Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity of Antioxidant Vitamins and the Risk of Stroke among US Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Definition of Stroke
2.3. Estimation of TAC from Diet
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Relationship between TAC and Stroke
3.3. Subgroup Analysis
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Level | Overall (n = 37,045) | No Stroke (n = 35,654) | Stroke (n = 1391) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20–39 | 12,055 (35.73) | 11,991 (36.57) | 64 (6.29) | <0.001 |
40–59 | 12,266 (38.75) | 11,950 (39.05) | 316 (28.14) | ||
60–85 | 12,724 (25.52) | 11,713 (24.38) | 1011 (65.57) | ||
Sex | Female | 18,341 (50.33) | 17,654 (50.18) | 687 (55.50) | 0.003 |
Male | 18,704 (49.67) | 18,000 (49.82) | 704 (44.50) | ||
Race | Non-Hispanic white | 17,132 (70.33) | 16,389 (70.26) | 743 (72.77) | <0.001 |
Non-Hispanic black | 7434 (10.14) | 7082 (10.04) | 352 (13.57) | ||
Mexican American | 6164 (7.98) | 6020 (8.08) | 144 (4.28) | ||
Other Hispanic | 3091 (5.14) | 3020 (5.21) | 71 (2.67) | ||
Other race | 3224 (6.42) | 3143 (6.41) | 81 (6.71) | ||
Smoke | Never | 19,895 (53.59) | 19,365 (54.00) | 530 (39.19) | <0.001 |
Former | 9358 (25.37) | 8832 (25.08) | 526 (35.44) | ||
Now | 7792 (21.04) | 7457 (20.91) | 335 (25.38) | ||
Alcohol | No | 9756 (21.69) | 9317 (21.45) | 439 (29.95) | <0.001 |
Yes | 27,289 (78.31) | 26,337 (78.55) | 952 (70.05) | ||
Activity | No | 17,773 (41.26) | 16,810 (40.56) | 963 (65.74) | <0.001 |
Moderate | 10,072 (29.29) | 9729 (29.36) | 343 (27.17) | ||
Vigorous | 9200 (29.45) | 9115 (30.08) | 85 (7.10) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.84 ± 6.69 | 28.81 ± 6.68 | 30.10 ± 6.94 | <0.001 | |
Thin (<18.5) | 556 (1.55) | 539 (1.56) | 17 (1.43) | <0.001 | |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 10,156 (28.90) | 9844 (29.09) | 312 (21.98) | ||
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 12,548 (33.44) | 12,096 (33.50) | 452 (31.35) | ||
Obesity (≥30.0) | 13,785 (36.11) | 13,175 (35.85) | 610 (45.23) | ||
Diabetes | No | 27,631 (79.58) | 26,882 (80.21) | 749 (57.59) | <0.001 |
Yes | 9414 (20.42) | 8772 (19.79) | 642 (42.41) | ||
Hypertension | No | 20,966 (61.94) | 20,715 (63.10) | 251 (21.00) | <0.001 |
Yes | 16,079 (38.06) | 14,939 (36.90) | 1140 (79.00) | ||
Hyperlipidemia | No | 10,289 (29.01) | 10,103 (29.48) | 186 (12.45) | <0.001 |
Yes | 26,756 (70.99) | 25,551 (70.52) | 1205 (87.55) | ||
CVD | No | 34,276 (94.03) | 33,330 (94.76) | 946 (68.53) | <0.001 |
Yes | 2769 (5.97) | 2324 (5.24) | 445 (31.47) | ||
NLR | <1.95 | 19,168 (50.00) | 18,613 (50.33) | 555 (38.48) | <0.001 |
≥1.95 | 17,877 (50.00) | 17,041 (49.67) | 836 (61.52) |
TAC a (mgVCE/d) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |
T1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
T2 | 0.666 (0.564, 0.787) | <0.001 | 0.770 (0.653, 0.908) | 0.002 | 0.788 (0.662, 0.936) | 0.007 |
T3 | 0.661 (0.562, 0.778) | <0.001 | 0.836 (0.706, 0.990) | 0.038 | 0.860 (0.726, 1.019) | 0.081 |
logTAC | 0.822 (0.771, 0.876) | <0.001 | 0.913 (0.853, 0.977) | 0.009 | 0.925 (0.864, 0.990) | 0.025 |
Subgroup | T1 | T2 a | T3 a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | |||
Age (year) | 20–39 | 1 (reference) | 0.520 (0.252, 1.075) | 0.077 | 0.461 (0.201, 1.061) | 0.068 |
40–59 | 1 (reference) | 0.722 (0.493, 1.057) | 0.093 | 1.006 (0.674, 1.502) | 0.977 | |
60–85 | 1 (reference) | 0.849 (0.686, 0.990) | 0.040 | 0.856 (0.707, 1.035) | 0.107 | |
Gender | Female | 1 (reference) | 0.712 (0.568, 0.892) | 0.003 | 0.875 (0.689, 1.111) | 0.270 |
Male | 1 (reference) | 0.931 (0.724, 1.196) | 0.572 | 0.881 (0.675, 1.150) | 0.347 | |
Alcohol | No | 1 (reference) | 0.865 (0.641, 1.167) | 0.340 | 1.078 (0.783, 1.485) | 0.642 |
Yes | 1 (reference) | 0.756 (0.603, 0.948) | 0.016 | 0.782 (0.624, 0.979) | 0.032 | |
Smoke | Never | 1 (reference) | 0.861 (0.653, 1.134) | 0.283 | 1.002 (0.764, 1.313) | 0.990 |
Former | 1 (reference) | 0.700 (0.538, 0.911) | 0.008 | 0.732 (0.539, 0.992) | 0.044 | |
Now | 1 (reference) | 0.820 (0.580, 1.161) | 0.261 | 0.834 (0.561, 1.241) | 0.367 | |
Activity | No | 1 (reference) | 0.738 (0.614, 0.887) | 0.001 | 0.890 (0.729, 1.087) | 0.250 |
Moderate | 1 (reference) | 0.864 (0.593, 1.259) | 0.444 | 1.014 (0.711, 1.447) | 0.936 | |
Vigorous | 1 (reference) | 0.835 (0.430, 1.619) | 0.590 | 0.818 (0.734, 1.053) | 0.052 |
TAC b (mgVCE/d) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
T1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
T2 | 0.660 (0.569, 0.765) | <0.001 | 0.750 (0.648, 0.868) | <0.001 | 0.768 (0.660, 0.892) | <0.001 |
T3 | 0.661 (0.573, 0.762) | <0.001 | 0.816 (0.706, 0.944) | 0.007 | 0.837 (0.721, 1.002) | 0.060 |
logTAC | 0.822 (0.777, 0.870) | <0.001 | 0.901 (0.849, 0.957) | <0.001 | 0.911 (0.858, 0.967) | 0.003 |
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Yang, C.; Jia, X.; Wang, Y.; Fan, J.; Zhao, C.; Yang, Y.; Shi, X. Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity of Antioxidant Vitamins and the Risk of Stroke among US Adults. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112252
Yang C, Jia X, Wang Y, Fan J, Zhao C, Yang Y, Shi X. Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity of Antioxidant Vitamins and the Risk of Stroke among US Adults. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112252
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chaojun, Xiaocan Jia, Yuping Wang, Jingwen Fan, Chenyu Zhao, Yongli Yang, and Xuezhong Shi. 2022. "Association between Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity of Antioxidant Vitamins and the Risk of Stroke among US Adults" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112252