Exploring the Prospective of Weed Amaranthus retroflexus for Biofuel Production through Pyrolysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Materials
2.2. Physicochemical Characterization
2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
- − temperature range: from 38 to 1000 °C;
- − dynamic inert atmosphere: argon;
- − heating rate: 10 °C/min;
- − flow rate: 75 mL/min;
- − average weight—35 mg;
- − atmospheric pressure.
2.4. Experimental Pyrolysis Procedure
2.5. Expanded Measurement Uncertainty
2.6. GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Oils
2.7. Analysis of Biochars
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Proximate and Ultimate Analyses
3.2. Thermal Degradation Analysis
3.3. Product Distribution and Yields
3.4. Composition of Bio-Oils
3.5. Composition of Biochars
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
List of abbreviations and symbols | |
Letters of the Latin alphabet | |
C | carbon atom |
H | hydrogen atom |
C-H | hydrocarbons |
Abbreviations | |
AR | Amaranthus retroflexus |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
B/A | basic-acid ratio |
C | carbon content (wt%) |
°C | degree Celsius |
DTG | differential thermogravimetric |
FC | fixed carbon (wt%) |
Fu | fouling index |
g | gram |
GC–MS | Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry |
H | hydrogen content (wt%) |
HHV | higher heating value (MJ/kg) |
k | coverage factor |
kV | kilovolt |
m | weight (g) |
m | meter |
mg | milligram |
MJ/kg | megajoule per kilogram |
mL/min | milliliter/minute |
mm | millimeter |
n | number of repeated measurements |
N | nitrogen content (wt%) |
O | oxygen content (wt%) |
r | given allowable relative discrepancy |
s | second |
S | sulfur content |
SR | slag viscosity index |
TG | thermogravimetric |
VM | volatile matter (wt%) |
W | watt |
µm | micrometer |
u | uncertainty |
Greek symbols | |
Δ | limit of weighing error |
Superscripts and subscripts | |
AR | Amaranthus retroflexus |
i | sequence number of the experiment |
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Parameter | Leaves | Inflorescences | Stems |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture, wt% | 7 ± 0.01 | 7 ± 0.01 | 7 ± 0.01 |
VM, wt% | 68.3 ± 0.4 | 74.2 ± 0.7 | 77.9 ± 0.8 |
Ash, wt% | 23 ± 0.02 | 8 ± 0.01 | 11 ± 0.01 |
FC, wt% | 8.7 | 17.8 | 11.1 |
HHVAR, MJ/kg | 21.0 | 25.6 | 24.1 |
C, wt% | 34.6 ± 0.22 | 40.9 ± 0.12 | 35.4 ± 0.09 |
H, wt% | 5.14 ± 0.09 | 6.34 ± 0.03 | 6.43 ± 0.13 |
N, wt% | 4.04 ± 0.05 | 5.45 ± 0.09 | 3.97 ± 0.1 |
O, wt% | 33.2 ± 0.17 | 39.3 | 43.2 ± 0.18 |
H/C | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 |
O/C | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
Sample | Heating Rate (°C/min) | Pyrolysis Stage | Starting Temperature (°C) | Ending Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | 10 | Dehydration devolatilization carbonation | 38 200 502 | 200 502 1000 |
Inflorescences | 10 | dehydration devolatilization carbonation | 38 216 512 | 216 512 1000 |
Stems | 10 | dehydration devolatilization carbonation | 38 190 520 | 190 520 1000 |
Sample | Mass Loss, % | Residual Mass, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dehydration | Devolatilization | Carbonation | ||
Leaves | 8.6 | 51.8 | 12.5 | 27.1 |
Inflorescences | 8.5 | 57.1 | 8.3 | 26.7 |
Stems | 6.1 | 59.4 | 5.6 | 28.9 |
Average, % | 7.7 | 56.1 | 8.7 | 27.5 |
Sample | Pyrolysis Product | Mass, g | Mass Share, % | Expanded Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | bio-oil | 20.3 | 45.2 | 0.285 |
biochar | 17.5 | 38.9 | 0.587 | |
gas | 7.1 | 15.9 | 0.836 | |
Inflorescences | bio-oil | 24.9 | 55.3 | 0.385 |
biochar | 14.5 | 32.2 | 0.473 | |
gas | 5.6 | 12.5 | 0.203 | |
Stems | bio-oil | 17.7 | 39.3 | 0.428 |
biochar | 16.6 | 36.9 | 0.539 | |
gas | 10.7 | 23.8 | 0.710 |
Biomass | Type of Pyrolysis | Pyrolysis Products, wt% | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bio-Oil | Gas | Biochar | |||
Ageratum conyzoides | without catalyst | 30 | 43 | 23 | [13] |
Crofton weed | catalytic | 27–29 | 45–49 | 25–28 | [14] |
Alternanthera philoxeroides | without catalyst | 45 | 22 | 33 | [15] |
Eupatorium adenophorum | catalytic | 29–32 | 36–41 | 28–33 | [19] |
Acacia holosericea | without catalyst | 33–38 | 33–37 | 26–34 | [17] |
Mixture of discarded vegetables and fruits | catalytic | 35 | 22 | 30 | [20] |
Cortaderia selloana | without catalyst | 19–34 | 45–62 | 18–27 | [21] |
Banana pseudo-stem (Musa acuminate) | without catalyst | 28 | 32 | 42 | [27] |
Agricultural biomass residues | without catalyst | 32 | 32 | 33 | [61] |
Acacia holosericea trunk | without catalyst | 47 | 22 | 31 | [61] |
Amaranthus retroflexus | without catalyst | 39.3–55.3 | 12.5–23.8 | 32.2–36.9 | This study |
Parameter | Leaves | Inflorescences | Stems |
---|---|---|---|
VM, wt% | 35.1 ± 0.6 | 19.7 ± 0.7 | 20.4 ± 0.6 |
Ash, wt% | 46.8 ± 0.4 | 23.3 ± 0.5 | 31.9 ± 0.5 |
FC, wt% | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 57.0 ± 0.6 | 47.7 ± 0.5 |
HHV, MJ/kg | 11.5 | 23.0 | 19.8 |
CaO, wt% | 49.9 | 27.9 | 22.6 |
K2O, wt% | 27.6 | 51.1 | 64.2 |
MgO, wt% | 8.3 | 3.34 | 3.6 |
P2O5, wt% | 5.58 | 5.65 | 3.84 |
SO3, wt% | 4.58 | 2.68 | 1.64 |
SiO2, wt% | 2.51 | 4.21 | 0.54 |
Cl, wt% | 0.75 | 3.89 | 3.11 |
Fe2O3, wt% | 0.4 | 0.81 | 0.28 |
MnO, wt% | 0.15 | 0.13 | - |
Br, wt% | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
SrO, wt% | 0.08 | - | 0.02 |
ZnO, wt% | 0.05 | 0.06 | - |
CuO, wt% | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.09 |
B/A | 36.5 | 21.1 | 176 |
SR | 4.11 | 11.6 | 1.99 |
Fu | 1009 | 1076 | 11,291 |
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Karaeva, J.; Timofeeva, S.; Gilfanov, M.; Slobozhaninova, M.; Sidorkina, O.; Luchkina, E.; Panchenko, V.; Bolshev, V. Exploring the Prospective of Weed Amaranthus retroflexus for Biofuel Production through Pyrolysis. Agriculture 2023, 13, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030687
Karaeva J, Timofeeva S, Gilfanov M, Slobozhaninova M, Sidorkina O, Luchkina E, Panchenko V, Bolshev V. Exploring the Prospective of Weed Amaranthus retroflexus for Biofuel Production through Pyrolysis. Agriculture. 2023; 13(3):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030687
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaraeva, Julia, Svetlana Timofeeva, Marat Gilfanov, Marina Slobozhaninova, Olga Sidorkina, Ekaterina Luchkina, Vladimir Panchenko, and Vadim Bolshev. 2023. "Exploring the Prospective of Weed Amaranthus retroflexus for Biofuel Production through Pyrolysis" Agriculture 13, no. 3: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030687