Information

18 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rolling-Bearing Fault-Diagnosis Method Based on Multimeasurement Hybrid-Feature Evaluation

by Jianghua Ge, Guibin Yin, Yaping Wang, Di Xu and Fen Wei

Information 2019, 10(11), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110359 - 19 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2510

To improve the accuracy of rolling-bearing fault diagnosis and solve the problem of incomplete information about the feature-evaluation method of the single-measurement model, this paper combines the advantages of various measurement models and proposes a fault-diagnosis method based on multi-measurement hybrid-feature evaluation. In [...] Read more.

To improve the accuracy of rolling-bearing fault diagnosis and solve the problem of incomplete information about the feature-evaluation method of the single-measurement model, this paper combines the advantages of various measurement models and proposes a fault-diagnosis method based on multi-measurement hybrid-feature evaluation. In this study, an original feature set was first obtained through analyzing a collected vibration signal. The feature set included time- and frequency-domain features, and also, based on the empirical-mode decomposition (EMD)-obtained time-frequency domain, energy and Lempel–Ziv complexity features. Second, a feature-evaluation framework of multiplicative hybrid models was constructed based on correlation, distance, information, and other measures. The framework was used to rank features and obtain rank weights. Then the weights were multiplied by the features to obtain a new feature set. Finally, the fault-feature set was used as the input of the category-divergence fault-diagnosis model based on kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), and the fault-diagnosis model was based on a support vector machine (SVM). The clustering effect of different fault categories was more obvious and classification accuracy was improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Applications)

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10 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information Gain in Event Space Reflects Chance and Necessity Components of an Event

by Georg F. Weber

Information 2019, 10(11), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110358 - 19 Nov 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

Information flow for occurrences in phase space can be assessed through the application of the Lyapunov characteristic exponent (multiplicative ergodic theorem), which is positive for non-linear systems that act as information sources and is negative for events that constitute information sinks. Attempts to [...] Read more.

Information flow for occurrences in phase space can be assessed through the application of the Lyapunov characteristic exponent (multiplicative ergodic theorem), which is positive for non-linear systems that act as information sources and is negative for events that constitute information sinks. Attempts to unify the reversible descriptions of dynamics with the irreversible descriptions of thermodynamics have replaced phase space models with event space models. The introduction of operators for time and entropy in lieu of traditional trajectories has consequently limited—to eigenvectors and eigenvalues—the extent of knowable details about systems governed by such depictions. In this setting, a modified Lyapunov characteristic exponent for vector spaces can be used as a descriptor for the evolution of information, which is reflective of the associated extent of undetermined features. This novel application of the multiplicative ergodic theorem leads directly to the formulation of a dimension that is a measure for the information gain attributable to the occurrence. Thus, it provides a readout for the magnitudes of chance and necessity that contribute to an event. Related algorithms express a unification of information content, degree of randomness, and complexity (fractal dimension) in event space. Full article

21 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Methodology for Automatic Cluster-Based Kriging Using K-Nearest Neighbor and Genetic Algorithms

by Carlos Yasojima, João Protázio, Bianchi Meiguins, Nelson Neto and Jefferson Morais

Information 2019, 10(11), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110357 - 18 Nov 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3532

Abstract

Kriging is a geostatistical interpolation technique that performs the prediction of observations in unknown locations through previously collected data. The modelling of the variogram is an essential step of the kriging process because it drives the accuracy of the interpolation model. The conventional [...] Read more.

Kriging is a geostatistical interpolation technique that performs the prediction of observations in unknown locations through previously collected data. The modelling of the variogram is an essential step of the kriging process because it drives the accuracy of the interpolation model. The conventional method of variogram modelling consists of using specialized knowledge and in-depth study to determine which parameters are suitable for the theoretical variogram. However, this situation is not always possible, and, in this case, it becomes interesting to use an automatic process. Thus, this work aims to propose a new methodology to automate the estimation of theoretical variogram parameters of the kriging process. The proposed methodology is based on preprocessing techniques, data clustering, genetic algorithms, and the K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN). The performance of the methodology was evaluated using two databases, and it was compared to other optimization techniques widely used in the literature. The impacts of the clustering step on the stationary hypothesis were also investigated with and without trend removal techniques. The results showed that, in this automated proposal, the clustering process increases the accuracy of the kriging prediction. However, it generates groups that might not be stationary. Genetic algorithms are easily configurable with the proposed heuristic when setting the variable ranges in comparison to other optimization techniques, and the KNN method is satisfactory in solving some problems caused by the clustering task and allocating unknown points into previously determined clusters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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17 pages, 5011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Intrusion Detection System Based on a Simplified Residual Network

by Yuelei Xiao and Xing Xiao

Information 2019, 10(11), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110356 - 18 Nov 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

Residual networks (ResNets) are prone to over-fitting for low-dimensional and small-scale datasets. And the existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) fail to provide better performance, especially for remote-to-local (R2L) and user-to-root (U2R) attacks. To overcome these problems, a simplified residual network (S-ResNet) is proposed [...] Read more.

