Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells of Hippophae rhamnodies L., Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf, and Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
2.2. Cell Viability Assessment
2.3. Cell Morphology and Confluence
2.4. Nuclear Morphology Evaluation
2.5. Wound Healing Assay
2.6. HET-CAM Assay
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
4.3. Cell Culture
4.4. Viability Assay
4.5. Cell Morphology and Confluence Evaluation
4.6. Nuclear Morphology Evaluation
4.7. Wound Healing Assay
4.8. Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay (CAM Assay)
4.9. Hen’s Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Assay
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO. Source: Globocan 2020. Available online: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-analysis-multi-bars?v=2020&mode=cancer&mode_population=countries&population=900&populations=900&key=asr&sex=0&cancer=39&type=0&statistic=5&prevalence=0&population_group=0&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_group%5B%5D=17&nb_items=10&group_cancer=1&include_nmsc=1&include_nmsc_other=1&type_multiple=%257B%2522inc%2522%253Atrue%252C%2522mort%2522%253Afalse%252C%2522prev%2522%253Afalse%257D&orientation=horizontal&type_sort=0&type_nb_items=%257B%2522top%2522%253Atrue%252C%2522bottom%2522%253Afalse%257D (accessed on 21 September 2021).
- Li, W.; Li, C.; Zheng, H.; Chen, G.; Hua, B. Therapeutic targets of traditional Chinese medicine for colorectal cancer. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 2016, 36, 243–249. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mármol, I.; Sánchez-de-Diego, C.; Dieste, A.P.; Cerrada, E.; Yoldi, M.J.R. Colorectal carcinoma: A general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Papamichael, D.; Audisio, R.A.; Glimelius, B.; de Gramont, A.; Glynne-Jones, R.; Haller, D.; Köhne, C.H.; Rostoft, S.; Lemmens, V.; Mitry, E.; et al. Treatment of colorectal cancer in older patients: International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) consensus recommendations 2013. Ann. Oncol. 2015, 26, 463–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soreide, K.; Berg, M.; Skudal, B.S.; Nedreboe, B.S. Advances in the understanding and treatment of colorectal cancer. Discov. Med. 2011, 12, 393–404. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Dehelean, C.A.; Marcovici, I.; Soica, C.; Mioc, M.; Coricovac, D.; Iurciuc, S.; Cretu, O.M.; Pinzaru, I. Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules 2021, 26, 1109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Hu, X.; Zuo, X.; Wang, M. Chemopreventive effects of some popular phytochemicals on human colon cancer: A review. Food Funct. 2018, 9, 4548–4568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Russo, R.; Corasaniti, M.T.; Bagetta, G.; Morrone, L.A. Exploitation of cytotoxicity of some essential oils for translation in cancer therapy. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 2015, 397821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spisni, E.; Petrocelli, G.; Imbesi, V.; Spigarelli, R.; Azzinnari, D.; Sarti, M.D.; Campieri, M.; Valerii, M.C. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbial-modulating activities of essential oils: Implications in colonic pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kopustinskiene, D.M.; Jakstas, V.; Savickas, A.; Bernatoniene, J. Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents. Nutrients. 2020, 12, 457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yue, X.F.; Shang, X.; Zhang, Z.J.; Zhang, Y.N. Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils from different parts of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). J. Food Drug Anal. 2017, 25, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, H.; Gao, T.; Du, Y.; Yang, H.; Wei, L.; Bi, H.; Ni, W. Anticancer and immunostimulating activities of a novel homogalacturonan from Hippophae rhamnoides L. berry. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 131, 288–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhamanbaeva, G.T.; Murzakhmetova, M.K.; Tuleukhanov, S.T.; Danilenko, M.P. Antitumor activity of ethanol extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves towards human acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2014, 158, 252–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, R.; Guo, X.; Li, T.; Fu, X.; Liu, R.H. Comparative assessment of phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) berries. Food Chem. 2017, 221, 997–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grey, C.; Widén, C.; Adlercreutz, P.; Rumpunen, K.; Duan, R.D. Antiproliferative effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) extracts on human colon and liver cancer cell lines. Food Chem. 2010, 120, 1004–1010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, G.; Shri, R.; Panchal, V.; Sharma, N.; Singh, B.; Mann, A.S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2011, 2, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gomes, L.F.; Longhi, P.J.H.; Machado, L.; da Cruz, I.B.M.; Montano, M.A.E.; Martins, M.; Machado, S.A.; Steffani, J.A.; Cadoná, F.C. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf) presents antitumoral effect and improve chemotherapy activity in prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2021, 21, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halabi, M.F.; Sheikh, B.Y. Anti-proliferative effect and phytochemical analysis of Cymbopogon citratus extract. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 906239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sestili, P.; Ismail, T.; Calcabrini, C.; Guescini, M.; Catanzaro, E.; Turrini, E.; Layla, A.; Akhtar, S.; Fimognari, C. The potential effects of Ocimum basilicum on health: A review of pharmacological and toxicological studies. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2018, 14, 679–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costea, T.; Hudiță, A.; Ciolac, O.A.; Gălățeanu, B.; Ginghină, O.; Costache, M.; Ganea, C.; Mocanu, M.M. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by dietary compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Redondo-Blanco, S.; Fernández, J.; Gutiérrez-del-Río, I.; Villar, C.J.; Lombó, F. New insights toward colorectal cancer chemotherapy using natural bioactive compounds. Front. Pharmacol. 2017, 8, 109–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patel, S.; Gogna, P. Tapping botanicals for essential oils: Progress and hurdles in cancer mitigation. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015, 76, 1148–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gagnon, M.; Zihler Berner, A.; Chervet, N.; Chassard, C.; Lacroix, C. Comparison of the Caco-2, HT-29 and the mucus-secreting HT29-MTX intestinal cell models to investigate Salmonella adhesion and invasion. J. Microbiol. Methods 2013, 94, 274–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levorato, S.; Dominici, L.; Fatigoni, C.; Zadra, C.; Pagiotti, R.; Moretti, M.; Villarini, M. In vitro toxicity evaluation of estragole-containing preparations derived from Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) on HepG2 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2018, 111, 616–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alves Júnior, E.B.; de Oliveira Formiga, R.; de Lima, S.C.A.; Araruna, C.M.E.; de Souza Pessoa, M.L.; Vasconcelos, R.C.; Gomes de Carvalho, T.; Gonçalves de Jesus, T.; Antunes Araújo, A.; Fernandes, R.; et al. Estragole prevents gastric ulcers via cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory mechanisms in animal models. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 130, 110578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olsson, M.E.; Gustavsson, K.E.; Andersson, S.; Nilsson, Å.; Duan, R.D. Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 7264–7271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kapur, A.; Felder, M.; Fass, L.; Kaur, J.; Czarnecki, A.; Rathi, K. Modulation of oxidative stress and subsequent induction of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress allows citral to decrease cancer cell proliferation. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27530–27544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nigjeh, S.E.; Yeap, S.K.; Nordin, N.; Kamalideghan, B.; Ky, H.; Rosli, R. Citral induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 spheroid cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 18, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Balusamy, S.R.; Ramani, S.; Natarajan, S.; Kim, Y.J.; Perumalsamy, H. Integrated transcriptome and in vitro analysis revealed anti-proliferative effect of citral in human stomach cancer through apoptosis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 4883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balusamy, S.R.; Perumalsamy, H.; Veerappan, K.; Huq, M.A.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Lakshmi, T. Citral induced apoptosis through modulation of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in human prostate cancer cells: In silico and in vitro study. Biomed. Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 6040727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ruvinov, I.; Nguyen, C.; Scaria, B.; Vegh, C.; Zaitoon, O.; Baskaran, K.; Mehaidli, A.; Nunes, M.; Pandey, S. Lemongrass extract possesses potent anticancer activity against human colon cancers, inhibits tumorigenesis, enhances efficacy of FOLFOX, and reduces its adverse effects. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2019, 18, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fitsiou, E.; Mitropoulou, G.; Spyridopoulou, K.; Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A.; Vamvakias, M.; Bardouki, H.; Panayiotidis, M.I.; Galanis, A.; Kourkoutas, Y.; Chlichlia, K.; et al. Phytochemical profile and evaluation of the biological activities of essential oils derived from the Greek aromatic plant species Ocimum basilicum, Mentha spicata, Pimpinella anisum and Fortunella margarita. Molecules 2016, 21, 1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Anthony, J.-P.; Fyfe, L.; Smith, H. Plant active components—A resource for antiparasitic agents? Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21, 462–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Lin, L.; Ni, Q.; Su, C.L. Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. for treatment of diabetes mellitus: A review. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 2599–2607. [Google Scholar]
- Kimutai, A.; Ngeiywa, M.; Mulaa, M.; Njagi, P.G.N.; Ingonga, J.; Nyamwamu, L.B.; Ombati, C.; Ngumbi, P. Repellent effects of the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Tagetes minuta on the sandfly, Phlebotomus duboscqi. BMC Res. Notes 2017, 10, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Faur, A.; Watz, C.; Moacă, E.A.; Avram, Ş.; Borcan, F.; Pinzaru, I.; Iftode, A.; Nicolov, M.; Popovici, R.A.; Raica, M.; et al. Correlations on phenolic screening related to in vitro and in ovo assessment of Ocimum basilicum, L. hydro-alcoholic extracts used as skin active ingredient. Molecules 2020, 25, 5442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olas, B.; Skalski, B.; Ulanowska, K. The anticancer activity of sea buckthorn [Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson]. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 232–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Upadhyay, N.K.; Kumar, R.; Mandotra, S.K.; Meena, R.M.; Siddiqu, M.S.; Sawhney, R.C.; Gupta, A. Safety and wound healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil in experimental rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 1146–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, R.; Kumar, G.P.; Chaurasia, O.P.; Singh, S. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of seabuckthorn oil: A review. Res. J. Med. Plants 2011, 5, 491–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bidinotto, L.T.; Costa, C.A.; Costa, M.; Rodrigues, M.A.; Barbisan, L.F. Modifying effects of lemongrass essential oil on specific tissue response to the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosurea in female BALB/c mice. J. Med. Food 2012, 15, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nguyen, C.; Mehaidli, A.; Baskaran, K.; Grewal, S.; Pupulin, A.; Ruvinov, I.; Scaria, B.; Parashar, K.; Vegh, C.; Pandey, S. Dandelion root and lemongrass extracts induce apoptosis, enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy, and reduce tumour xenograft growth in vivo in prostate cancer. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2019, 2019, 2951428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Aruna, K.; Sivaramakrishnan, V.M. Plant products as protective agents against cancer. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 1990, 28, 1008–1011. [Google Scholar]
- Rodrigues, L.B.; Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins, O.A.; Cesário, F.R.; Castro, F.F.E.; de Albuquerque, T.R.; Martins Fernandes, M.N.; Fernandes da Silva, B.A.; Quintans Júnior, L.J.; da Costa, J.G.; Coutinho, H.D.M.; et al. Anti-inflammatory and antiedematogenic activity of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its main compound estragole: In vivo mouse models. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2016, 257, 14–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sumalan, R.M.; Alexa, E.; Popescu, I.; Negrea, M.; Radulov, I.; Obistioiu, D.; Cocan, I. Exploring ecological alternatives for crop protection using coriandrum sativum essential oil. Molecules 2019, 24, 2040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guran, K.; Buzatu, R.; Pinzaru, I.; Boruga, M.; Marcovici, I.; Coricovac, D.; Avram, S.; Poenaru, M.; Susan, M.; Susan, R.; et al. In vitro pharmaco-toxicological characterization of Melissa officinalis total extract using oral, pharynx and colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Processes 2021, 9, 850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, C.; Sun, G.; Yuan, G.; Wang, R.; Sun, X. Effects of platycodin D on proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signal pathway of human glioma U251 cells. Molecules 2014, 19, 21411–21423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pinzaru, I.; Chioibas, R.; Marcovici, I.; Coricovac, D.; Susan, R.; Predut, D.; Georgescu, D.; Dehelean, C. Rutin exerts cytotoxic and senescence-inducing properties in human melanoma cells. Toxics 2021, 9, 226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farcas, G.C.; Dehelean, C.; Pinzaru, I.A.; Mioc, M.; Socoliuc, V.; Moaca, E.A.; Avram, S.; Ghiulai, R.; Coricovac, D.; Pavel, I.; et al. Thermosensitive betulinic acid-loaded magnetoliposomes: A promising antutumor potential for highly aggressive human breast adenocarcinoma cells under hyperthermic conditions. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020, 15, 8175–8200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Batista-Duharte, A.; Jorge Murillo, G.; Pérez, U.M.; Tur, E.N.; Portuondo, D.F.; Martínez, B.T.; Téllez-Martínez, D.; Betancourt, J.E.; Pérez, O. The hen’s egg test on chorioallantoic membrane: An alternative assay for the assessment of the irritating effect of vaccine adjuvants. Int. J. Toxicol. 2016, 35, 627–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hut, E.