | 0.38 | 28.4 | 0.83 | 28.1 | 0.62 | 7.2 | 0.07 | 5.6 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 0 | 16.2 | 2.39 | 12.5 | 2.50 | 27.5 | 2.50 | |
Mean Intercropping | 4.4 | 4.6 | 37.3 | 36.2 | 10.0 | 7.9 | 3.5 | 5.4 | 2.9 | 3.7 | |||||||||||
Mean Standalone | 7.1 | 7.6 | 35.4 | 34.7 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 10.8 | 13.9 | 6.2 | 7.9 |
The Score | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Level of Infection | no infection | 1–10% | 11–20% | 21–30% | 31–40% | 41–50% | 51–60% | 61–70% | 71–80% | ≥81% |
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Jevtić, R.; Župunski, V.; Grčak, M.; Živančev, D.; Knežević, D. Cereal–Pea Intercropping Reveals Variability in the Relationships among Yield, Quality Parameters, and Obligate Pathogens Infection in Wheat, Rye, Oat, and Triticale, in a Temperate Environment. Plants 2023, 12, 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112067
Jevtić R, Župunski V, Grčak M, Živančev D, Knežević D. Cereal–Pea Intercropping Reveals Variability in the Relationships among Yield, Quality Parameters, and Obligate Pathogens Infection in Wheat, Rye, Oat, and Triticale, in a Temperate Environment. Plants. 2023; 12(11):2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112067
Chicago/Turabian StyleJevtić, Radivoje, Vesna Župunski, Milosav Grčak, Dragan Živančev, and Desimir Knežević. 2023. "Cereal–Pea Intercropping Reveals Variability in the Relationships among Yield, Quality Parameters, and Obligate Pathogens Infection in Wheat, Rye, Oat, and Triticale, in a Temperate Environment" Plants 12, no. 11: 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12112067