Do Intestinal Unicellular Parasites Have a Role in the Inflammatory and Redox Status among the Severely Obese?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Study
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Clinical Interview and Anthropometric Assessment
2.4. Stool Sampling and Molecular Parasitological Analysis
2.5. Laboratory Tests
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Description
3.2. Inflammatory Biomarkers
3.3. Redox Biomarkers
3.4. Dietary Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Colonized | Non-Colonized | Chi 2 Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Women | 27 | 56.3 | 31 | 63.3 | Ns |
Type II obesity | 6 | 12.5 | 8 | 16.3 | Ns |
Smokers | 12 | 25 | 9 | 18.4 | Ns |
Hypertension | 25 | 52.1 | 29 | 59.2 | Ns |
Dyslipidaemia | 38 | 79.2 | 35 | 71.4 | Ns |
Type 2 Diabetes | 11 | 22.9 * | 20 | 40.8 * | p = 0.047 |
Hepatic steatosis | 31+ | 33.7 | 38+ | 41.3 | Ns |
Hyperuricemia | 23 | 47.9 | 25 | 51 | Ns |
Metabolic syndrome | 23 | 47.9 | 31 | 63.3 | Ns |
Cardiovascular disease | 3 | 6.3 | 5 | 10.2 | Ns |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t test | |
HOMA-IR | 5.2 * | 2.3 | 7.1 * | 4.7 | p = 0.021 |
Age (years) | 47.9 | 9.7 | 47.8 | 9.7 | Ns |
Insulin-Sensitivity Status 1 | WT | Fatty Liver Disease Status 2 | WT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resistant (n = 59) | Sensitive (n = 28) | NAFLD + (n = 69) | NAFLD - (n = 23) | |||
C-RP (mg/L) | 9.8 * | 5.9 * | p = 0.025 | 8.5 | 7.9 | Ns |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 215.1 | 101.0 | Ns | 155.8 * | 87.6 * | p = 0.009 |
Ceruloplasmin (mg/dL) | 25.5 | 26.0 | Ns | 26.0 | 28.0 | Ns |
IL-1β (pg/mL) | 1.0 | 2.6 | Ns | 1.9 | 2.4 | Ns |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 12.0 | 49.9 | Ns | 16.9 | 33.4 | Ns |
Non-Colonized (n = 49) | Colonized (n = 48) | t Test | Blastocystis sp. (n = 41) | t Test | G. Intestinalis (n = 9) | D. Fragilis (n = 10) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leucocytes (×103/µL) | 7.5 | 7.8 | Ns | 7.8 | Ns | 8.4 | 7.3 |
Neutrophils (×103/µL) | 4.1 | 4.6 | Ns | 4.5 | Ns | 5.0 | 4.2 |
Lymphocytes (×103/µL) | 3.17 | 2.28 | Ns | 2.6 | Ns | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Eosinophils (×103/µL) | 0.16 * | 0.24 * | p = 0.018 | 0.24 * | p = 0.021 | 0.25 | 0.24 |
Monocytes (×103/µL) | 0.46 * | 0.61 * | p = 0.002 | 0.60 * | p = 0.010 | 0.58 | 0.58 |
WT | WT | ||||||
IgA (mg/dL) | 289.2 | 265.0 | Ns | 273.4 | Ns | 218.3 | 249.1 |
IgE (kUA/L) | 47.0 | 70.0 | Ns | 62.0 | Ns | 83.0 | 62.0 |
Vitamin A (mcg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Deficiency (<42) (n = 16) | Normal (42–68) (n = 55) | High (>68) (n = 26) | ANOVA Test | |
MDA (ng/mL) | 421.9 | 410.67 | 424.88 | |
GSH/GSSG | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.95 |
TAC (mM) | 2.680 | 3.449 | 3.178 | 0.13 |
SOD-3 (U/mL) | 1.081 | 1.630 | 1.273 | 0.28 |
NOX (µg/mL) | 26.8 | 33.0 | 34.5 | 0.11 |
Vitamin E (mcg/mL) | ||||
Deficiency (<8.6) (n = 1) | Normal (8.6–13) (n = 21) | High (>13) (n = 75) | ANOVA test | |
MDA (ng/mL) | 442.0 | 379.6 | 426.3 | 0.16 |
GSH/GSSG | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.46 |
TAC (mM) | 1.611 * | 2.949 * | 3.355 * | p = 0.02 |