-F.; Radulescu, M.; Pilut, N.; Macasoi, I.; Berceanu, D.; Coricovac, D.; Pinzaru, I.; Cretu, O.; Dehelean, C. Two antibiotics, ampicillin and tetracycline, exert different effects in HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells in terms of cell viability and migration capacity. Curr. Oncol. 2021, 28, 2466–2480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Budai, P.; Kormos, É.; Buda, I.; Somody, G.; Lehel, J. Comparative evaluation of HET-CAM and ICE methods for objective assessment of ocular irritation caused by selected pesticide products. Toxicol. Vit. 2021, 74, 105150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Name | R. Time | m/z | Area | Height | Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isobutvrvl bromide | 20.809 | TIC | 85,682 | 6956 | 11.22 |
Estragole | 23.661 | TIC | 481,549 | 59,917 | 63.06 |
2-Propenoie acid, 2-methyl-, ethenyl ester | 25.158 | TIC | 20,112 | 3487 | 2.63 |
Glycidol | 29.778 | TIC | 18,940 | 1797 | 2.48 |
(S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid | 30.276 | TIC | 2732 | 281 | 0.35 |
N-Methylglycine | 30.764 | TIC | 13,019 | 897 | 1.70 |
Propanedioic acid, oxo-, dimethyl ester | 31.172 | TIC | 8017 | 1029 | 1.05 |
2-Methoxy-1, 3-dioxolane | 32.226 | TIC | 13,747 | 813 | 1.80 |
Propane, 2-ethoxy | 32.600 | TIC | 1895 | 404 | 0.24 |
Isopropyl Alcohol | 33.008 | TIC | 10,255 | 784 | 1.34 |
Ethanol, 2-[2-(ethnyloxy) ethoxy]- | 33.162 | TIC | 9418 | 941 | 1.23 |
Ethane, 1,1′-oxybis[2-methoxy] | 34.232 | TIC | 2883 | 831 | 2.99 |
Pentandioic acid, (p-t-butylphenyl) ester | 34.553 | TIC | 15,391 | 12,088 | 9.87 |
Name | R. Time | m/z | Area | Height | Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
.apha, -Thujene | 6.006 | TIC | 64,743 | 10,639 | 0.072 |
Bicyclo [3.1.0]hex -2-ene, 2-methyl-5-(methy) | 6.466 | TIC | 44,0792 | 41891 | 0.487 |
Camphene | 7.511 | TIC | 1,129,013 | 136,064 | 1.247 |
.beta. –Myrcene | 10.179 | TIC | 1273,812 | 163,422 | 1.407 |
Limonene | 11.283 | TIC | 2693,725 | 336,122 | 2.976 |
Ocimene (E)- | 12.219 | TIC | 284,397 | 45,290 | 0.314 |
Ocimene (Z)- | 12.712 | TIC | 164,002 | 27,220 | 0.181 |
4 –Nonanone | 14.808 | TIC | 873,286 | 143,765 | 0.965 |
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 14.972 | TIC | 2,307,111 | 355,154 | 2.549 |
Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, Methylca | 16.779 | TIC | 34,226 | 8564 | 0.038 |
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, ethenyl ester | 17.253 | TIC | 40,657 | 7065 | 0.045 |
1,6-Heptadiene, 2-methyl- | 18.953 | TIC | 192,620 | 27,349 | 0.213 |
d -Norbomanone | 19.136 | TIC | 100,006 | 17,289 | 0.110 |
Copaene | 19.610 | TIC | 61072 | 10,909 | 0.067 |
2,2-Dimethylocta-3, 4-dienal | 19.757 | TIC | 265,918 | 29,040 | 0.294 |
Linalool | 20.796 | TIC | 2,900,499 | 181,609 | 3.204 |
Cyclopropane, 1,1-dimethyl-2-(2-methyl-2-pro) | 21.310 | TIC | 798,964 | 80,284 | 0.883 |
Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid, 2 methyl-3-meth | 21.991 | TIC | 191,346 | 35,596 | 0.211 |
1,7 -Octadiene, 3-methylene- | 22.149 | TIC | 76,920 | 13,393 | 0.085 |
Caryophyllene | 22.483 | TIC | 2,021,644 | 265,029 | 2.233 |
Estragole | 23.676 | TIC | 231,331 | 26,376 | 0.256 |
beta Citral (Z)- | 24.025 | TIC | 26,167,607 | 3,452,865 | 28.910 |
n-menth-1-en-8-ol | 24.953 | TIC | 808,078 | 74,951 | 0.893 |
alpha Citral (E)- | 25.203 | TIC | 33,701,032 | 4,346,928 | 37.233 |
Geraninol acetate, (Z)- | 25.698 | TIC | 5,267,532 | 966,974 | 5.820 |
delta Cadinene | 26.157 | TIC | 106,187 | 21,685 | 0.117 |
gamma Muurolene | 26.286 | TIC | 722,205 | 113,718 | 0.798 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 31.129 | TIC | 180,807 | 32,715 | 0.200 |
3-Buten-2-ol, 2,3-dimethyl- | 31.600 | TIC | 97,200 | 22,430 | 0.107 |
Geraniol cis(Z)- | 32.427 | TIC | 847,203 | 40,371 | 0.936 |
trans Geraniol (E)- | 33.245 | TIC | 6,074,456 | 249,366 | 6.711 |
