Effect of Zbed6 Single-Allele Knockout on the Growth and Development of Skeletal Muscle in Mice

Simple Summary

The growth and development of skeletal muscle influences the efficiency of animal production. ZBED6 knockout accelerated the growth and development of pig and mice by regulating its target gene Igf2. However, the effect of, as well as detailed information about, the molecular mechanism of Zbed6 single-allele knockout on regulating muscle growth and development is still limited. In this study, a model of Zbed6 single-allele knockout mice prepared by gene-editing technology was used to study the effect and molecular mechanism of Zbed6 single-allele knockout on mice. Phenotypes and the RNA-seq results of muscle from Zbed6 single-allele knockout and wild-type mice showed that Zbed6 single-allele knockout promoted skeletal muscle weight and muscle fiber area via another target gene, instead of Igf2. This study may help to further explore the function of ZBED6 and its other target genes that have not been studied.

Abstract

ZBED6, a key transcription factor, plays an important role in skeletal muscle and organ growth. ZBED6 knockout (ZBED6^−/−) leads to the upregulation of IGF2 in pig and mice muscle, thereby increasing muscle mass. However, the effects and mechanism of Zbed6 single-allele knockout (Zbed6^+/−) on mice muscle remain unknown. Here, we reported that Zbed6^+/− promotes muscle growth by a new potential target gene rather than Igf2 in mice muscle. Zbed6^+/− mice showed markedly higher muscle mass (25%) and a markedly higher muscle weight ratio (18%) than wild-type (WT) mice, coinciding with a larger muscle fiber area (28%). Despite a significant increase in muscle growth, Zbed6^+/− mice showed similar Igf2 expression with WT mice, indicating that a ZBED6–Igf2-independent regulatory pathway exists in Zbed6^+/− mice muscle. RNA-seq of muscle between the Zbed6^+/− and WT mice revealed two terms related to muscle growth. Overlapping the DEGs and C2C12 Chip-seq data of ZBED6 screened out a potential ZBED6 target gene Barx2, which may regulate muscle growth in Zbed6^+/− mice. These results may open new research directions leading to a better understanding of the integral functions of ZBED6 and provide evidence of Zbed6^+/− promoting muscle growth by regulating Barx2 in mice.

1. Introduction

Zinc finger BED domain-containing protein 6 (ZBED6), a transcription factor, was discovered as a repressor of IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) [1]. It is derived and evolved from a domesticated DNA transposon that plays an important role distinctively in placental mammals [2,3]. This gene is encoded by an intronless gene, located in intron 1 of Zc3h11a, and shows a high degree of conservatism in 26 kinds of species with an amino acid identity close to 100%, which suggests the significance of ZBED6 in animal growth and development [1].

In the earliest time, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) was found to significantly affect pig muscle growth, fat deposition, and heart size during a conventional breeding process that was located in the IGF2 gene [4,5]. The mutant of a single base in IGF2 intron 3 disrupted a binding site of an unknown nucleic factor to IGF2 (G > A), resulting in a three-fold upregulation of IGF2 mRNA expression in pig muscle, eventually leading to the increase in muscle mass [6]. The unknown nucleic factor was named ZBED6 and was identified to be a transcription factor that regulates the expression of Igf2 by binding with the “GCTCG” motif sequence, thereby regulating the growth and development of skeletal muscle [1].

Since then, multiple studies have extended the approach to several mammalians and cell lines. In beef cattle, it was found that the three SNPs in the promoter region of the ZBED6 gene were in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) in IGF2, which revealed the significant effect of ZBED6 on cattle growth traits [7,8]. A study confirmed that Zbed6 knockout mice and Igf2 knockin mice destroyed the binding site of ZBED6 and Igf2, which simultaneously resulted a in faster growth speed, an increased serum IGF2 level, and increased skeletal muscle mass [2]. These results were also proven in either ZBED6 knockout or IGF2 intro 3 mutant pigs and revealed the increased effects of ZBED6 knockout on other internal organs [9,10,11,12]. As for specific cells, ZBED6 could not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of mouse C2C12 cells [13,14] but also regulate other cell functions, including insulin production of mouse MIN6 cells [15], pancreas β Cell proliferation and death [16], proliferation and differentiation of mouse fat precursor cells [17], and regulation of human colorectal cancer cell cycle and growth [18]. In addition, about 2500 binding sites of ZBED6 were identified in mice by ChIP sequencing [1], and some genes other than IGF2 were proven to be the target genes of ZBED6 that regulate the muscle growth of pigs together [10].