Residual networks (ResNets) are prone to over-fitting for low-dimensional and small-scale datasets. And the existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) fail to provide better performance, especially for remote-to-local (R2L) and user-to-root (U2R) attacks. To overcome these problems, a simplified residual network (S-ResNet) is proposed in this paper, which consists of several cascaded, simplified residual blocks. Compared with the original residual block, the simplified residual block deletes a weight layer and two batch normalization (BN) layers, adds a pooling layer, and replaces the rectified linear unit (ReLU) function with the parametric rectified linear unit (PReLU) function. Based on the S-ResNet, a novel IDS was proposed in this paper, which includes a data preprocessing module, a random oversampling module, a S-Resnet layer, a full connection layer and a Softmax layer. The experimental results on the NSL-KDD dataset show that the IDS based on the S-ResNet has a higher accuracy, recall and F1-score than the equal scale ResNet-based IDS, especially for R2L and U2R attacks. And the former has faster convergence velocity than the latter. It proves that the S-ResNet reduces the complexity of the network and effectively prevents over-fitting; thus, it is more suitable for low-dimensional and small-scale datasets than ResNet. Furthermore, the experimental results on the NSL-KDD datasets also show that the IDS based on the S-ResNet achieves better performance in terms of accuracy and recall compared to the existing IDSs, especially for R2L and U2R attacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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15 pages, 3633 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Serious Game iDO: Towards Better Education in Dementia Care

by Rytis Maskeliūnas, Robertas Damaševičius, Connie Lethin, Andrius Paulauskas, Anna Esposito, Mauro Catena and Vincenzo Aschettino

Information 2019, 10(11), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110355 - 18 Nov 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6097

Abstract

We describe the iDO serious game developed during implementation of the Innovative Digital Training Opportunities on Dementia for Direct Care Workers (IDO) project. The project targets formal and informal caregivers of persons with dementia in order to improve caregiver knowledge and competences skills [...] Read more.

We describe the iDO serious game developed during implementation of the Innovative Digital Training Opportunities on Dementia for Direct Care Workers (IDO) project. The project targets formal and informal caregivers of persons with dementia in order to improve caregiver knowledge and competences skills with a non-traditional source of training. This paper describes the steps faced to define the iDO caregiver behavior improvement model, design of game mechanics, development of game art and game characters, and implementation of gameplay. Furthermore, it aimed to assess the direct impact of the game on caregivers (n = 48) and seniors with early signs of dementia (n = 14) in Lithuania measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS). The caregivers’ GDS scores showed a decrease in negative answers from 13.4% (pre-game survey) to 5.2% (post-game survey). The seniors’ GDS scores showed a decrease in negative answers from 24.9% (pre-game survey) to 10.9% (post-game survey). The overall DAS scores increased from 6.07 in the pre-game survey to 6.41 in the post-game survey, statistically significant for both caregivers and seniors (p < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that the game aroused positive moods and attitudes for future caregivers of persons with dementia, indicating a more relaxed status and a decreased fear in accomplishing the caring process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mobile Gaming and Games-based Leaning)

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18 pages, 1802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dense Model for Automatic Image Description Generation with Game Theoretic Optimization

by Sreela S R and Sumam Mary Idicula

Information 2019, 10(11), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110354 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3572

Abstract

Due to the rapid growth of deep learning technologies, automatic image description generation is an interesting problem in computer vision and natural language generation. It helps to improve access to photo collections on social media and gives guidance for visually impaired people. Currently, [...] Read more.

Due to the rapid growth of deep learning technologies, automatic image description generation is an interesting problem in computer vision and natural language generation. It helps to improve access to photo collections on social media and gives guidance for visually impaired people. Currently, deep neural networks play a vital role in computer vision and natural language processing tasks. The main objective of the work is to generate the grammatically correct description of the image using the semantics of the trained captions. An encoder-decoder framework using the deep neural system is used to implement an image description generation task. The encoder is an image parsing module, and the decoder is a surface realization module. The framework uses Densely connected convolutional neural networks (Densenet) for image encoding and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BLSTM) for language modeling, and the outputs are given to bidirectional LSTM in the caption generator, which is trained to optimize the log-likelihood of the target description of the image. Most of the existing image captioning works use RNN and LSTM for language modeling. RNNs are computationally expensive with limited memory. LSTM checks the inputs in one direction. BLSTM is used in practice, which avoids the problem of RNN and LSTM. In this work, the selection of the best combination of words in caption generation is made using beam search and game theoretic search. The results show the game theoretic search outperforms beam search. The model was evaluated with the standard benchmark dataset Flickr8k. The Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score is taken as the evaluation measure of the system. A new evaluation measure called GCorrectwas used to check the grammatical correctness of the description. The performance of the proposed model achieves greater improvements over previous methods on the Flickr8k dataset. The proposed model produces grammatically correct sentences for images with a GCorrect of 0.040625 and a BLEU score of 69.96% Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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29 pages, 4338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methods and Challenges Using Multispectral and Hyperspectral Images for Practical Change Detection Applications

by Chiman Kwan

Information 2019, 10(11), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110353 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4529

Abstract

Multispectral (MS) and hyperspectral (HS) images have been successfully and widely used in remote sensing applications such as target detection, change detection, and anomaly detection. In this paper, we aim at reviewing recent change detection papers and raising some challenges and opportunities in [...] Read more.

Multispectral (MS) and hyperspectral (HS) images have been successfully and widely used in remote sensing applications such as target detection, change detection, and anomaly detection. In this paper, we aim at reviewing recent change detection papers and raising some challenges and opportunities in the field from a practitioner’s viewpoint using MS and HS images. For example, can we perform change detection using synthetic hyperspectral images? Can we use temporally-fused images to perform change detection? Some of these areas are ongoing and will require more research attention in the coming years. Moreover, in order to understand the context of our paper, some recent and representative algorithms in change detection using MS and HS images are included, and their advantages and disadvantages will be highlighted. Full article

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14 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Age, Gender, and Cognitive Ability on the Susceptibility to Persuasive Strategies

by Aisha Muhammad Abdullahi, Kiemute Oyibo, Rita Orji and Abdullahi Abubakar Kawu

Information 2019, 10(11), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110352 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5107

Abstract

The fact that individuals may react differently toward persuasive strategies gave birth to a shift in persuasive technology (PT) design from the one-size-fits-all traditional approach to the individualized approach which conforms to individuals’ preferences. Given that learners’ gender, age, and cognitive level can [...] Read more.

