Next Article in Journal
Monitoring System for Leucoptera malifoliella (O. Costa, 1836) and Its Damage Based on Artificial Neural Networks
Next Article in Special Issue
The Effect of Glutamine as Feed Additive on Selected Parameters of the Nonspecific Immune Response in Pigs
Previous Article in Journal
Potential Emissions of Insecticide VOCs and Their Correlations between Agricultural Emissions and Meteorological Factors
Previous Article in Special Issue
Influence of Effective Microorganisms and Clinoptilolite on Gut Barrier Function, Intestinal Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens during Induced Eimeria tenella Infection
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Agriculture
Volume 13
Issue 1
10.3390/agriculture13010065
agriculture-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Corn Silk Extract: A Potential Modulator for Producing Functional Low Cholesterol Chicken Eggs

by
Ahmed O. Abbas
1,2,*,
Abdulaziz A. Alaqil
1,
Nancy N. Kamel
3,* and
Farid S. Nassar
1,2
1
Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt
3
Department of Animal Production, National Research Center, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2023, 13(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010065
Submission received: 6 December 2022 / Revised: 22 December 2022 / Accepted: 23 December 2022 / Published: 25 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition Quality on the Health, Productivity, and Performance of Livestock)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The chicken egg is one of the most globally-consumed animal protein sources with high-quality protein value. However, there is a growing concern about the association between excessive egg consumption and the increasing risk of cardiovascular disease incidence. Meanwhile, corn silk extract (CSE) is known to have hypo-lipidemic bioactive properties, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of feeding laying hens three different CSE levels on egg cholesterol content as well as egg production performance and oxidative stress marker levels. A total of 240, 40-week-old, Hy-Line Brown laying hens were divided into 4 symmetric groups (10 hens × 6 replicates). The control group was fed a basal diet while the other three groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg CSE per kg feed, respectively. Egg production performance was monitored for eight successive weeks. Internal and external egg quality parameters were also measured. At the end of week 48 of age, blood samples were collected to determine the plasma lipid profile, stress markers, and liver function indicators. Data revealed that supplementation of 200 mg and 400 mg CSE to laying hen diets had a positive effect on egg production performance with a significant increase in egg numbers and egg weight as well as significantly improved feed efficiency. Egg quality parameters were significantly improved with CSE supplementation. Lipid peroxidation levels and inflammation marker concentrations significantly decreased for the experimental groups that were fed 200 mg and 400 mg CSE compared with the control group. Meanwhile, blood total cholesterol decreased significantly with CSE supplementation, along with an increase in high-density and a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content. A high positive correlation was found between liver and egg cholesterol contents (r = 0.902, p < 0.0001) which was linearly decreased with the increasing level of CSE supplementation. Egg cholesterol content significantly decreased by 9 to 19% in the CSE-supplemented groups compared with the control group. The present study demonstrated that CSE at 100 mg/kg and up to 400 mg/kg diets can be safely used to improve laying hen egg production performance with a direct effect on lowering egg cholesterol content as well as improving the redox status.

1. Introduction

The emerging consumer demand for safe and high-quality food is a consequence of the increasing awareness regarding the sensory quality, functionality, and nutritional value of food and food products [1]. The foods that deliver healthy, physical, and mental well-being benefits other than essential nutrition are defined as functional foods [2]. Chicken table eggs are one of the most intensively consumed protein sources of food from an animal origin worldwide. The high nutritive value and the affordable market price make eggs an economical alternative protein source compared with other expensive animal protein sources [3]. However, there is a serious dispute between the association of increasing egg consumption and the increasing risk of cardiovascular disease incidence. Some research indicated a link between higher consumption of eggs and dietary cholesterol and the higher incident of cardiovascular diseases [4,5,6,7]. Meanwhile, other research articles indicated no association between moderate egg consumption and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases [8,9,10]. Carson et al. [11] made a recommendation to promote cardiovascular health focusing on dietary patterns which include lowering cholesterol as well as saturated fatty acids consumption. In the middle of this serious debate, egg cholesterol is one of the variable egg components that is extremely influenced by laying hen diet [12,13]. Hence, the abovementioned findings imply that diet manipulation designed for reducing egg cholesterol content can be used to produce functional chicken table eggs that provide health benefits for consumers.
Under intensive commercial egg production systems, the generation of a huge oxidative stress load is inevitable. Oxidative stress could be generated by nutritional, environmental, or pathological factors that are responsible for the reported negative impacts on poultry’s general performance as well as product quality [14]. Moreover, oxidative stress not only decreases laying hen performance, but it also impairs ovarian function, disturbs gut microbiota, and influences body metabolites [15]. Li et al. [16] found that heat stress increased the level of oxidative stress markers in follicular fluid as well as induced apoptosis in follicle cells by activating the FasL/Fas and TNF-α systems, which subsequently reduced follicle number and impaired egg production. Likewise, the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was reported to induce immunosuppression, pro-inflammation responses, and imbalance redox status in laying hens challenged with avian pathogenic E. coli [17]. Mishra and Jha [14] suggested that exogenous supplementation of plant extracts with potent antioxidant activity might be beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress in poultry.
Corn silk (CS) is from maize (Zea mays) and comprises the female flower stigmas that appear as yellowish, thread-like silks that are considered an agricultural waste material [18]. It has been used in treating various illnesses and is considered an alternative natural-based treatment. Corn silk extract (CSE) is rich in several phytochemical compounds, namely: polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, polysaccharides, glycosides, organic acids, sterols, volatile oils, carotenoids, trace elements, and multivitamins [19,20]. Such presented compounds are responsible for a series of bioactive properties of corn silk including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypo-glycemic, and hypo-lipidemic effects [19,21,22,23]. Regarding the hypo-lipidemic properties of CSE, a meta-analysis study suggested that decoction of CSE might increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol while reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in angina pectoris patients [21]. Research studies reported that CSE has a hypo-lipidimic effect when using a hyper-lipidemic animal experimental model [24,25]. Saheed et al. [26] suggested that CSE could be used to manage coronary heart diseases due to its hypo-lipidemic properties, with no hematotoxic effect while using rats as an animal experimental model. In broilers, Kirrella et al. [27] concluded that dietary inclusion of CS meal with non-starch polysaccharide enzyme to broiler diet can improve growth performance and decrease plasma total cholesterol as well as increase HDL-CH. Furthermore, polysaccharides found in CSE were reported to have a significant antioxidant potential both in vitro and in vivo [28]. To date, no study has been conducted on the effect of CSE on laying hen cholesterol profile, egg production, and cholesterol content. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of CSE supplementation to laying hen diet on egg cholesterol content as well as plasma and liver cholesterol levels, with special reference to oxidative stress markers, under a commercial egg production system.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical Declaration