In a previous study by Younis et al. [2], the knockout of Zbed6 increased the growth and development of skeletal muscle in mice. However, the effect exists on Zbed6^+/− mice is unknown not been proved in single knockout puberty and adult mice till now. Thus, it is important for a single-allele strategy to be performed at both the living and transcriptome levels, to explore a more sophisticated mechanism and regulation network for ZBED6. The only report related to single-allele knockout of ZBED6 reveals that transcriptome differences vary from different organs in pigs [19]. There are not any research results about whether single-allele knockout causes significant changes in skeletal muscle. More phenotypic and transcriptomic information is needed to fill in the gap in single knockout genotypes and complete the regulation network of ZBED6. In this study, Zbed6^+/− and wild-type mice (WT) were characterized in littermates and then slaughtered at the age of 8 weeks for muscle dissection to explore the effect of Zbed6^+/− in mice skeletal muscle, and the muscle traits of two groups were also calculated. RNA-seq analysis of skeletal muscle was performed to confirm the transcriptomic differences between Zbed6^+/− and WT mice in females to identify some of the ZBED6 target genes functioning in Zbed6^+/− skeletal muscle development.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animal Models

The Zbed6^+/− mouse models in C57BL/6 were provided by Leif Andersson (Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University). The removal of the whole Zbed6 gene was based on DNA homologous recombination aroused by the Cre-lox system [2]. The mice and their offspring were kept in the Small Animal Experiment Center of the Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China. We obtained WT, Zbed6^+/−, and Zbed6^−/− mice simultaneously in littermates using Zbed6^+/− mice crossing. Different kinds of genotype classes of mice were segregated by littermates, and the WT mice were seen as control. The body weight of WT and Zbed6^+/− female littermates was recorded at the age of 8 weeks. All mice were housed in standard conditions with water and food given ad libitum in the Animal Experiment Center of CAAS.

2.2. Mice Genotyping

All mice were labeled with stainless steel ear marks, and 1–3 mm³ tails were collected at the age of 4 weeks to extract genomic DNA using KAPA Express Extract (KK7102, ROCHE). The tail samples were immersed in the mixture of Sup. Protease and Adv. Buffer and then digested for 15 min at 75 °C. Genotyping was performed by PCR and gel electrophoresis. Three oligo-nucleotides were used to detect WT and Zbed6^+/− simultaneously. The expected product size is 596 bp for WT. Zbed6^+/− has two products with lengths of 596 and 561 bp. The PCR amplification protocol included pre-denaturation at 95 °C for 10 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, and annealing at 63 °C for 30 s following an extension stage at 72 °C for 30 s. The amplification was ended with end extension stage at 72 °C for 10 min. Primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

2.3. Animal Slaughter

Nine female mice of the two groups (WT = 4 and Zbed6^+/− = 5) were fed until the age of 8 weeks and euthanized by cervical dislocation. The hindlimbs were removed carefully, and the combination of muscle tissue of its two hindlimbs was dissected separately and divided to provide two specimens. The skeletal muscle of left side was flash-frozen immediately and then transferred into −80 °C refrigerator for long-term storage for further testing in the future. The skeletal muscle of right side was first weighed as muscle mass in this study and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution (Solarbio, Beijing, China) for more than 24 h. Muscle mass and muscle weight ratio (muscle mass/body weight × 100%) was compared between Zbed6^+/− and WT groups. All muscle tissues with the same purpose were collected from the same place.

2.4. Western Blot Analysis

Skeletal muscle was taken out from −80 °C refrigerator. Total proteins of muscle tissue were extracted using Minute TM Total Protein Extraction Kit for Animal Cultured Cells/Tissues (Invent Biotech, Plymouth, MN, USA). The proteins were used for concentration analysis under BCA Protein Assey Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) and then subjected to Western blot analysis with the following antibodies: anti-ZBED6 antibody (HPA068807, 1:500, ATLAS, Stockholm, Sweden) and anti-Gapdh antibody (HRP-60004, 1:50,000, Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA). The blots were developed using HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies. Picture were captured by imaging system (Taon 4600, Shanghai, China) and quantified by Image J software (Fiji, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