The fact that individuals may react differently toward persuasive strategies gave birth to a shift in persuasive technology (PT) design from the one-size-fits-all traditional approach to the individualized approach which conforms to individuals’ preferences. Given that learners’ gender, age, and cognitive level can affect their response to different learning instructions, it is given primacy of place in persuasive educational technology (PET) design. However, the effect of gender, age, and cognitive ability on learners’ susceptibility to persuasive strategies did not receive the right attention in the extant literature. To close this gap, we carried out an empirical study among 461 participants to investigate whether learners’ gender, age, and cognitive ability significantly affect learners’ susceptibility to three key persuasive strategies (social learning, reward, and trustworthiness) in PETs. The results of a repeated measure analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) revealed that people with high cognitive level are more likely to be susceptible to social learning, while people with low cognitive level are more likely to be susceptible to trustworthiness. Comparatively, our results revealed that males are more likely to be susceptible to social learning, while females are more likely to be susceptible to reward and trustworthiness. Furthermore, our results revealed that younger adults are more likely to be susceptible to social learning and reward, while older adults are more likely to be susceptible to trustworthiness. Our findings reveal potential persuasive strategies which designers can employ to personalize PTs to individual users in higher learning based on their susceptibility profile determined by age, gender, and cognitive level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalizing Persuasive Technologies)

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11 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Museum Virtual Tours: The Case Study of Italy

by Katerina Kabassi, Alessia Amelio, Vasileios Komianos and Konstantinos Oikonomou

Information 2019, 10(11), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110351 - 14 Nov 2019

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5469

Abstract

Virtual tours in museums are an ideal solution for those that are not able to visit a museum or those who want to have a small taste of what is presented in the museum before their visit. However, these tours often encounter severe [...] Read more.

Virtual tours in museums are an ideal solution for those that are not able to visit a museum or those who want to have a small taste of what is presented in the museum before their visit. However, these tours often encounter severe problems while users interact with them. In order to check the status of virtual tours of museums, we present the implementation of an evaluation experiment that uses a combination of two multi-criteria decision making theories, namely the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). AHP has been used for the estimation of the weights of the heuristics and fuzzy TOPSIS has been used for the evaluation of virtual tours of museums. This paper presents the exact steps that have to be followed in order to implement such an experiment and run an example experiment for virtual tours of Italian museums. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Pattern Extraction and Recognition for Cultural Heritage Understanding)

16 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Working Memory Training Based on Robotics and AI

by Vladimir Araujo, Diego Mendez and Alejandra Gonzalez

Information 2019, 10(11), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110350 - 12 Nov 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3113

Abstract

Working memory is an important function for human cognition since several day-to-day activities are related to it, such as remembering a direction or developing a mental calculation. Unfortunately, working memory deficiencies affect performance in work or education related activities, mainly due to lack [...] Read more.

Working memory is an important function for human cognition since several day-to-day activities are related to it, such as remembering a direction or developing a mental calculation. Unfortunately, working memory deficiencies affect performance in work or education related activities, mainly due to lack of concentration, and, with the goal to improve this, many software applications have been developed. However, sometimes the user ends up bored with these games and drops out easily. To cope with this, our work explores the use of intelligent robotics and dynamic difficulty adjustment mechanisms to develop a novel working memory training system. The proposed system, based on the Nao robotic platform, is composed of three main components: First, the N-back task allows stimulating the working memory by remembering visual sequences. Second, a BDI model implements an intelligent agent for decision-making during the progress of the game. Third, a fuzzy controller, as a dynamic difficulty adjustment system, generates customized levels according to the user. The experimental results of our system, when compared to a computer-based implementation of the N-back game, show a significant improvement on the performance of the user in the game, which might relate to an improvement in their working memory. Additionally, by providing a friendly and interactive interface, the participants have reported a more immersive and better game experience when using the robotic-based system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Applications)

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26 pages, 2290 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on UAV-Based Applications for Precision Agriculture

by Dimosthenis C. Tsouros, Stamatia Bibi and Panagiotis G. Sarigiannidis

Information 2019, 10(11), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110349 - 11 Nov 2019

Cited by 530 | Viewed by 34869

Abstract

Emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) can provide significant potential in Smart Farming and Precision Agriculture applications, enabling the acquisition of real-time environmental data. IoT devices such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be exploited in a variety of applications related [...] Read more.

Emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) can provide significant potential in Smart Farming and Precision Agriculture applications, enabling the acquisition of real-time environmental data. IoT devices such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be exploited in a variety of applications related to crops management, by capturing high spatial and temporal resolution images. These technologies are expected to revolutionize agriculture, enabling decision-making in days instead of weeks, promising significant reduction in cost and increase in the yield. Such decisions enable the effective application of farm inputs, supporting the four pillars of precision agriculture, i.e., apply the right practice, at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. However, the actual proliferation and exploitation of UAVs in Smart Farming has not been as robust as expected mainly due to the challenges confronted when selecting and deploying the relevant technologies, including the data acquisition and image processing methods. The main problem is that still there is no standardized workflow for the use of UAVs in such applications, as it is a relatively new area. In this article, we review the most recent applications of UAVs for Precision Agriculture. We discuss the most common applications, the types of UAVs exploited and then we focus on the data acquisition methods and technologies, appointing the benefits and drawbacks of each one. We also point out the most popular processing methods of aerial imagery and discuss the outcomes of each method and the potential applications of each one in the farming operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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25 pages, 3395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Agriculture: A Remote Sensing Monitoring System Architecture

by Anna Triantafyllou, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis and Stamatia Bibi

Information 2019, 10(11), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110348 - 09 Nov 2019

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 15673

Abstract

Smart Farming is a development that emphasizes on the use of modern technologies in the cyber-physical field management cycle. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing have accelerated the digital transformation of the conventional agricultural practices promising increased production [...] Read more.