The experimental design of the present study followed the research ethics guidelines of King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Approval for the entire experimental protocol was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (KFU-REC/2022-02-17).

2.2. Corn Silk Extract Phenolic Acid Profile and Total Antioxidant Capacity Test

Fresh corn silk samples were collected, air dried, and ground to a fine powder. A 20 g sample of air-dried CS powder was then soaked in 500 mL ethanol solution 70% (1:4, w:v) at 40 °C with continuous stirring for one hour using a hot plate magnetic stirrer. The extract was then filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The solvent from the filtrated extract was then evaporated using rotary evaporator at 50 °C. The obtained extract weight was 3.31 g and was further used for phenolic acid quantification and total antioxidant capacity measurements.
Phenolic compounds of CSE were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument (HPLC) (LC-10AD, Shimadzu, Japan) as described by El-Mergawi et al. [29]. The HPLC results are illustrated in Figure 1.

2.3. Birds’ Management and the Experimental Design

The experimental subjects were recruited from a commercial 40-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hen flock. A total number of 240 laying hens were randomly distributed into four symmetrical groups (10 hens × 6 replicates) in a completely randomized design. The four experimental groups were fed a basal diet formulated to cover the nutritional demand under the guidelines of commercial Hy-Line Brown laying hens, (https://www.hyline.com/varieties/brown; accessed on 11 May 2022) (Table 1). The first group was fed the basal diet without any additional supplementation and served as the control. Meanwhile, the other three groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg of CSE per kg of diet. The experiment lasted for eight successive weeks. The recruited laying hens were reared under a controlled environment in a closed laying house in single cages. The ambient temperature was kept at 22 ± 1 °C and 60% relative humidity with a daily lighting regime of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness. A free access for water and feed was provided to all the birds throughout the entire experimental period.

2.4. Egg Production Performance

During the course of the experimental period, egg number (EN), egg weight (EW), and feed intake (FI) per hen were recorded daily. The average EN, EW, and FI were then calculated for the entire experimental period. Total egg mass (EM) was calculated using the following formula: EM = EN (for the exact period) × average EW. Then, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated as a total FI per total EM.

2.5. Egg Quality Evaluation

At the 48th week of age, 30 eggs per group (six eggs per replicate) were randomly selected to evaluate egg quality parameters. First, eggs were weighed and then broken on a flat plate. Next, the albumen and the yolk heights were measured using a tripod micrometer (Baxlo®, Barcelona, Spain). Then, the albumen and the yolk diameters were measured using a standard caliper (Total Tools, South Melbourne, Australia). The albumen index and the yolk index were then calculated as the ratio between the albumen height to the albumen diameter, and the ratio between the yolk height to the yolk diameter, respectively. After that, for the determination of shell thickness and shell strength, the obtained egg shell was rinsed and allowed to air dry. The shell thickness was then determined as the mean of the thickness measured at three different positions on the egg (sharp pole, blunt pole, and equator) using an egg shell thickness tester with 0.01 mm sensitivity (Baxlo®, Barcelona, Spain). The shell strength was also determined by applying an assisted system pressure to the egg blunt using the Egg Force Reader (ORKA Food Technology, West Bountiful, UT, USA). The yolk color score was determined using the DSM-YC Fan (ORKA Food Technology, UT, USA). Finally, the Haugh unit was calculated using the following Raymond Haugh equation [30]:
HU = [100 × logAgriculture 13 00065 i001(AH-1.7W^0.37 + 7.57)]
where HU = Haugh units; AH = albumen height in mm; and W = egg weight in g.

2.6. Collection and Preparation of Blood and Liver Samples

After eight weeks from the start of the experiment, two hens from each group replicate were randomly chosen. Blood samples were withdrawn, after 12 h of fasting, from the brachial vein using a heparinized syringe and immediately transferred into a heparinized tube. The plasma was then separated by centrifugation at 2000× g for 10 min at 4 °C. The collected plasma was stored at −20 °C until further analysis. Meanwhile, six hens per experimental group (one hen per replicate) were sacrificed by cervical dislocation [31] and the whole livers were harvested and immediately stored at −20 °C until further processing.

2.7. Blood and Liver Lipid Profile and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content

Plasma triglyceride content was quantified using enzymatic colorimetric diagnostic kits (Cat#: ab65336; Abcam, Waltham, MA, USA), while plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) were quantified using commercial kits (Cat#: ab65390; Abcam, MA, USA). Plasma cholesterol ratio was then calculated as total cholesterol divided by HDL-CH.
On the other hand, in the last week of the experimental period, six eggs per group were randomly collected (one egg per replicate). The eggs were broken to separate yolks. Total cholesterol contents in the liver and egg yolk samples were measured using a cholesterol oxidase method-based kit (Cat#: ab102515; Abcam, MA, USA) following the modified protocol described by Alzarah et al. [32]. Finally, the liver and egg total cholesterol contents were determined using a cholesterol standard solution curve.