SOD-3 (U/mL) | 0 | 1.289 | 1.444 | 0.35 |
NOX (µg/mL) | 26.9 | 31.3 | 32.8 | 0.83 |
Colonized (n = 48) | Non-Colonized (n = 49) | t Test | B/DF * (n = 39) Mean | Gi (n = 9) Mean | t Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
MDA (ng/mL) | 408.5 | 72.4 | 424.0 | 103.4 | 0.53 | 402.1 | 436.2 | 0.46 |
GSH/GSSG | 0.33 * | 0.2 | 0.40 * | 0.2 | p = 0.034 * | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.53 |
TAC (mM) | 3.57 * | 1.1 | 2.93 * | 1.1 | p = 0.009 * | 3.69 | 3.11 | 0.16 |
SOD-3 (U/mL) | 1.65 | 1.2 | 1.24 | 1.1 | 0.10 | 1.81 | 0.97 | 0.05 |
NOX (µg/mL) | 29.9 | 15.2 | 34.7 | 18.0 | 0.34 | 29.9 | 30.2 | 0.98 |
VitA (µg/dL) | 55.1 | 12.1 | 60.3 | 23.9 | 0.65 | 56.5 | 49.3 | 0.17 |
VitE (µg/mL) | 15.8 | 3.8 | 17.1 | 5.3 | 0.34 | 15.9 | 15.4 | 0.75 |
Insulin-Sensitivity Status 1 | t Test | Fatty Liver Disease Status 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resistant (n = 59) | Sensitive (n = 28) | NAFLD + (n = 69) | NAFLD - (n = 23) | t Test | ||
MDA (ng/mL) | 411.1 | 407.9 | 0.82 | 412.2 | 420.3 | 0.25 |
GSH/GSSG | 0.388 * | 0.297 * | p = 0.011 * | 0.383 * | 0.303 * | p = 0.045 * |
TAC (mM) | 3.29 | 3.16 | 0.59 | 3.28 | 3.15 | 0.60 |
SOD-3 (U/mL) | 1.66 * | 1.04 * | p = 0.025 * | 1.47 | 1.35 | 0.61 |
NOX (µg/mL) | 36.7 * | 25.3 * | p = 0.01 * | 34.9 * | 24.5 * | p = 0.002 * |
Insulin-Resistant | Insulin-Sensitive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colonized (n = 30) | Non-Colonized (n = 29) | T Test | Colonized (n = 15) | Non-Colonized (n = 11) | T Test | |
MDA (ng/mL) | 414.5 | 407.7 | 0.78 | 396.6 | 426.1 | 0.22 |
GSH/GSSG | 0.33 * | 0.45 * | p = 0.007 * | 0.33 | 0.26 | p = 0.024 * |
TAC (mM) | 3.59 * | 2.97 * | p = 0.022 * | 3.64 * | 2.54 * | p = 0.04 * |
SOD-3 (U/mL) | 1.84 | 1.48 | 0.25 | 1.12 | 0.82 | 0.43 |
NOX (µg/mL) | 33.3 | 39.8 | 0.19 | 25.4 | 24.8 | 0.89 |
Correlation | Estimate | Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
MDA and HOMA-IR | 10.08 | [3.5, 16.67] | 0.003 |
MDA and plasmatic leptin | −0.92 | [−1.70, −0.15] | 0.020 |
MDA and plasmatic Vitamin A | −1.7 | [−2.92, −0.48] | 0.007 |
NOX and plasmatic ferritin | 0.043 | [0.005, 0.081] | 0.028 |
SOD-3 and plasmatic C-RP levels | 0.05 | [0.007, 0.096] | 0.025 |
TAC and % fat mass | 0.123 | [−0.247, 0.001] | 0.052 |
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Caudet, J.; Trelis, M.; Cifre, S.; Tapia, G.; Soriano, J.M.; Rodrigo, R.; Merino-Torres, J.F. Do Intestinal Unicellular Parasites Have a Role in the Inflammatory and Redox Status among the Severely Obese? Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112090
Caudet J, Trelis M, Cifre S, Tapia G, Soriano JM, Rodrigo R, Merino-Torres JF. Do Intestinal Unicellular Parasites Have a Role in the Inflammatory and Redox Status among the Severely Obese? Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112090
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaudet, Jana, María Trelis, Susana Cifre, Gabriela Tapia, José M. Soriano, Regina Rodrigo, and Juan F. Merino-Torres. 2022. "Do Intestinal Unicellular Parasites Have a Role in the Inflammatory and Redox Status among the Severely Obese?" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112090