Smart Farming is a development that emphasizes on the use of modern technologies in the cyber-physical field management cycle. Technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing have accelerated the digital transformation of the conventional agricultural practices promising increased production rate and product quality. The adoption of smart farming though is hampered because of the lack of models providing guidance to practitioners regarding the necessary components that constitute IoT-based monitoring systems. To guide the process of designing and implementing Smart farming monitoring systems, in this paper we propose a generic reference architecture model, taking also into consideration a very important non-functional requirement, the energy consumption restriction. Moreover, we present and discuss the technologies that incorporate the seven layers of the architecture model that are the Sensor Layer, the Link Layer, the Encapsulation Layer, the Middleware Layer, the Configuration Layer, the Management Layer and the Application Layer. Furthermore, the proposed Reference Architecture model is exemplified in a real-world application for surveying Saffron agriculture in Kozani, Greece. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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16 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Message-Tailoring Based on Regulatory Fit Theory Improve the Efficacy of Persuasive Physical Activity Systems?

by Leila Sadat Rezai, Jessie Chin, Reicelis Casares-Li, Fan He, Rebecca Bassett-Gunter and Catherine Burns

Information 2019, 10(11), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110347 - 08 Nov 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2734

Abstract

Background: Many behaviour-change technologies have been designed to help people with a sedentary lifestyle to become more physically active. However, challenges exist in designing systems that work effectively. One of the key challenges is that many of those technologies do not account for [...] Read more.

Background: Many behaviour-change technologies have been designed to help people with a sedentary lifestyle to become more physically active. However, challenges exist in designing systems that work effectively. One of the key challenges is that many of those technologies do not account for differences in individuals’ psychological characteristics. To address that problem, tailoring the communication between a system and its users has been proposed and examined. Although in the research related to public health education, message tailoring has been studied extensively as a technique to communicate health information and to educate people, its use in the design of behaviour-change technologies has not been adequately investigated. Objective: The goal of this study was to explore the impact of message tailoring, when tailoring was grounded in Higgins’ Regulatory Fit Theory, and messages were constructed to promote physical activity. Method: An email intervention was designed and developed that sent participants daily health messages for 14 consecutive days. There were three categories of messages: reminders, promotion-, and prevention-messages. The effect of the messages on behaviour was compared between those who received messages that fitted their self-regulatory orientation, versus those who received non-fitted messages. Results: Participants who received promotion- or prevention-messages walked for longer periods of time, compared to those who received reminders in the control group. When comparing the first two groups, promotion-message-recipients on average walked more than those who received prevention-messages. In other words, promotion messages acted more persuasively than prevention-messages and reminders. Contrary to our hypothesis, those individuals who received messages that fitted their self-regulatory orientation did not walk more than those who received non-fitted messages. Conclusions: The efficacy of Higgins’ Regulatory Fit Theory in the design of tailored health messages was examined. This study did not find support for the use of that theory in guiding the design of persuasive health messages that promote physical activity. Therefore, more research is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of tailoring strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalizing Persuasive Technologies)

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11 pages, 2006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Visual Contrast Information with Sound Can Produce Faster Decisions

by Birgitta Dresp-Langley and Marie Monfouga

Information 2019, 10(11), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110346 - 07 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

Pieron’s and Chocholle’s seminal psychophysical work predicts that human response time to information relative to visual contrast and/or sound frequency decreases when contrast intensity or sound frequency increases. The goal of this study is to bring to the forefront the ability of individuals [...] Read more.

Pieron’s and Chocholle’s seminal psychophysical work predicts that human response time to information relative to visual contrast and/or sound frequency decreases when contrast intensity or sound frequency increases. The goal of this study is to bring to the forefront the ability of individuals to use visual contrast intensity and sound frequency in combination for faster perceptual decisions of relative depth (“nearer”) in planar (2D) object configurations based on physical variations in luminance contrast. Computer controlled images with two abstract patterns of varying contrast intensity, one on the left and one on the right, preceded or not by a pure tone of varying frequency, were shown to healthy young humans in controlled experimental sequences. Their task (two-alternative, forced-choice) was to decide as quickly as possible which of two patterns, the left or the right one, in a given image appeared to “stand out as if it were nearer” in terms of apparent (subjective) visual depth. The results showed that the combinations of varying relative visual contrast with sounds of varying frequency exploited here produced an additive effect on choice response times in terms of facilitation, where a stronger visual contrast combined with a higher sound frequency produced shorter forced-choice response times. This new effect is predicted by audio-visual probability summation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information-Centred Approaches to Visual Perception)

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18 pages, 17734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smart Energy Harvesting Platform for Wireless Sensor Network Applications

by Gabriel Filios, Ioannis Katsidimas, Sotiris Nikoletseas and Ioannis Tsenempis

Information 2019, 10(11), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110345 - 06 Nov 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3491

Abstract

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) as well as the solutions for power scavenging can now provide feasible alternatives in a variety of applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), which operate on rechargeable batteries, could be based on a fresh basis which aims both at [...] Read more.