2.8. Plasma Stress Markers and Biochemical Parameters

Plasma lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde; MDA) level was determined using quantitative colorimetric assay kits (ab287797; Abcam, MA, USA). The plasma level of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), and corticosterone were quantified using chicken-specific ELISA kits, following the manufacturer procedures (Cat#: MBS2509660, MBS703924, MBS701668, respectively; MyBioSource, San Diego, CA, USA). Meanwhile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in blood plasma using colorimetric assay kits (Cat#: MBS2540515 and MBS9718960, respectively; MyBioSource, CA, USA).
Meanwhile, plasma total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine concentrations were determined using colorimetric kits (Cat#: ab102535, ab235628, ab83362, and ab65340, respectively; Abcam, MA, USA). Furthermore, the plasma activity of liver alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) enzymes were measured using commercial kits (Cat#: ab241035 and ab105135, respectively; Abcam, MA, USA).

2.9. Statistical Analysis

Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with respect to the CSE supplementation levels as the independent variable, using the general linear model of SAS (SAS® 9.1.3, Service Pack 4). The mathematical model was as follows:
Y i j = μ + τ i + e i j
where Yij represents the jth observation (j = 1,2, … ni) on the ith treatment levels of CSE i = 0, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg diet is the observation. μ is the common effect for the whole experiment, τi represents the ith treatment effect, and eij represents the random error present in the jth observations on the ith treatments, assumed to be normally distributed with a mean between (0, σ2). Furthermore, to determine the correlation between liver cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol contents, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was performed. The results were expressed as means ± standard error, and the differences between treatment groups were determined using Tukey’s Studentized Range (HSD) test with a statistical significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Egg Production Performance

Egg production performance parameters of laying hens fed different levels of CSE are presented in Table 2. The produced egg number during the experimental period showed a 2.7% and 4.1% significant increase for the groups supplemented with 200 mg and 400 mg of CSE, respectively, compared with the control. Furthermore, a significant linear increase in egg weight and egg mass was observed with the increasing levels of CSE supplementation. Interestingly, a significant decrease in feed intake was observed in laying hens supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg CSE, whereas a significant increase was noticed in the 400 mg CSE-supplemented group compared with the control. However, a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio was observed in the CSE-supplemented groups compared with the control. The best feed efficiency was observed in the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups, followed by the 100 mg CSE-supplemented group.

3.2. Egg Quality Parameters

The internal and external egg quality parameters were estimated for laying hens fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE) and the results are presented in Table 3. Data showed a significant positive effect of CSE supplementation on the different egg quality parameters measured. Albumin index increased significantly with CSE supplementation by 3%, 4%, and 6% in the 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups compared with the control, respectively. Moreover, yolk index also increased significantly by 2%, 4%, and 5% in the 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, shell thickness and shell strength showed a significant linear increase with the increase in CSE-supplementation level. The increasing level of shell thickness reached 13%, 19%, and 29%, where shell strength increased by 5%, 14%, and 19% in the 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups compared with the control, respectively. The intensity of yolk color increased significantly with the CSE supplementations. However, the Haugh unit significantly increased in the 200 mg CSE-supplemented group compared with the control.

3.3. Blood Cholesterol Profile and Egg Cholesterol Content

Data of blood and liver total cholesterol and cholesterol fractions for laying hens supplemented with different levels of CSE are presented in Table 4. The CSE supplementation of the laying hen diet significantly reduced blood total cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentration as well as altered the cholesterol fraction profile. The plasma triglyceride concentration significantly decreased in the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups, compared with the control. Furthermore, plasma total cholesterol concentration decreased significantly in laying hens fed CSE at the level of 400 mg compared with the control and the 100 mg CSE-supplemented groups. However, HDL-CH, which is known as the good cholesterol, increased significantly in the laying hen groups supplemented with 200 mg and 400 mg of CSE by 12% and 30%, respectively, compared with the control. On the contrary, the LDL-CH, which is known as the bad cholesterol, showed a significant reduction in the groups fed different levels of CSE compared with the control. The decreasing level of plasma LDL-CH associated with CSE supplementation was 11%, 18%, and 28% in the 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups, respectively. A significant reduction in the calculated plasma cholesterol ratio was detected in the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE-supplemented group compared with the control and the 100 mg CSE-supplemented groups. Meanwhile, liver cholesterol concentration showed a significant linear decrease associated with the increasing level of CSE supplementation. Likewise, egg cholesterol content followed the same trend as liver cholesterol and showed a negative linear decrease with the increasing level of CSE supplementation. A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.902, p < 0.0001) was observed between liver cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol contents. Meanwhile, the plasma cholesterol concentration had a moderate positive correlation with the egg yolk cholesterol content (r = 0.629, p = 0.001).

3.4. Stress Markers and Liver Function

Oxidative stress prevalence can be monitored by a number of blood stress biomarkers. The stress markers related to lipid peroxidation, inflammation, heat shock protein, and stress hormone, as well as SOD enzyme and total antioxidant activities, were measured in the current study (Table 5). The concentration of MDA decreased significantly in CSE-supplemented groups at the levels of 200 mg and 400 mg by 1.4- and 1.6-fold, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, TNF-α decreased significantly in the CSE-supplemented groups at the levels of 200 mg and 400 mg by 9% and 14%, respectively. Furthermore, the level of HSP-70 deceased significantly by 17%, 21%, and 24% in the groups fed 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg of CSE, respectively. Meanwhile, plasma corticosterone levels showed a significant reduction of 28% in the 400 mg CSE-supplemented group compared with the control. Conversely, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD increased significantly in the 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups by 1.11-, 1.26-, and 1.38-fold, respectively, compared with the control. Furthermore, the T-AOC activity showed a significant linear increase with the increasing level of CSE supplementation. These results reflected that the CSE supplementation directly reduced stress marker levels while promoting antioxidant activity.

3.5. Liver and Kidney Function

The effect of feeding CSE at different levels on laying hen liver- and kidney-function-related parameters are presented in Table 6. Firstly, there was no significant effect of CSE supplementation on total protein, albumin, or globulin levels compared with the control. However, the activity of liver ALT and AST enzymes showed a significant decrease with CSE supplementations at 200 mg and 400 mg. Similarly, blood urea concentration decreased significantly by 8%, 11%, and 19% with CSE supplementation at 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg, respectively. Meanwhile, creatinine concentration significantly decreased with the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE supplementation compared with the control. These results indicate that the CSE possesses a hepatoprotective property as well as a renal function amelioration effect, with no influence on plasma protein levels.