Geranic acid | 37.190 | TIC | 145,179 | 28,938 | 0.160 |
Isoeugenol | 37.636 | TIC | 251,368 | 51,836 | 0.278 |
Name | R. Time | m/z | Area | Height | Concentration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
alpha Thujene | 6.367 | TIC | 76,945 | 12,186 | 0.086 |
Beta Myrcene | 10.169 | TIC | 64359 | 8994 | 0.072 |
Cyclobutane, 1,3-diisopropenyl-, trans | 11.274 | TIC | 75,600 | 11,946 | 0.084 |
Pentane, 3-bromo- | 11.495 | TIC | 87,739 | 12594 | 0.098 |
cis Ocimene | 12.703 | TIC | 328,154 | 51,598 | 0.365 |
Oxalic acid, cyclobutyl, ethyl ester | 13.722 | TIC | 32,818 | 4744 | 0.037 |
2,3-Hexanedione | 14.383 | TIC | 27,218 | 4452 | 0.030 |
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 14.970 | TIC | 193,362 | 35,549 | 0.215 |
Linalool oxide | 18.840 | TIC | 142,022 | 13,853 | 0.158 |
beta Linalool | 20.748 | TIC | 32,664,606 | 2,147,497 | 36.375 |
alpha Bergamotene | 22.058 | TIC | 674,455 | 102,291 | 0.751 |
beta Caryophyllene | 22.482 | TIC | 502,819 | 75,620 | 0.560 |
beta Famescene | 23.426 | TIC | 44,046 | 8090 | 0.049 |
Estragole | 23.735 | TIC | 41,294,691 | 5,420,144 | 45.985 |
cis Citral | 24.005 | TIC | 1,938,577 | 276,407 | 2.159 |
.alpha.-Caryophyllene | 24.208 | TIC | 156,947 | 27,279 | 0.175 |
beta Famescene | 24.208 | TIC | 156,947 | 27,279 | 0.175 |
1,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- | 24.930 | TIC | 127,610 | 20,567 | 0.142 |
trans Citral | 25.171 | TIC | 1,594,351 | 276,329 | 1.775 |
1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11 dimethyl-3 methyle- | 25.389 | TIC | 36646 | 9762 | 0.041 |
Geranyl isobutyrate | 25.680 | TIC | 61,547 | 11,094 | 0.069 |
cis alpha Bisabolene | 26.434 | TIC | 1,926,980 | 319,323 | 2.146 |
3-Methylbenzothiophene | 27.345 | TIC | 14,437 | 4604 | 0.016 |
Cinnamaldehyde | 31.855 | TIC | 63,862 | 12,081 | 0.071 |
1-Heptyn-4-ol | 32.343 | TIC | 50,217 | 5030 | 0.056 |
Isoeugenol | 33.943 | TIC | 55,670 | 5993 | 0.062 |
Thymol | 34.423 | TIC | 6,085,833 | 489,592 | 6.777 |
Carvacrol | 35.287 | TIC | 1,083,683 | 96,648 | 1.207 |
Benzofuran | 39.662 | TIC | 18,232 | 3811 | 0.020 |
Butane, 1-methoxy-3-methyl- | 39.893 | TIC | 19,062 | 3160 | 0.021 |
3-Methoxycinnamaldehyde | 41.306 | TIC | 200,139 | 41,695 | 0.223 |
SDS 1% | H2O | Hr_EO | Cc_EO | Ob_EO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IS | 19.68 | 0.10 | 1.12 | 0.99 | 1.26 |
tH | 15 s | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
tL | 18 s | 300 | 273 | 295 | 268 |
tC | 24 s | 299 | 286 | 273 | 285 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dolghi, A.; Buzatu, R.; Dobrescu, A.; Olaru, F.; Popescu, G.A.; Marcovici, I.; Pinzaru, I.; Navolan, D.; Cretu, O.M.; Popescu, I.; et al. Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells of Hippophae rhamnodies L., Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf, and Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils. Plants 2021, 10, 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122752
Dolghi A, Buzatu R, Dobrescu A, Olaru F, Popescu GA, Marcovici I, Pinzaru I, Navolan D, Cretu OM, Popescu I, et al. Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells of Hippophae rhamnodies L., Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf, and Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils. Plants. 2021; 10(12):2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122752
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolghi, Alina, Roxana Buzatu, Amadeus Dobrescu, Flavius Olaru, Grigore Alexandru Popescu, Iasmina Marcovici, Iulia Pinzaru, Dan Navolan, Octavian Marius Cretu, Iuliana Popescu, and et al. 2021. "Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells of Hippophae rhamnodies L., Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf, and Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils" Plants 10, no. 12: 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122752