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) as well as the solutions for power scavenging can now provide feasible alternatives in a variety of applications. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), which operate on rechargeable batteries, could be based on a fresh basis which aims both at environmental power collection and wireless charging in various shapes and scales. Consequently, a potential illimitable energy supply can override the hypothesis of the limited energy budget (which can also impact the system’s efficiency). The presented platform is able to efficiently power a low power IoT system with processing, sensing and wireless transmission potentials. It incorporates a cutting-edge energy management IC that enables exceptional energy harvesting, applicable on low power and downsized energy generators. In contrast to other schemes, it supports not only a range of power supply alternatives, but also a compound energy depository system. The objective of this paper is to describe the design of the system, the integrated intelligence and the power autonomy performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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21 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Moderating Effect of Culture on Users’ Susceptibility to Persuasive Features in Fitness Applications

by Kiemute Oyibo and Julita Vassileva

Information 2019, 10(11), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110344 - 06 Nov 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3176

Abstract

Persuasive technologies have been identified as a potential motivational tool to tackle the rising problem of physical inactivity worldwide, with research showing they are more likely to be successful if tailored to the target audience. However, in the physical activity domain, there is [...] Read more.

Persuasive technologies have been identified as a potential motivational tool to tackle the rising problem of physical inactivity worldwide, with research showing they are more likely to be successful if tailored to the target audience. However, in the physical activity domain, there is limited research on how culture moderates users’ susceptibility to the various persuasive features employed in mobile health applications aimed to motivate behavior change. To bridge this gap, we conducted an empirical study among 256 participants from collectivist (n = 67) and individualist (n = 189) cultures to determine their culture-specific persuasion profiles with respect to six persuasive features commonly employed in fitness applications on the market. The persuasive features include two personal features (goal-setting/self-monitoring and reward) and four social features (competition, cooperation, social learning and social comparison). We based our study on the rating of storyboards (on which each of the six persuasive features is illustrated) and the ranking of the six persuasive features in terms of perceived persuasiveness. The results of our analysis showed that users from individualist and collectivist cultures significantly differ in their persuasion profiles. Based on our rating measure, collectivist users are more likely to be susceptible to all six persuasive features (personal and social) than individualist users, who are only likely to be susceptible to personal features. However, based on our ranking measure, individualist users are more likely to be susceptible to personal features (goal-setting/self-monitoring and reward) than collectivist users. In contrast, collectivist users are more likely to be susceptible to social features (cooperation and social learning) than individualist users. Based on these findings, we provide culture-specific persuasive technology design guidelines. Our study is the first to uncover the moderating effect of culture on users’ susceptibility to commonly employed persuasive features in fitness applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalizing Persuasive Technologies)

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15 pages, 3317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of IoT-based Cyber–Physical Systems: A Driverless Bulldozer Prototype

by Nelson H. Carreras Guzman and Adam Gergo Mezovari

Information 2019, 10(11), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110343 - 05 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4173

Abstract

From autonomous vehicles to robotics and machinery, organizations are developing autonomous transportation systems in various domains. Strategic incentives point towards a fourth industrial revolution of cyber–physical systems with higher levels of automation and connectivity throughout the Internet of Things (IoT) that interact with [...] Read more.

From autonomous vehicles to robotics and machinery, organizations are developing autonomous transportation systems in various domains. Strategic incentives point towards a fourth industrial revolution of cyber–physical systems with higher levels of automation and connectivity throughout the Internet of Things (IoT) that interact with the physical world. In the construction and mining sectors, these developments are still at their infancy, and practitioners are interested in autonomous solutions to enhance efficiency and reliability. This paper illustrates the enhanced design of a driverless bulldozer prototype using IoT-based solutions for the remote control and navigation tracking of the mobile machinery. We illustrate the integration of a cloud application, communication protocols and a wireless communication network to control a small-scale bulldozer from a remote workstation. Furthermore, we explain a new tracking functionality of work completion using maps and georeferenced indicators available via a user interface. Finally, we provide a preliminary safety and security risk assessment of the system prototype and propose guidance for application in real-scale machinery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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31 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role-Engineering Optimization with Cardinality Constraints and User-Oriented Mutually Exclusive Constraints

by Wei Sun, Hui Su and Hongbing Liu

Information 2019, 10(11), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110342 - 04 Nov 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2878

Abstract

Role-based access control (RBAC) is one of the most popular access-control mechanisms because of its convenience for management and various security policies, such as cardinality constraints, mutually exclusive constraints, and user-capability constraints. Role-engineering technology is an effective method to construct RBAC systems. However, [...] Read more.

Role-based access control (RBAC) is one of the most popular access-control mechanisms because of its convenience for management and various security policies, such as cardinality constraints, mutually exclusive constraints, and user-capability constraints. Role-engineering technology is an effective method to construct RBAC systems. However, mining scales are very large, and there are redundancies in the mining results. Furthermore, conventional role-engineering methods not only do not consider more than one cardinality constraint, but also cannot ensure authorization security. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel method called role-engineering optimization with cardinality constraints and user-oriented mutually exclusive constraints (REO_CCUMEC). First, we convert the basic role mining into a clustering problem, based on the similarities between users and use-partitioning and compression technologies, in order to eliminate redundancies, while maintaining its usability for mining roles. Second, we present three role-optimization problems and the corresponding algorithms for satisfying single or double cardinality constraints. Third, in order to evaluate the performance of authorizations in a role-engineering system, the maximal role assignments are implemented, while satisfying multiple security constraints. The theoretical analyses and experiments demonstrate the accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Systems)

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22 pages, 7817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning and Curriculum Transfer Learning for Micromanagement in Multi-Robot Confrontation

by Chunyang Hu and Meng Xu

Information 2019, 10(11), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110341 - 02 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3471

Abstract

Multi-Robot Confrontation on physics-based simulators is a complex and time-consuming task, but simulators are required to evaluate the performance of the advanced algorithms. Recently, a few advanced algorithms have been able to produce considerably complex levels in the context of the robot confrontation [...] Read more.

Multi-Robot Confrontation on physics-based simulators is a complex and time-consuming task, but simulators are required to evaluate the performance of the advanced algorithms. Recently, a few advanced algorithms have been able to produce considerably complex levels in the context of the robot confrontation system when the agents are facing multiple opponents. Meanwhile, the current confrontation decision-making system suffers from difficulties in optimization and generalization. In this paper, a fuzzy reinforcement learning (RL) and the curriculum transfer learning are applied to the micromanagement for robot confrontation system. Firstly, an improved Q-learning in the semi-Markov decision-making process is designed to train the agent and an efficient RL model is defined to avoid the curse of dimensionality. Secondly, a multi-agent RL algorithm with parameter sharing is proposed to train the agents. We use a neural network with adaptive momentum acceleration as a function approximator to estimate the state-action function. Then, a method of fuzzy logic is used to regulate the learning rate of RL. Thirdly, a curriculum transfer learning method is used to extend the RL model to more difficult scenarios, which ensures the generalization of the decision-making system. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective. Full article

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15 pages, 974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approximate Completed Trace Equivalence of ILAHSs Based on SAS Solving

by Honghui He, Jinzhao Wu and Juxia Xiong

Information 2019, 10(11), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110340 - 01 Nov 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1955

Abstract

The ILAHS (inhomogeneous linear algebraic hybrid system) is a kind of classic hybrid system. For the purpose of optimizing the design of ILAHS, one important strategy is to introduce equivalence to reduce the states. Recent advances in the hybrid system indicate that approximate [...] Read more.

The ILAHS (inhomogeneous linear algebraic hybrid system) is a kind of classic hybrid system. For the purpose of optimizing the design of ILAHS, one important strategy is to introduce equivalence to reduce the states. Recent advances in the hybrid system indicate that approximate trace equivalence can further simplify the design of ILAHS. To address this issue, the paper first introduces the trajectory metric

d_{t r j}

for measuring the deviation of two hybrid systems’ behaviors. Given a deviation

ε \geq 0

, the original ILAHS of

H_{1}

can be transformed to the approximate ILAHS of

H_{2}

, then in trace equivalence semantics,

H_{2}

is further reduced to

H_{3}

with the same functions, and hence

H_{1}

is

ε

-approximate trace equivalent to

H_{3}

. In particular,

ε = 0

is a traditional trace equivalence. We implement an approach based on RealRootClassification to determine the approximation between the ILAHSs. The paper also shows that the existing approaches are only special cases of our method. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of our method on an example. Full article

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19 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Multi-Attribute Decision Making Method Based on The Double Hierarchy Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Generalized Power Aggregation Operator

by Zhengmin Liu, Xiaolan Zhao, Lin Li, Xinya Wang and Di Wang

Information 2019, 10(11), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110339 - 30 Oct 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2488

Abstract

A double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (DHHFLT) is deemed as an effective and powerful linguistic expression which models complex linguistic decision information more accurately by using two different hierarchy linguistic term sets. The purpose of this paper is to propose a [...] Read more.

A double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (DHHFLT) is deemed as an effective and powerful linguistic expression which models complex linguistic decision information more accurately by using two different hierarchy linguistic term sets. The purpose of this paper is to propose a multi-attribute decision making method to tackle complex decision issues in which attribute values are represented as double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic numbers, and there are some extreme or unreasonable data in the attribute values. To do this, firstly, four double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic generalized power aggregation operators are introduced, including the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic generalized power average (DHHFLGPA) operator, the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic generalized power geometric (DHHFLGPG) operator, and their weighted forms. Thereafter, several favorable properties, as well as representative cases of the proposed operators, are investigated in detail. Moreover, by virtue of the proposed operators, a novel approach is developed for coping with multi-attribute decision making cases in the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic context. Finally, an illustrated example is given to demonstrate the practical application of the presented approach, an availability verification is given to show its validity, and a comparative analysis is also conducted to highlight the advantages of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Theory and Methodology)

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16 pages, 4649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Wireless Signal Classification: A Neural-Induced Support Vector Machine-Based Approach

by Arfan Haider Wahla, Lan Chen, Yali Wang and Rong Chen

Information 2019, 10(11), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110338 - 30 Oct 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2524

Abstract

Automatic Classification of Wireless Signals (ACWS), which is an intermediate step between signal detection and demodulation, is investigated in this paper. ACWS plays a crucial role in several military and non-military applications, by identifying interference sources and adversary attacks, to achieve efficient radio [...] Read more.

Automatic Classification of Wireless Signals (ACWS), which is an intermediate step between signal detection and demodulation, is investigated in this paper. ACWS plays a crucial role in several military and non-military applications, by identifying interference sources and adversary attacks, to achieve efficient radio spectrum management. The performance of traditional feature-based (FB) classification approaches is limited due to their specific input feature set, which in turn results in poor generalization under unknown conditions. Therefore, in this paper, a novel feature-based classifier Neural-Induced Support Vector Machine (NSVM) is proposed, in which the features are learned automatically from raw input signals using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The output of NSVM is given by a Gaussian Support Vector Machine (SVM), which takes the features learned by CNN as its input. The proposed scheme NSVM is trained as a single architecture, and in this way, it learns to minimize a margin-based loss instead of cross-entropy loss. The proposed scheme NSVM outperforms the traditional softmax-based CNN modulation classifier by managing faster convergence of accuracy and loss curves during training. Furthermore, the robustness of the NSVM classifier is verified by extensive simulation experiments under the presence of several non-ideal real-world channel impairments over a range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. The performance of NSVM is remarkable in classifying wireless signals, such as at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the overall averaged classification accuracy is > 97% at SNR = −2 dB and at higher SNR it achieves overall classification accuracy at > 99%, when SNR = 10 dB. In addition to that, the analytical comparison with other studies shows the performance of NSVM is superior over a range of settings. Full article

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27 pages, 3667 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Botnets Circumspection: The Current Threat Landscape, and What We Know So Far

by Emmanuel C. Ogu, Olusegun A. Ojesanmi, Oludele Awodele and ‘Shade Kuyoro

Information 2019, 10(11), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110337 - 30 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12162

Abstract

Botnets have carved a niche in contemporary networking and cybersecurity due to the impact of their operations. The botnet threat continues to evolve and adapt to countermeasures as the security landscape continues to shift. As research efforts attempt to seek a deeper and [...] Read more.

Botnets have carved a niche in contemporary networking and cybersecurity due to the impact of their operations. The botnet threat continues to evolve and adapt to countermeasures as the security landscape continues to shift. As research efforts attempt to seek a deeper and robust understanding of the nature of the threat for more effective solutions, it becomes necessary to again traverse the threat landscape, and consolidate what is known so far about botnets, that future research directions could be more easily visualised. This research uses the general exploratory approach of the qualitative methodology to survey the current botnet threat landscape: Covering the typology of botnets and their owners, the structure and lifecycle of botnets, botnet attack modes and control architectures, existing countermeasure solutions and limitations, as well as the prospects of a botnet threat. The product is a consolidation of knowledge pertaining the nature of the botnet threat; which also informs future research directions into aspects of the threat landscape where work still needs to be done. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botnets)

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20 pages, 2691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resource Allocation Combining Heuristic Matching and Particle Swarm Optimization Approaches: The Case of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

by Dimitrios Pliatsios and Panagiotis Sarigiannidis

Information 2019, 10(11), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110336 - 30 Oct 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3272

Abstract

The ever-increasing requirement of massive connectivity, due to the rapid deployment of internet of things (IoT) devices, in the emerging 5th generation (5G) mobile networks commands for even higher utilization of the available spectrum. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising solution that [...] Read more.

The ever-increasing requirement of massive connectivity, due to the rapid deployment of internet of things (IoT) devices, in the emerging 5th generation (5G) mobile networks commands for even higher utilization of the available spectrum. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising solution that can effectively accommodate a higher number of users, resulting in increased spectrum utilization. In this work, we aim to maximize the total throughput of a NOMA system, while maintaining a good level of fairness among the users. We propose a three-step method where the first step matches the users to the channels using a heuristic matching algorithm, while the second step utilizes the particle swarm optimization algorithm to allocate the power to each channel. In the third step, the power allocated to each channel is further distributed to the multiplexed users based on their respective channel gains. Based on extensive performance simulations, the proposed method offers notable improvement, e.g., 15% in terms of system throughput and 55% in terms of user fairness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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18 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying Transaction Fees in the Bitcoin Blockchain with Probabilistic Logic Programming

by Damiano Azzolini, Fabrizio Riguzzi and Evelina Lamma

Information 2019, 10(11), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110335 - 30 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5863

Abstract

In Bitcoin, if a miner is able to solve a computationally hard problem called proof of work, it will receive an amount of bitcoin as a reward which is the sum of the fees for the transactions included in a block plus an [...] Read more.

In Bitcoin, if a miner is able to solve a computationally hard problem called proof of work, it will receive an amount of bitcoin as a reward which is the sum of the fees for the transactions included in a block plus an amount inversely proportional to the number of blocks discovered so far. At the moment of writing, the block reward is several orders of magnitude greater than the sum of transaction fees. Usually, miners try to collect the largest reward by including transactions associated with high fees. The main purpose of transaction fees is to prevent network spamming. However, they are also used to prioritize transactions. In order to use the minimum amount of fees, users usually have to find a compromise between fees and urgency of a transaction. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic logic model to experimentally analyze how fees affect confirmation time and miner’s revenue and to predict if an increase of average fees will generate a situation when the miner gets more reward by not following the protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain and Smart Contract Technologies)

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12 pages, 757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Reduction of Neighborhood-Covering Pessimistic Multigranulation Rough Set Based on Evidence Theory

by Xiaoying You, Jinjin Li and Hongkun Wang

Information 2019, 10(11), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110334 - 29 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Relative reduction of multiple neighborhood-covering with multigranulation rough set has been one of the hot research topics in knowledge reduction theory. In this paper, we explore the relative reduction of covering information system by combining the neighborhood-covering pessimistic multigranulation rough set with evidence [...] Read more.

Relative reduction of multiple neighborhood-covering with multigranulation rough set has been one of the hot research topics in knowledge reduction theory. In this paper, we explore the relative reduction of covering information system by combining the neighborhood-covering pessimistic multigranulation rough set with evidence theory. First, the lower and upper approximations of multigranulation rough set in neighborhood-covering information systems are introduced based on the concept of neighborhood of objects. Second, the belief and plausibility functions from evidence theory are employed to characterize the approximations of neighborhood-covering multigranulation rough set. Then the relative reduction of neighborhood-covering information system is investigated by using the belief and plausibility functions. Finally, an algorithm for computing a relative reduction of neighborhood-covering pessimistic multigranulation rough set is proposed according to the significance of coverings defined by the belief function, and its validity is examined by a practical example. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Theory and Methodology)

20 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internet of Things Infrastructure for Security and Safety in Public Places

by Angelos Chatzimichail, Christos Chatzigeorgiou, Athina Tsanousa, Dimos Ntioudis, Georgios Meditskos, Fotis Andritsopoulos, Christina Karaberi, Panagiotis Kasnesis, Dimitrios G. Kogias, Georgios Gorgogetas, Stefanos Vrochidis, Charalampos Patrikakis and Ioannis Kompatsiaris

Information 2019, 10(11), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110333 - 28 Oct 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3427

Abstract

We present the technologies and the theoretical background of an intelligent interconnected infrastructure for public security and safety. The innovation of the framework lies in the intelligent combination of devices and human information towards human and situational awareness, so as to provide a [...] Read more.