4. Discussion

The production of low cholesterol egg is a growing consumer demand, especially for those who suffer from hyperlipidemia or cardiovascular diseases. Egg cholesterol content is considered a limiting factor for egg consumption for individuals having a high risk of cardiovascular disease [4]. Consequently, the reduction in egg cholesterol content is considered to add value for both egg producers and consumers. Apart from this, the CSE hypo-lipidemic as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities were recently reported [19,25,26,33,34]. Hence, the present study was one of the first to investigate the effect of dietary CSE on egg yolk cholesterol content, egg production performance, egg quality, and redox status of commercial laying hens. The current results demonstrated significant improvement in egg production performance with CSE supplementation. Increasing laying rate as well as improving egg weight and feed conversion ratio was detected in the CSE-supplemented groups. These positive effects on egg production performance parameters can be justified by the antioxidant bioactive properties of the CSE. Al-Harthi [35] reported that, under heat stress conditions, supplementing laying hen diet with natural or synthetic antioxidants improves production performance and egg quality. Furthermore, Abdel Magied et al. [36] concluded that natural antioxidant sources can be used to improve laying hen productivity during summer seasons. Obianwuna et al. [37] recently reviewed that natural plant antioxidant supplementation might improve the oxidative stability of chicken egg albumen during storage. Meanwhile, feed intake showed unexplained marginal reduction for groups supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg CSE compared with the control. In contrast, feed intake significantly increased with the 400 mg CSE supplementation level. These conflicting effects could be due to the presence of bioactive compounds that either promote, such as chlorogenic acid and rutin [38,39], or suppress feed intake. However, such a reduction in feed intake had no negative impact on egg production number or egg weight for the 100 mg and 200 mg CSE-supplemented groups (Table 2). A significant hypo-lipidemic effect of the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE supplementation was observed with a significant reduction in plasma triglycerides and LDL-CH levels as well as a significant increase in plasma HDL-CH levels. Furthermore, plasma cholesterol ratio, a sensitive and specific index of cardiovascular risk [40], significantly decreased, confirming the hypo-lipidemic effect of the CSE supplementation. The hypo-lipidemic effect of CSE was reported to be modulated by reduction in mRNA expression levels of hepatic 3-hyroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, farnesoid X receptor, and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase genes, which consequently decrease blood and hepatic cholesterol levels [41]. Yan et al. [24] demonstrated that supplementation of moderate (400 mg/kg) and high doses (800 mg/kg) of total flavonoid obtained from CSE significantly decreased serum lipid levels (i.e., triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-CH) in hyper-lipidemic-induced rats following a dose-dependent manner. The liver is the site where most of the egg yolk cholesterol is synthesized; afterwords, it is transported via blood stream in the form of lipoproteins and deposited in the ovarian developing follicles [42]. Furthermore, egg yolk cholesterol had low heritability value [43], which implies that it can be manipulated using other environmental parameters such as dietary supplementations. Thus, the linear decrease observed in the liver cholesterol level in the CSE groups is reflected in the linear decrease in egg yolk cholesterol content. The principal phenolic acids detected in CSE were myricetin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ferulic and syringic acid (Figure 1). Therefore, the presence of high proportions of phenolic compounds with hypocholesterolemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity in CSE, such as myricetin [44], chlorogenic acid [45], and rutin [46], played a key factor in the observed low liver cholesterol level and egg cholesterol content.
Poultry antioxidant defense systems include a complex network of endogenously synthesized antioxidant enzymes and exogenously supplied antioxidant materials. A new direction to improve the poultry antioxidant defenses under stress conditions is associated with the activation of a range of vitagenes, gene-coding proteins including SOD and HSP, to maximize internal antioxidant protection and maintain redox balance [47,48]. Ognik et al. [49] reviewed the positive effects of using plant extracts to stimulate antioxidant mechanisms in poultry, which usually demonstrated a modification in antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., SOD) and an increase in the total antioxidant potential (e.g., T-AOC) as well as a reduction in lipid oxidation products (e.g., MDA). The effect of the moderate (200 mg) and high (400 mg) levels of CSE supplementation used on plasma stress marker concentrations was generally positive, with a significant reduction in MDA, TNF-α, and HSP-70 levels as well as an increase in SOD and total antioxidant activities. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a well-known lipid peroxidation marker [50,51], whereas HSP-70, a parameter of cell protective and adaptive response, was reported to act as an oxidative injury biomarker [52]. A significant increase in MDA, TNF-α, and corticosterone levels were all demonstrated as stress markers in paraquat-induced oxidative stress in turkey poults [53]. Dietary phytochemical interventions were suggested as an effective strategy to overcome oxidative stress in poultry [54]. Corn silk is a rich source of phenolic and flavonoid components [55]. The bioactive phenolic compounds found in CSE are reported to have an antioxidant effect as well as other bioactive properties [20,56,57]. The antioxidant properties of CSE are reflected in the observed reduction in oxidative stress markers and the increasing endogenous antioxidant activity. However, the present study was conducted under controlled-environmental conditions with no stress induction except for the internal stress of egg production. Thus, it can be implied that the CSE antioxidant effect will be more pronounced and advantageous when laying hens are subjected to unfavorable oxidative stress conditions.
The reduction in liver enzyme activities detected in the CSE-supplemented groups reflect a hepatoprotective effect. A hepatoprotective effect was reported for myricetin [44], rutin [46], and syringic acid [58]. Furthermore, blood urea concentration is considered a reliable renal function predictor, whereas the elevations of blood urea and creatinine levels are taken as a nephrotoxicity index [59,60]. The present results indicate a significant reduction in blood urea and creatinine levels with CSE supplementation reflecting amelioration of kidney function. Wans et al. [61] reported a protective effect of CSE on nephrotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in rats in response to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective mechanisms. Moreover, Chen et al. [62] stated that the viability of human renal epithelial cells damaged by nano-calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals increased while the level of ROS decreased with corn silk polysaccharide administration.