2.5. Histochemistry and Analysis of Myofiber

The chemically fixed muscle was removed from 4% paraformaldehyde solution and then put in the dehydration box. The tissue in the dehydration box was put in dehydrator (Donatello, DIAPATH) to dehydrate with gradient alcohol (Ethanol, 100092683, Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and embedded in paraffin to make paraffin sections. The slides were created from cross-sections by a pathology slicer (RM2016, Shanghai Leica Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and then stained by hematoxylin and eosin (G1003, Servicebio, Wuhan, China). The whole slices were scanned and imaged by a slice digital scanner (Pannoramic 250FLASH, 3DHISTECH Ltd., Budapest, Hungary), the software CaseViewer 2.4 (3DHISTECH Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) was used to capture images of HE sections at 10× magnification, and Image J was applied for morphological observation. At least 20 myofibers were randomly selected from 3 fields per slice to detect the average area of the myofiber.

2.6. RNA Isolation and Library Preparation

The total RNA of all muscle samples from the Zbed6^+/− and WT mice was isolated and purified using the RNeasy Mini kit (QIAGEN, Dusseldorf, Germany), in accordance with the operation protocol of the kit of the manufacturer. The quantity and purity of total RNA were then quality-controlled by NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop, Wilmington, DE, USA), and the integrity of RNA was checked by Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent, CA, USA). Only the RNA with concentrations >50 ng/μL, RIN value > 7.0, and total RNA > 1μg was submitted to downstream qPCR and RNA-seq analysis. cDNA library was then prepared from the qualified RNA using PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) for Veriti 96 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems, San Francisco, CA, USA).

2.7. Primer Design and Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed using ABI MicroAmp Optical 384-well reaction plates on an ABI 7900 real-time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems) and Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Q712, Vazyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). The qRT-PCR protocol included 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 10 s and annealing and extension at 60 °C for 30 s after a pre-denaturation stage at 95 °C for 30 s. Gapdh, β-Actin, and Rpl41 were used as the housekeeping gene to normalize all the results, which were presented as 2^−ΔΔCt. The primers used were designed on the online website Primer3 (https://bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3-0.4.0/, accessed on 15 February 2023) and are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

2.8. RNA-Seq Analysis

Transcriptome paired-end sequencing of all RNA samples was conducted at LC Sciences (Hangzhou, China) using an Illumina NovaseqTM 6000 (LC Bio Technology CO., Ltd. Hangzhou, China) with PE150 sequencing mode following standard procedures. To get high-quality clean reads, reads were further filtered by Cutadapt (https://cutadapt.readthedocs.io/en/stable/, accessed on 15 February 2023, version: cutadapt-1.9). Then, the sequence quality was verified using FastQC (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/, accessed on 15 February 2023, 0.11.9) including the Q20, Q30, and GC content of the clean data. The reference genome assembly of mouse (version GRCm39) was downloaded from Ensembl website (http://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-107/fasta/mus_musculus/dna/Mus_musculus.GRCm39.dna.toplevel.fa.gz, accessed on 15 February 2023). HISAT2 tools were used for mapping between the acquired clean reads and the reference genome. Gene expression of the muscle tissue of all mice was calculated by using featureCounts software. Moreover, differentially expressed analysis between Zbed6^+/− and WT mice was analyzed using the package DESeq2 of R software (version 4.2.0, http://cran.r-project.org/, accessed on 15 February 2023). In addition, parameter p value < 0.05 and log₂ fold change absolute value ≥1 were used as a standard to carry out differential expression genes. TPM value, which stands for transcript per million, for all annotated transcripts and can be considered as a percentage of RPKM/FPKM values, was transferred from read counts in R software. All results of differential expression analysis were visualized by R.

2.9. Enrichment Analysis

Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed in the DEGs between WT and Zbed6^+/− mice derived from differential expression analysis. The enrichment analysis was carried out on the online tool KOBAS-intelligence (http://bioinfo.org/kobas, accessed on 15 February 2023). p value ≤ 0.05 was used as the threshold to identify the significant GO terms and KEGG pathway using FDR correction method of Benjamini and Hochberg.

2.10. Candidate Gene Selection

The DEGs of female mice between WT and Zbed6^+/− were overlapped with the target genes of ZBED6 acquired using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) in C2C12 cells that were published to extract for common genes. The candidate genes were chosen by querying the function of each common gene on NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, accessed on 15 February 2023). The ChIP-seq data of C2C12 cells were also provided by Leif Andersson (Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University).