We present the technologies and the theoretical background of an intelligent interconnected infrastructure for public security and safety. The innovation of the framework lies in the intelligent combination of devices and human information towards human and situational awareness, so as to provide a protection and security environment for citizens. The framework is currently being used to support visitors in public spaces and events, by creating the appropriate infrastructure to address a set of urgent situations, such as health-related problems and missing children in overcrowded environments, supporting smart links between humans and entities on the basis of goals, and adapting device operation to comply with human objectives, profiles, and privacy. State-of-the-art technologies in the domain of IoT data collection and analytics are combined with localization techniques, ontologies, reasoning mechanisms, and data aggregation in order to acquire a better understanding of the ongoing situation and inform the necessary people and devices to act accordingly. Finally, we present the first results of people localization and the platforms’ ontology and representation framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications and Industry 4.0)

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22 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Construction of the Past: Towards a Theory for Knowing the Past

by Kenneth Thibodeau

Information 2019, 10(11), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110332 - 28 Oct 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3623

Abstract

This paper presents Constructed Past Theory, an epistemological theory about how we come to know things that happened or existed in the past. The theory is expounded both in text and in a formal model comprising UML class diagrams. The ideas presented here [...] Read more.

This paper presents Constructed Past Theory, an epistemological theory about how we come to know things that happened or existed in the past. The theory is expounded both in text and in a formal model comprising UML class diagrams. The ideas presented here have been developed in a half century of experience as a practitioner in the management of information and automated systems in the US government and as a researcher in several collaborations, notably the four international and multidisciplinary InterPARES projects. This work is part of a broader initiative, providing a conceptual framework for reformulating the concepts and theories of archival science in order to enable a new discipline whose assertions are empirically and, wherever possible, quantitatively testable. The new discipline, called archival engineering, is intended to provide an appropriate, coherent foundation for the development of systems and applications for managing, preserving and providing access to digital information, development which is necessitated by the exponential growth and explosive diversification of data recorded in digital form and the use of digital data in an ever increasing variety of domains. Both the text and model are an initial exposition of the theory that both requires and invites further development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data Research, Development, and Applications––Big Data 2018)

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14 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wideband Spectrum Sensing Method Based on Channels Clustering and Hidden Markov Model Prediction

by Huan Wang, Bin Wu, Yuancheng Yao and Mingwei Qin

Information 2019, 10(11), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110331 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2209

Abstract

Spectrum sensing is the necessary premise for implementing cognitive radio technology. The conventional wideband spectrum sensing methods mainly work with sweeping frequency and still face major challenges in performance and efficiency. This paper introduces a new wideband spectrum sensing method based on channels [...] Read more.

Spectrum sensing is the necessary premise for implementing cognitive radio technology. The conventional wideband spectrum sensing methods mainly work with sweeping frequency and still face major challenges in performance and efficiency. This paper introduces a new wideband spectrum sensing method based on channels clustering and prediction. This method counts on the division of the wideband spectrum into uniform sub-channels, and employs a density-based clustering algorithm called Ordering Points to Identify Clustering Structure (OPTICS) to cluster the channels in view of the correlation between the channels. The detection channel (DC) is selected and detected for each cluster, and states of other channels (estimated channels, ECs) in the cluster are then predicted with Hidden Markov Model (HMM), so that all channels states of the wideband spectrum are finally obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed method could effectively improve the wideband spectrum sensing performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information and Communications Technology)

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19 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Data Persistence in Collaborative Content Creation Systems: The Wikipedia Case

by Lorenzo Bracciale, Pierpaolo Loreti, Andrea Detti and Nicola Blefari Melazzi

Information 2019, 10(11), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/info10110330 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2766

Abstract

A very common problem in designing caching/prefetching systems, distribution networks, search engines, and web-crawlers is determining how long a given content lasts before being updated, i.e., its update frequency. Indeed, while some content is not frequently updated (e.g., videos), in other cases revisions [...] Read more.

A very common problem in designing caching/prefetching systems, distribution networks, search engines, and web-crawlers is determining how long a given content lasts before being updated, i.e., its update frequency. Indeed, while some content is not frequently updated (e.g., videos), in other cases revisions periodically invalidate contents. In this work, we present an analysis of Wikipedia, currently the 5th most visited website in the world, evaluating the statistics of updates of its pages and their relationship with page view statistics. We discovered that the number of updates of a page follows a lognormal distribution. We provide fitting parameters as well as a goodness of fit analysis, showing the statistical significance of the model to describe the empirical data. We perform an analysis of the views–updates relationship, showing that in a time period of a month, there is a lack of evident correlation between the most updated pages and the most viewed pages. However, observing specific pages, we show that there is a strong correlation between the peaks of views and updates, and we find that in more than 50% of cases, the time difference between the two peaks is less than a week. This reflects the underlying process whereby an event causes both an update and a visit peak that occurs with different time delays. This behavior can pave the way for predictive traffic analysis applications based on content update statistics. Finally, we show how the model can be used to evaluate the performance of an in-network caching scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Discovery on the Web)

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