5. Conclusions

The present study introduces dietary CSE supplementation as a potential feed additive to modulate egg cholesterol level. CSE supplementation of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in laying hen diet improved egg production performance and was able to influence plasma and liver lipid profiles. Lowering of total plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-CH, and liver cholesterol as well as increasing HDL-CH were detected in the CSE-supplemented groups. External and internal egg quality parameters improved when adding the CSE supplementation. Furthermore, a significant reduction in MDA, TNF-α, and HSP-70 levels was detected in the 200 mg and 400 mg CSE-supplemented groups. Meanwhile, corticosterone showed a significant reduction with the 400 mg CSE supplementation. The effect of CSE on plasma and liver cholesterol profiles reflected a significant reduction in egg yolk cholesterol content. Thus, CSE can be safely incorporated into laying hen diets to produce high-quality, functional eggs that are characterized by low cholesterol content in addition to improving laying hen performance under commercial egg production systems.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.O.A., A.A.A., F.S.N. and N.N.K.; data curation, A.O.A. and N.N.K.; formal analysis, N.N.K.; funding acquisition, A.O.A.; investigation, F.S.N., A.A.A. and A.O.A.; methodology, A.A.A. and A.O.A.; project administration, A.O.A.; resources, A.A.A.; supervision, A.O.A.; validation, A.A.A. and A.O.A.; visualization, N.N.K.; writing—original draft, N.N.K.; writing—review and editing, A.O.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia, grant number INST086.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The experimental study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at King Faisal University Ethics Committee (KFU-REC-2022-AUG-ETHICS133).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work through the project number INST086.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Nowosad, K.; Sujka, M.; Pankiewicz, U.; Kowalski, R. The application of PEF technology in food processing and human nutrition. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 58, 397–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Balthazar, C.F.; Guimarães, J.F.; Coutinho, N.M.; Pimentel, T.C.; Ranadheera, C.S.; Santillo, A.; Albenzio, M.; Cruz, A.G.; Sant’Ana, A.S. The future of functional food: Emerging technologies application on prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2022, 21, 2560–2586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Papanikolaou, Y.; Fulgoni, V.L. 3rd. Eggs are cost-efficient in delivering several shortfall nutrients in the American diet: A cost-analysis in children and adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Spence, J.D.; Jenkins, D.J.; Davignon, J. Dietary cholesterol and egg yolks: Not for patients at risk of vascular disease. Can. J. Cardiol. 2010, 26, e336–e339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Krittanawong, C.; Narasimhan, B.; Wang, Z.; Virk, H.U.H.; Farrell, A.M.; Zhang, H.; Tang, W.H.W. Association between egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. 2021, 134, 76–83.e72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Zhong, V.W.; Van Horn, L.; Cornelis, M.C.; Wilkins, J.T.; Ning, H.; Carnethon, M.R.; Greenland, P.; Mentz, R.J.; Tucker, K.L.; Zhao, L.; et al. Associations of dietary cholesterol or egg consumption with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality. JAMA 2019, 321, 1081–1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Zhuang, P.; Wu, F.; Mao, L.; Zhu, F.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, X.; Jiao, J.; Zhang, Y. Egg and cholesterol consumption and mortality from cardiovascular and different causes in the United States: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2021, 18, e1003508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Drouin-Chartier, J.-P.; Chen, S.; Li, Y.; Schwab, A.L.; Stampfer, M.J.; Sacks, F.M.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B.; Bhupathiraju, S.N. Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: Three large prospective US cohort studies, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2020, 368, m513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Qin, C.; Lv, J.; Guo, Y.; Bian, Z.; Si, J.; Yang, L.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J.; et al. Associations of egg consumption with cardiovascular disease in a cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. Heart 2018, 104, 1756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Key, T.J.; Appleby, P.N.; Bradbury, K.E.; Sweeting, M.; Wood, A.; Johansson, I.; Kühn, T.; Steur, M.; Weiderpass, E.; Wennberg, M.; et al. Consumption of meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs and risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2019, 139, 2835–2845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Carson, J.A.S.; Lichtenstein, A.H.; Anderson, C.A.M.; Appel, L.J.; Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Meyer, K.A.; Petersen, K.; Polonsky, T.; Van Horn, L. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: A Science advisory from the american heart association. Circulation 2020, 141, e39–e53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Lei, S. The role of chicken eggs in human nutrition. J. Food Nutr. Metab. 2021, 3, 2–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Nimalaratne, C.; Wu, J. Hen egg as an antioxidant food commodity: A review. Nutrients 2015, 7, 8274–8293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Mishra, B.; Jha, R. Oxidative stress in the poultry gut: Potential challenges and interventions. Front. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Wang, J.; Jia, R.; Gong, H.; Celi, P.; Zhuo, Y.; Ding, X.; Bai, S.; Zeng, Q.; Yin, H.; Xu, S.; et al. The effect of oxidative stress on the chicken ovary: Involvement of microbiota and melatonin interventions. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Li, G.-M.; Liu, L.-P.; Yin, B.; Liu, Y.-Y.; Dong, W.-W.; Gong, S.; Zhang, J.; Tan, J.