2.11. Statistical Analysis

All the results reported in this study were biologically replicated at least three times. The statistical analyses were conducted by GraphPad Prism 9.4.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The p value was determined by Student’s t-test and indicated the significant level. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Zbed6 Single-Allele Knockout Promotes the Growth of Skeletal Muscle

The phenotypes of the WT and Zbed6^+/− mice were collected at the age of 8 weeks. Nine mice from two groups (n = 4:5) were slaughtered to measure their skeletal muscle. The procedure of sample collecting was followed as shown in Figure 1A, and the genotyping of mice was identified by PCR and subsequent gel electrophoresis. Bands of 596 bp represent WT mice, while bands of 561 bp represent Zbed6^+/− mice (Figure 1B). The Western blot analysis with an anti-ZBED6 antibody showed that a 43.4% decrease in the gray scale value of Zbed6^+/− compared to that of WT mice indicates that ZBED6 protein content significantly decreased in the skeletal muscle of Zbed6^+/− mice (Figure 1C,D).

The measurement of muscle growth showed that the muscle mass of Zbed6^+/− increased significantly compared to WT, which means the single-allele knockout of ZBED6 also could increase muscle weight in mice. In addition, the muscle mass of Zbed6^−/− also increased extremely significantly compared to either WT or Zbed6^+/− mice (Figure 2A and Supplementary Table S2), consistent with a previous study on Zbed6^−/− mice. In addition, Zbed6^+/− mice showed a significantly higher muscle weight ratio compared to WT mice (Figure 2B).

To further investigate the effect of Zbed6 single-allele knockout on mice muscle, the muscle tissue was paraffin-fixed for slicing. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and its quantitative analysis clearly revealed that there was a significant increase in the area of myofiber in Zbed6^+/− mice compared with the WT group. The image and the quantitative analysis of the myofiber showed the same trend as the muscle mass, which showed a significant increase between the WT and Zbed6^+/− mice (Figure 2C,D and Supplementary Table S3). In addition, Zbed6 single-allele knockout in mice can clearly lead to significant changes in skeletal muscle.

3.2. Zbed6 Single-Allele Knockout Did Not Increase Igf2 mRNA Expression in Mice Muscle

In a previous study, the ZBED6–IGF2 axis had a major effect on the muscle growth of placental mammals, such that we first detected the change in Igf2 expression to reveal the effect of Zbed6 single-allele knockout on Igf2 in mice muscles. According to the results of qRT-PCR, with Gapdh, β-Actin, and Rpl41 as internal references, there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of Igf2 in muscles between the WT and Zbed6^+/− groups (Figure 3A–C), which showed that Igf2 was not the major effect gene to increase the muscle growth in Zbed6^+/− mice.

3.3. RNA-Seq of WT and Zbed6^+/− Mice

Transcriptome analysis of the muscle tissue of mice was conducted to explore the transcriptional changes aroused by Zbed6 single-allele knockout. The pipeline was used to find DEGs between WT and Zbed6^+/− muscle tissues from the RNA-seq data (Figure 4A,B). The results of the quality control of transcriptional sequencing were placed in the attachment (Supplementary Tables S4 and S5), showing a high quality for the RNA-seq data.

The WT and Zbed6^+/− mice of each group showed a high degree of correlation (relevance value ≥ 0.97) (Figure 5A), which revealed the reliability of the RNA-seq data. All 55,414 genes were in the gene model, and we created statistics based on the TPM value of each sample (Supplementary Table S6). The TPM value was smaller than 1 for about 72.2–76.3% of more than 40,000 genes, the TPM value was between 1 and 10 for about 13.2–14.7% of the genes, and the value was more than 10 for about one-eighth of all the genes in each sample (Figure 5B).

There are 30,275 genes in the muscle expressed in both Zbed6^+/− and WT mice (Supplementary Table S7). According to the RNA-seq data, besides the similar expression of Igf2, we also found that there is no significant difference between WT and Zbed6^+/− mice by inspecting the value of TPM (Figure 3D), which was in agreement with the RT-qPCR result (Figure 3A–C). All these results for the expression of Igf2 by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq suggested that Igf2 was not the main effector gene for muscle increase in Zbed6^+/− mice.

A differential expression analysis showed there were 663 differential expressed genes (DEGs) obtained from skeletal muscle, including 309 upregulated genes and 354 downregulated genes (Figure 6A,B and Supplementary Table S8), and the log2FC ratio ranged from −6.74 to 5.33 (Figure 6B). The hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for the DEGs by using ggplot2 in the R software package, which used a direct heatmap plot to visualize the result. This showed that the gene expression patterns of samples in Zbed6^+/− group were more similar for individuals in the WT group (Figure 6C), which also provided the reliability and accuracy of the data again.

3.4. Enrichment Analysis of DEGs between ZBED6^+/− and WT Mice Muscle

Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were performed with the 663 DEGs. We received 2339 GO terms and 243 KEGG pathways in total, and 477 terms and 60 pathways were significantly enriched with p value ≤ 0.05 (Supplementary Tables S9 and S10). The top 20 KEGG pathways were visualized in Figure 6E, such as type I diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, and toll-like receptor signaling pathways. There were 38 terms of all the GO terms that corresponded to muscle, such as skeletal muscle contraction, muscle fiber development, muscle tissue development, skeletal muscle cell differentiation, structural constituent of muscle, etc., and two of them significantly corresponded to muscle growth under the condition of p value ≤ 0.05, including skeletal muscle contraction and the regulation of muscle contraction (Figure 6D and Supplementary Table S9).

3.5. Zbed6^+/− May Increase the Muscle Growth of Mice via Upregulation of Barx2

The overlapping of the DEGs and ZBED6 target genes that arrived from murine C2C12 cells was performed for candidate gene searching [1]. In total, 28 common genes of 663 DEGs were found as candidate genes when overlapping with 1705 ZBED6 target genes (Figure 7A). There were 14 upregulated genes and 14 downregulated genes among the 28 candidate genes (Figure 7B,C). By scanning the functions of the 28 candidate genes one by one, we noticed Barx2, which is related to muscle growth and development, as identified in previous studies. The TPM value of the RNA-seq data showed a significant increase compared to WT mice (Figure 7D). On the basis of the individuals used for transcriptomic analysis, the number of individuals in the experimental group was increased, and the expression of the Barx2 gene in the muscle of the Zbed6^+/− detected by qRT-PCR was also significantly increased. These results suggested that Zbed6^+/− may increase the muscle growth of mice via the upregulation of Barx2.

3.6. Verification of Gene Expression Profiles

To confirm the reliability of mRNA expression pattern, 10 DEGs were selected for validation using qRT-PCR under the criteria of p < 0.05 and logFC ≥ 1. β-actin, Rpl4, and Gapdh were selected as the reference genes, and it was assumed that the expression of the reference genes in all samples was constantly expressed. By comparing the DEGs’ expression levels, we found that the results were consistent with the upward and downward trends of the RNA-seq results, indicating that our data were reliable (Figure 8A,B).

4. Discussion

IGF2 is a crucial growth-promoting factor in postnatal growth and causes a major quantitative trait locus that affects muscle skeletal muscle growth and fat deposition [20]. The interaction of ZBED6 and IGF2, called the ZBED6–IGF2 axis, plays an important role in the growing process. Several studies showed the effect of ZBED6 on the muscle growth of mice, pigs, and other mammals [2,9,10,21]. Conditional Zbed6 knockout mice were successfully generated using homologous recombination. These mice were Zbed6-ablated in all tissues via being crossed with mice that expressed Cre in the germ line [2]. This study demonstrates that the single-allele knockout of Zbed6 promotes muscle growth in mice; the changes are not primarily through the ZBED6–Igf2 axis, rather some latent ZBED6 target genes affect muscle growth and development. Therefore, the extra regulating mechanism of ZBED6 functioning on muscle has been expanded through the Zbed6^+/− mice model. Thus, our study has revealed a new ZBED6 target gene involved in regulating the growth and development of mice skeletal muscle.

What we noticed is that the single-allele knockout of Zbed6 showed a significant promoting effect on skeletal muscle. The Zbed6^+/− mice exhibited greater muscle growth at the age of 8 weeks, the age at which mice just reach sexual maturation, compared to WT mice (Figure 2A). At the same time, the Zbed6^−/− mice showed an extremely significant increase in muscle mass, which was in accord with the significant growth of Zbed6^−/− mice when compared with WT mice, as reported in a previous study [2]. An analysis of the H&E staining found there was consistency with the results on muscle mass and muscle ratio, which may provide a reasonable explanation: the muscle mass of Zbed6^+/− mice increased due to the increase in the average area of the myofiber (Figure 2B). The observed phenomenon is that the muscle growth showed a significant dose effect in WT, Zbed6^+/−, and Zbed6^−/− mice, even though the mechanism leading to this dose effect is not yet clear.

Several previous studies confirmed that IGF2 is the capital gene for increasing muscle mass in ZBED6^−/− pigs and mice [2,9,10]. The knockout of Zbed6 and the knockin of Igf2 in mice resulted in an increased circulating IGF2 level and an increased growth rate compared to WT littermates [2]. The knockout of ZBED6 in pigs resulted in a three-fold higher IGF2 expression level in muscle and an eight-fold higher IGF2 expression level in serum. Thus, we took the lead in checking the mRNA expression of Igf2 in muscle by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq analysis in this experiment. The mRNA expression of the Igf2 of muscle has no significant difference between Zbed6^+/− and WT mice, suggesting that the effect of single-allele knockout of Zbed6 on muscle growth and development is mediated through targets other than Igf2, which also means that Zbed6^+/− and Zbed6^−/− possess different mechanisms for regulating muscle growth in mice.

To figure out what really functions in the process, during which the muscle of Zbed6^+/− mice grew faster than that of WT mice, muscle transcriptome analysis was performed by searching for DEGs between the two groups. The gene expression profiles of the muscle of Zbed6^+/− and WT mice are different. Although the PCA result showed that it cannot be separated into two entirely different groups due to some exceptions away from the group (Figure 6A), the cluster analysis of the DEGs indicated that the data were accurate and dependable and could satisfy the subsequent difference analysis (Figure 6C). The 633 genes were scanned as DEGs between Zbed6^+/− and WT. Compared to the great changes in the expression profile of the thousands of genes between Zbed6^−/− and WT mice, from the research of Younis et al. [2], the amount of DEGs between Zbed6^+/− and WT are decreased. Igf2 is no longer one of the DEGs that is in accord with the level of mRNA expression. The DEGs are enriched to 40 GO terms that are related to muscle growth and development, and two of them are significantly related.

The results of the ChIP-seq analysis already investigated that ZBED6 binds thousands of sites in the C2C12 cells and successfully annotated 1705 genes as ZBED6 target genes [1]. There are 28 overlapping genes, with 663 DEGs and 1705 ZBED6 target genes. Barx2, one of these common genes, is a homeobox gene of the Bar class that is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle cells [22] and was chosen as a candidate target gene of ZBED6. Barx2 is a key intrinsic regulator of myogenesis and seemed to be a novel marker gene for muscle progenitor cells and an important regulator of muscle growth and repair [23,24]. BARX2 is expressed in skeletal muscle and is upregulated during differentiation of the skeletal myotube [25]. A previous study showed that the myotube formation was prevented by the inhibition of Barx2 expression but was accelerated by the overexpression of Barx2 in primary limb bud cell culture [26]. Barx2 also promotes myotube formation in C2C12 myoblasts by the stable transfection of a pcBarx2 expression plasmid [26]. Mice that lack the Barx2 gene (Barx2^−/−) show muscle growth, muscle atrophy, and defective muscle repair postnatally [27]. The satellite cells and myoblasts derived from Barx2^−/− mice show a decline in proliferation and differentiation ability and a decrease in the expression of differentiation related factors, respectively [27]. All these results indicate that Barx2 plays an important role in promoting the growth and differentiation of skeletal muscle. Here, the mRNA expression of Barx2 in Zbed6^+/− mice was raised significantly compared to that of WT mice, confirming that Barx2 may play an important role in upregulating the growth of muscle when single-allele knockout of Zbed6 occurs. Our results first reported the effect of Zbed6 single-allele knockout via Barx2, a target gene other than Igf2, which promotes the growth and development of muscle in female mice. Further study could identify the mechanism of the ZBED6–Barx2 axis on skeletal muscle growth in mice.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, our study described the effect of muscle when Zbed6 single-allele knockout provided the transcriptional data of muscle from Zbed6^+/− and WT mice at the age of 8 weeks, demonstrating that Zbed6^+/− may promote the growth and development of mice via the upregulation of Barx2. This study may contribute to the further exploration of the other target genes of ZBED6 that have not yet been studied.