-H. Heat stress decreases egg production of laying hens by inducing apoptosis of follicular cells via activating the FasL/Fas and TNF-α systems. Poult. Sci. 2020, 99, 6084–6093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Abbas, A.O.; Alaqil, A.A.; El-Beltagi, H.S.; Abd El-Atty, H.K.; Kamel, N.N. Modulating laying hens productivity and immune performance in response to oxidative stress induced by E. coli challenge using dietary propolis supplementation. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Hasanudin, K.; Hashim, P.; Mustafa, S. Corn silk (Stigma maydis) in healthcare: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Molecules 2012, 17, 9697–9715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Tian, S.; Sun, Y.; Chen, Z. Extraction of flavonoids from corn silk and biological activities in vitro. J. Food Qual. 2021, 2021, 7390425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Nawaz, H.; Muzaffar, S.; Aslam, M.; Ahmad, S. Phytochemical Composition: Antioxidant Potential and Biological Activities of Corn in Corn—Production and Human Health in Changing Climate; Amanullah, A., Fahad, S., Eds.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018; pp. 49–67. [Google Scholar]
  21. Shi, S.; Yu, B.; Li, W.; Shan, J.; Ma, T. Corn silk decoction for blood lipid in patients with angina pectoris: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother. Res. 2019, 33, 2862–2869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Solihah, M.A.; Rosli, W.D.W.; Nurhanan, A.R. Phytochemicals screening and total phenolic content of Malaysian Zea mays hair extracts. Int. Food Res. J. 2012, 19, 1533–1538. [Google Scholar]
  23. Guo, J.; Liu, T.; Han, L.; Liu, Y. The effects of corn silk on glycaemic metabolism. Nutr. Metab. 2009, 6, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Yan, Z.; Da-yun, S.; Jing-shu, Z.; Hong-li, Z. Microwave-assisted extraction and antihyperlipidemic effect of total flavonoids from corn silk. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10, 14583–14586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Haslina; Wahjuningsih, S.B. Effect of corn silk powder extracts using in vivo to lipid profile and liver fat. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 443, 012010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Saheed, S.; Oladipipo, A.E.; Abdulazeez, A.A.; Olarewaju, S.A.; Ismaila, N.O.; Emmanuel, I.A.; Fatimah, Q.D.; Aisha, A.Y. Toxicological evaluations of Stigma maydis (corn silk) aqueous extract on hematological and lipid parameters in Wistar rats. Toxicol. Rep. 2015, 2, 638–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Kirrella, A.A.; Abdo, S.E.; El-Naggar, K.; Soliman, M.M.; Aboelenin, S.M.; Dawood, M.A.O.; Saleh, A.A. Use of corn silk meal in broiler diet: Effect on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological responses, and growth-related gene expression. Animals 2021, 11, 1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Miao, Z.Q.; Dong, Y.Y.; Qin, X.; Yuan, J.M.; Han, M.M.; Zhang, K.K.; Shi, S.R.; Song, X.Y.; Zhang, J.Z.; Li, J.H. Dietary supplementation of methionine mitigates oxidative stress in broilers under high stocking density. Poult. Sci. 2021, 100, 101231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. El-Mergawi, R.; Al-Humaid, A.; El-Rayes, D. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in seeds of ten date cultivars from Saudi Arabia. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2016, 14, 38–43. [Google Scholar]
  30. Haugh, R. The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. U.S. Egg Poult. Mag. 1937, 43, 552–555. [Google Scholar]
  31. Nekouei, O.; Yau, D.; MacKinnon, B.; Magouras, I.; Conan, A.; Elsohaby, I.; Paudel, S.; Pfeiffer, D.U. Quality assessment of day-old chickens on the broiler farms of Hong Kong. Animals 2022, 12, 1520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Alzarah, M.I.; Alaqil, A.A.; Abbas, A.O.; Nassar, F.S.; Mehaisen, G.M.K.; Gouda, G.F.; Abd El-Atty, H.K.; Moustafa, E.S. Inclusion of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract into diets Induced a hypolipidemic effect and improved layer performance. Agriculture 2021, 11, 808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Wang, B.; Xiao, T.; Ruan, J.; Liu, W. Beneficial effects of corn silk on metabolic syndrome. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 23, 5097–5103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Wang, K.J.; Zhao, J.L. Corn silk (Zea mays L.), a source of natural antioxidants with α-amylase, α-glucosidase, advanced glycation and diabetic nephropathy inhibitory activities. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 110, 510–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Al-Harthi, M.A. The Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on performance, egg quality and blood constituents of laying hens grown under high ambient temperature. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 13, 3239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Abdel Magied, H.A.; Selim, N.A.; Habib, H.H.; El- Komy, H.M.A.; Mostafa, M.A.S.A. Strengthening the antioxidant status of laying hens through summer season by using different categories of antioxidant sources. J. Anim. Poult. Prod. 2020, 11, 539–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Obianwuna, U.E.; Oleforuh-Okoleh, V.U.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H.J.; Qi, G.H.; Qiu, K.; Wu, S.G. Potential implications of natural antioxidants of plant origin on oxidative stability of chicken albumen during storage: A review. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Bai, D.; Liu, K.; He, X.; Tan, H.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhen, W.; Zhang, C.; Ma, Y. Effect of dietary chlorogenic acid on growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune response of broiler breeders under immune stress and stocking density stress. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Chen, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhuang, S.; He, X.; Wang, T.; Wang, C. Effects of different levels of rutin on growth performance, immunity, intestinal barrier and antioxidant capacity of broilers. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2022, 21, 1390–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Millán, J.; Pintó, X.; Muñoz, A.; Zúñiga, M.; Rubiés-Prat, J.; Pallardo, L.F.; Masana, L.; Mangas, A.; Hernández-Mijares, A.; González-Santos, P.; et al. Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2009, 5, 757–765. [Google Scholar]
  41. Cha, J.H.; Kim, S.R.; Kang, H.J.; Kim, M.H.; Ha, A.W.; Kim, W.K. Corn silk extract improves cholesterol metabolism in C57BL/6J mouse fed high-fat diets. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2016, 10, 501–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Hargis, P.S. Modifying egg yolk cholesterol in the domestic fowl—A review. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 1988, 44, 17–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Chen, X.; Zhu, W.; Du, Y.; Liu, X.; Geng, Z. Genetic parameters for yolk cholesterol and transcriptional evidence indicate a role of lipoprotein lipase in the cholesterol metabolism of the Chinese wenchang chicken. Front. Genet. 2019, 10, 902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Semwal, D.K.; Semwal, R.B.; Combrinck, S.; Viljoen, A. Myricetin: A dietary molecule with diverse biological activities. Nutrients 2016, 8, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Jin, S.; Chang, C.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Y.; Huang, X.; Chen, Z. Chlorogenic acid improves late diabetes through adiponectin receptor signaling pathways in db/db mice. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0120842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Ganeshpurkar, A.; Saluja, A.K. The pharmacological potential of rutin. Saudi Pharm. J. 2017, 25, 149–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Surai, P.F.; Kochish, I.I.; Fisinin, V.I.; Kidd, M.T. Antioxidant defence systems and oxidative stress in poultry biology: An update. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Surai, P.F. Antioxidant systems in poultry biology: Superoxide dismutase. J. Anim. Res. Nutr. 2016, 1, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Ognik, K.; Cholewińska, E.; Sembratowicz, I.; Grela, E.; Czech, A. The potential of using plant antioxidants to stimulate antioxidant mechanisms in poultry. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 2016, 72, 291–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Czerska, M.; Mikołajewska, K.; Zieliński, M.; Gromadzińska, J.; Wąsowicz, W. Today’s oxidative stress markers. Med. Pracy 2015, 66, 393–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ho, E.; Karimi Galougahi, K.; Liu, C.C.; Bhindi, R.; Figtree, G.A. Biological markers of oxidative stress: Applications to cardiovascular research and practice. Redox Biol. 2013, 1, 483–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. El Golli-Bennour, E.; Bacha, H. Hsp70 expression as biomarkers of oxidative stress: Mycotoxins’ exploration. Toxicology 2011, 287, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Abass, A.O.; Kamel, N.N.; Khalifa, W.H.; Gouda, G.F.; El-Manylawi, M.A.F.; Mehaisen, G.M.K.; Mashaly, M.M. Propolis supplementation attenuates the negative effects of oxidative stress induced by paraquat injection on productive performance and immune function in turkey poults. Poult. Sci. 2017, 96, 4419–4429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Akbarian, A.; Michiels, J.; Degroote, J.; Majdeddin, M.; Golian, A.; De Smet, S. Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry; mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2016, 7, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  55. Singh, J.; Inbaraj, B.S.; Kaur, S.; Rasane, P.; Nanda, V. Phytochemical analysis and characterization of corn silk (Zea mays, G5417). Agronomy 2022, 12, 777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Rajeshwari, H.; Sivapriya, T. Analysis of nutrients, phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of corn silk extract (Zea mays L. Stigma). Int. J. Health Allied Sci. 2021, 10, 275–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Rahman, N.A.; Wan Rosli, W.I. Nutritional compositions and antioxidative capacity of the silk obtained from immature and mature corn. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2014, 26, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Srinivasulu, C.; Ramgopal, M.; Ramanjaneyulu, G.; Anuradha, C.M.; Suresh Kumar, C. Syringic acid (SA)—A review of its occurrence, biosynthesis, pharmacological and industrial importance. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 108, 547–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Subramani, P.; Sampathkumar, N.; Ravindiran, G.; Rajalingam, D.; Kumar, B. Evaluation of nephroprotective and antioxidant potential of Tragia involucrata. Drug Invent. Today 2009, 1, 55–60. [Google Scholar]
  60. Pandya, D.; Nagrajappa, A.K.; Ravi, K.S. Assessment and correlation of urea and creatinine levels in saliva and serum of patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes and hypertension- A research study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR 2016, 10, ZC58–ZC62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wans, E.M.; Ahmed, M.M.; Mousa, A.A.; Tahoun, E.A.; Orabi, S.H. Ameliorative effects of corn silk extract on acetaminophen-induced renal toxicity in rats. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021, 28, 1762–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Chen, J.Y.; Sun, X.Y.; Ouyang, J.M. Modulation of calcium oxalate crystal growth and protection from oxidatively damaged renal epithelial cells of corn silk polysaccharides with different molecular weights. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2020, 2020, 6982948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Agriculture 13 00065 g001 550
Figure 1. Phenolic acid profile of corn silk extract quantified using HPLC presented as mg of phenolic compound per each 100 g of corn silk on a dry matter basis.
Figure 1. Phenolic acid profile of corn silk extract quantified using HPLC presented as mg of phenolic compound per each 100 g of corn silk on a dry matter basis.
Agriculture 13 00065 g001
Table
Table 1. The basal diet ingredients and chemical analyses.
Table 1. The basal diet ingredients and chemical analyses.
IngredientsContent
Yellow corn, g/kg565.5
Soybean meal (44%), g/kg276.0
Wheat bran, g/kg10.0
Soybean oil, g/kg30.0
Bone meal, g/kg30.0
Limestone, g/kg80.0
Salt, g/kg4.0
Premix 1, g/kg3.0
DL-methionine, g/kg1.5
Calculated chemical analysis
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg301.15
Crude protein, g/kg174.7
Calcium, g/kg40.2
Available phosphorus, g/kg5.2
Lysine, g/kg9.5
Methionine, g/kg4.2
Linoleic acid, g/kg28.8
Chemical analysis (%)
Dry matter89.00
Crude protein16.75
Crude fat6.60
Crude fiber4.70
Ash12.90
Calcium4.22
Phosphorus0.42
1 Premix supplied each kg of the basal diet with vitamins (vit) and minerals as follows: vit A, 8000 IU; vit D3, 1500 IU; vit E, 15 mg; vit K, 2 mg; riboflavin, 4 mg; niacin, 25 mg; cobalamin, 10 μg; choline, 500 mg; manganese, 60 mg; and zinc, 50 mg.
Table
Table 2. Egg production performance of laying hens (n = 60) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
Table 2. Egg production performance of laying hens (n = 60) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
ParametersControlCSE-100CSE-200CSE-400
EN, 7d6.38 b ± 0.066.52 b ± 0.076.82 a ± 0.056.66 a ± 0.02
EW, g/egg59.13 d ± 0.1560.40 c ± 0.1561.67 b ± 0.1562.73 a ± 0.11
Egg mass/week378.12 d ± 1.98390.34 c ± 1.79404.97 b ± 1.83417.68 a ± 1.64
FI, g/day113.42 b ± 0.18112.52 c ± 0.19111.60 d ± 0.15115.13 a ± 0.17
FCR2.10 a ± 0.012.02 b ± 0.011.93 c ± 0.011.93 c ± 0.01
Means having different superscripts in the same row significantly differ (p ≤ 0.05). EN: egg number; EW: egg weight; FI: feed intake; and FCR: feed conversion ratio.
Table
Table 3. Egg quality parameters of laying hens (n = 30) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
Table 3. Egg quality parameters of laying hens (n = 30) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
ParametersControlCSE-100CSE-200CSE-400
Albumin index9.45 c ± 0.069.73 b ± 0.049.84 b ± 0.0310.01 a ± 0.04
Yolk index40.38 c ± 0.0541.10 b ± 0.0542.27 a ± 0.3542.31 a ± 0.06
Yolk color7.92 d ± 0.058.49 c ± 0.049.09 ± 0.03b9.67 a ± 0.06
Shell thickness, mm0.31 d ± 0.0010.35 c ± 0.0010.37 b ± 0.0020.40 a ± 0.002
Shell strength, kg/cm23.76 d ± 0.013.95 c ± 0.014.29 b ± 0.034.49 a ± 0.03
Haugh unit81.78 b ± 0.3881.91 b ± 0.1483.38 a ± 0.04982.96 ab ± 0.35
Means having different superscripts in the same row significantly differ (p ≤ 0.05).
Table
Table 4. Blood, liver, and egg cholesterol contents of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
Table 4. Blood, liver, and egg cholesterol contents of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
ParametersControlCSE-100CSE-200CSE-400
Triglycerides, mg/dL216.8 a ± 6.22199.5 ab ± 4.45180.0 b ± 4.92158.5 c ± 4.57
Cholesterol, mg/dL165.7 a ± 6.13166.2 a ± 5.31148.2 ab ± 3.74135.5 b ± 6.40
HDL-CH, mg/dL42.40 c ± 1.0745.53 bc ± 0.9647.53 b ± 0.7355.23 a ± 0.88
LDL-CH, mg/dL114.5 a ± 1.23101.5 b ± 3.8094.3 b ± 2.9482.9 c ± 1.74
Plasma cholesterol ratio3.92 a ± 0.153.66 a ± 0.143.12 b ± 0.062.45 c ± 0.10
Liver CH, mg/dL5.73 a ± 0.144.90 b ± 0.094.25 c ± 0.153.42 d ± 0.08
Egg cholesterol content, mg/g12.82 a ± 0.1811.68 b ± 0.1411.20 b ± 0.1510.43 c ± 0.08
Means having different superscripts in the same row significantly differ (p ≤ 0.05). HDL-CH: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-CH: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and Liver CH: liver cholesterol.
Table
Table 5. Stress markers and antioxidant-related parameters of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
Table 5. Stress markers and antioxidant-related parameters of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
ParametersControlCSE-100CSE-200CSE-400
MDA, μM/mL2.74 a ± 0.192.41 ab ± 0.151.96 bc ± 0.071.75 c ± 0.07
TNF-α, pg/mL96.25 a ± 1.1191.78 ab ± 1.1587.57 bc ± 1.9282.97 c ± 1.52
HSP-70, ng/mL26.19 a ± 1.3021.67 b ± 0.7920.59 b ± 0.9520.03 b ± 1.21
Corticosterone, ng/mL6.31 a ± 0.206.10 a ± 0.305.38 ab ± 0.214.57 b ± 0.25
SOD, U/mL4.73 c ± 0.135.04 bc ± 0.105.26 b ± 0.065.66 a ± 0.06
T-AOC, U/mL6.47 d ± 0.177.17 c ± 0.168.13 b ± 0.108.90 a ± 0.10
Means having different superscripts in the same row significantly differ (p ≤ 0.05). MDA: malondialdehyde; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; HSP-70; heat shock protein-70; SOD: superoxide dismutase; and T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity.
Table
Table 6. Liver- and kidney-function-related parameters of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
Table 6. Liver- and kidney-function-related parameters of laying hens (n = 6) fed different levels of corn silk extract (CSE: 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg diet).
ParametersControlCSE-100CSE-200CSE-400
Total protein, g/dL4.89 a ± 0.124.96 a ± 0.115.10 a ± 0.095.26 a ± 0.22
Albumin, g/dL2.62 a ± 0.132.35 a ± 0.132.79 a ± 0.262.65 a ± 0.18
Globulin, g/dL2.26 a ± 0.212.61 a ± 0.142.32 a ± 0.282.61 a ± 0.38
ALT, U/mL13.39 a ± 0.4212.15 b ± 0.1711.51 b ± 0.2010.12 c ± 0.21
AST, U/mL30.78 a ± 1.2827.03 ab ± 0.8023.63 bc ± 0.9621.07 c ± 0.70
Urea, mg/dL5.88 a ± 0.055.42 b ± 0.105.21 b ± 0.044.78 c ± 0.08
Creatinine, mg/dL0.30 a ± 0.010.28 ab ± 0.0040.26 bc ± 0.0060.24 c ± 0.004
Means having different superscripts in the same row significantly differ (p ≤ 0.05). ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abbas, A.O.; Alaqil, A.A.; Kamel, N.N.; Nassar, F.S. Corn Silk Extract: A Potential Modulator for Producing Functional Low Cholesterol Chicken Eggs. Agriculture 2023, 13, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010065

AMA Style

Abbas AO, Alaqil AA, Kamel NN, Nassar FS. Corn Silk Extract: A Potential Modulator for Producing Functional Low Cholesterol Chicken Eggs. Agriculture. 2023; 13(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abbas, Ahmed O., Abdulaziz A. Alaqil, Nancy N. Kamel, and Farid S. Nassar. 2023. "Corn Silk Extract: A Potential Modulator for Producing Functional Low Cholesterol Chicken Eggs" Agriculture 13, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010065

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop