Hydroxy Selenomethionine Improves Meat Quality through Optimal Skeletal Metabolism and Functions of Selenoproteins of Pigs under Chronic Heat Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Experiment Design, and Management
2.2. Carcass Analysis, Blood and Muscle Sample Collection
2.3. Meat Quality Analysis
2.4. Selenium Deposition in Muscle and Blood
2.5. Serum Biochemistry and Hormone Analyses
2.6. Antioxidant and Metabolic Enzyme Analyses
2.7. Real-Time qPCR Analyses
2.8. Western Blot Analyses
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Carcass Traits
3.2. Meat Quality and Se Concentration in Serum and Muscle
3.3. Antioxidant Enzyme and Malondialdehyde Content of Serum and Muscle
3.4. Serum Biochemical, Hormone, and HSP70 Protein Abundance in Muscle
3.5. Metabolism-Related Enzyme Activity and Gene mRNA Expression in Muscle
3.6. The mRNA Expression of Selenoproteins
3.7. The Protein Abundance of Selenoproteins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Jacob, D.; Taylor, M.; Guillén Bolaños, T.; Bindi, M.; Brown, S.; Camilloni, I.A.; Diedhiou, A.; Djalante, R.; Ebi, K.; et al. The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5 °C. Science 2019, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- St-Pierre, N.R.; Cobanov, B.; Schnitkey, G. Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Collier, R.J.; Renquist, B.J.; Xiao, Y. A 100-Year Review: Stress physiology including heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 10367–10380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pearce, S.C.; Gabler, N.K.; Ross, J.W.; Escobar, J.; Patience, J.F.; Rhoads, R.P.; Baumgard, L.H. The effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on metabolism in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91, 2108–2118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gonzalez-Rivas, P.A.; Chauhan, S.S.; Ha, M.; Fegan, N.; Dunshea, F.R.; Warner, R.D. Effects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 2020, 162, 108025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baumgard, L.H.; Rhoads, R.P., Jr. Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2013, 1, 311–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chauhan, S.S.; Dunshea, F.R.; Plozza, T.E.; Hopkins, D.L.; Ponnampalam, E.N. The Impact of Antioxidant Supplementation and Heat Stress on Carcass Characteristics, Muscle Nutritional Profile and Functionality of Lamb Meat. Animals 2020, 10, 1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, P.; Feng, Y.; Hao, Y.; Xianhong, G.U.; Yang, C.; Cao, Z. Effects of Constant Heat Stress on Performance, Carcass Traits, Nutrition Content and Myofiber Characteristics of Longissimus Dorsi in Finishing Pigs. J. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr. 2014, 26, 2503–2512. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, M.; Dunshea, F.R.; Warner, R.D.; DiGiacomo, K.; Osei-Amponsah, R.; Chauhan, S.S. Impacts of heat stress on meat quality and strategies for amelioration: A review. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2020, 64, 1613–1628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, X.; Jiang, Z.; Zheng, C.; Hu, Y.; Li, W. Nutritional Regulation for Meat Quality and Nutrient Metabolism of Pigs Exposed to High Temperature Environment. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015, 5, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Tang, J.; He, Y.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.; Tian, G.; Chen, X.; Cai, J.; Kang, B.; Zhao, H. Selenogenome and AMPK signal insight into the protective effect of dietary selenium on chronic heat stress-induced hepatic metabolic disorder in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2021, 12, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Y.; He, A.; Tang, J.; Shah, A.M.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.; Tian, G.; Chen, X.; Cai, J.; Kang, B.; et al. Selenium alleviates the negative effect of heat stress on myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells with the response of selenogenome. J. Therm. Biol. 2021, 97, 102874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, J.Y.; Cao, L.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.M.; Chen, X.L.; Tian, G.; Cai, J.Y.; Shang, H.Y.; Zhao, H. The protective effect of selenium from heat stress-induced porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) injury is associated with regulation expression of selenoproteins. Br. J. Nutr. 2019, 122, 1081–1090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinto, A.; Juniper, D.T.; Sanil, M.; Morgan, L.; Clark, L.; Sies, H.; Rayman, M.P.; Steinbrenner, H. Supranutritional selenium induces alterations in molecular targets related to energy metabolism in skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue of pigs. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2012, 114, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Z.; Barcus, M.; Kim, J.; Lum, K.L.; Mills, C.; Lei, X.G. High dietary selenium intake alters lipid metabolism and protein synthesis in liver and muscle of pigs. J. Nutr. 2016, 146, 1625–1633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boddicker, R.L.; Seibert, J.T.; Johnson, J.S.; Pearce, S.C.; Selsby, J.T.; Gabler, N.K.; Lucy, M.C.; Safranski, T.J.; Rhoads, R.P.; Baumgard, L.H.; et al. Gestational heat stress alters postnatal offspring body composition indices and metabolic parameters in pigs. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e110859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.D.; Zhao, Z.P.; Zhou, J.C.; Lei, X.G. Evolution, regulation, and function of porcine selenogenome. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2018, 127, 116–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, J.; Huang, K.X.; Lei, X.G. Selenium and diabetes--evidence from animal studies. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 2013, 65, 1548–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Q.; Tang, J.; Li, K.; Xia, X.J.; Wang, K.N.; Li, K.; Lei, X.G. Prolonged dietary selenium deficiency or excess does not globally affect selenoprotein gene expression and/or protein production in various tissues of pigs. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1410–1416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, J.C.; Zhao, H.; Li, J.G.; Xia, X.J.; Wang, K.N.; Zhang, Y.J.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Lei, X.G. Selenoprotein gene expression in thyroid and pituitary of young pigs is not affected by dietary selenium deficiency or excess. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 1061–1066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zeng, M.S.; Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, J.C.; Li, K.; Huang, J.Q.; Sun, L.H.; Tang, J.Y.; Xia, X.J.; et al. A high-selenium diet induces insulin resistance in gestating rats and their offspring. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 52, 1335–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, X.D.; Vatamaniuk, M.Z.; Wang, S.K.; Roneker, C.A.; Simmons, R.A.; Lei, X.G. Molecular mechanisms for hyperinsulinaemia induced by overproduction of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase-1 in mice. Diabetologia 2008, 51, 1515–1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gregory, N.G. How climatic changes could affect meat quality. J. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 1866–1873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Z.; He, X.; Ma, B.; Zhang, L.; Li, J.; Jiang, Y.; Zhou, G.; Gao, F. Chronic Heat Stress Impairs the Quality of Breast-Muscle Meat in Broilers by Affecting Redox Status and Energy-Substance Metabolism. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017, 65, 11251–11258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, F.; Cottrell, J.J.; Furness, J.B.; Rivera, L.R.; Kelly, F.W.; Wijesiriwardana, U.; Pustovit, R.V.; Fothergill, L.J.; Bravo, D.M.; Celi, P.; et al. Selenium and vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Exp. Physiol. 2016, 101, 801–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mujahid, A.; Akiba, Y.; Toyomizu, M. Olive oil-supplemented diet alleviates acute heat stress-induced mitochondrial ROS production in chicken skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009, 297, R690–R698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, F.; Celi, P.; Cottrell, J.J.; Chauhan, S.S.; Leury, B.J.; Dunshea, F.R. Effects of a short-term supranutritional selenium supplementation on redox balance, physiology and insulin-related metabolism in heat-stressed pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2018, 102, 276–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chao, Y.M.; Yu, B.; He, J.; Huang, Z.Q.; Mao, X.B.; Luo, J.Q.; Luo, Y.H.; Zheng, P.; Yu, J.; Chen, D.W. Effects of different levels of dietary hydroxy-analogue of selenomethionine on growth performance, selenium deposition and antioxidant status of weaned piglets. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2019, 73, 374–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tang, J.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.; Tian, G.; Chen, X.; Cai, J.; Kang, B.; Zhao, H. Selenium exerts protective effects against heat stress-induced barrier disruption and inflammation response in jejunum of growing pigs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marai, I.F.M.; El-Darawany, A.A.; Fadiel, A.; Abdel-Hafez, M.A.M. Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep—A review. Small Rumin. Res. 2007, 71, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Callan, J.; Garry, B.; O’Doherty, J. The effect of expander processing and screen size on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, selected faecal microbial populations and faecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in grower–finisher pigs. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 2007, 134, 223–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Luo, J.; Yu, B.; Zheng, P.; Huang, Z.; Mao, X.; He, J.; Yu, J.; Chen, J.; Chen, D. Dietary resveratrol supplementation improves meat quality of finishing pigs through changing muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidative status. Meat Sci. 2015, 102, 15–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rehfeldt, C.; Stabenow, B.; Pfuhl, R.; Block, J.; Nürnberg, G.; Otten, W.; Metges, C.C.; Kalbe, C. Effects of limited and excess protein intakes of pregnant gilts on carcass quality and cellular properties of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue in fattening pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2012, 90, 184–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, J.-G.; Zhou, J.-C.; Zhao, H.; Lei, X.-G.; Xia, X.-J.; Gao, G.; Wang, K.-N. Enhanced water-holding capacity of meat was associated with increased Sepw1 gene expression in pigs fed selenium-enriched yeast. Meat Sci. 2011, 87, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saxton, A.M. A macro for converting mean separation output to letter groupings. In Proceedings of the 23rd SAS Users Group International, Nashville, TN, USA, 22–25 March 1998; pp. 1243–1246. [Google Scholar]
- Grubbs, F.E. Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples. Technometrics 1969, 11, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renaudeau, D.; Gourdine, J.L.; St-Pierre, N.R. A meta-analysis of the effects of high ambient temperature on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89, 2220–2230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Farag, M.R.; Alagawany, M. Physiological alterations of poultry to the high environmental temperature. J. Therm. Biol. 2018, 76, 101–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Tian, M.; Guan, W.; Wen, T.; Yang, F.; Chen, F.; Zhang, S.; Song, J.; Ren, C.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Increasing selenium supplementation to a moderately-reduced energy and protein diet improves antioxidant status and meat quality without affecting growth performance in finishing pigs. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol 2019, 56, 38–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, V.A.; Bertechini, A.G.; Clemente, A.H.S.; de Freitas, L.; Nogueira, B.R.F.; de Oliveira, B.L.; Ramos, A.L.S. Different levels of selenomethionine on the meat quality and selenium deposition in tissue of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2019, 103, 1866–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Witte, D.P.; Ellis, M.; McKeith, F.K.; Wilson, E.R. Effect of dietary lysine level and environmental temperature during the finishing phase on the intramuscular fat content of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 2000, 78, 1272–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shi, Z.B.; Ma, X.Y.; Zheng, C.T.; Hu, Y.J.; Yang, X.F.; Gao, K.G.; Wang, L.; Jiang, Z.Y. Effects of high ambient temperature on meat quality, serum hormone concentrations, and gene expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2016, 57, 1031–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandercock, D.A.; Hunter, R.R.; Nute, G.R.; Mitchell, M.A.; Hocking, P.M. Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality. Poult. Sci. 2001, 80, 418–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shakeri, M.; Cottrell, J.J.; Wilkinson, S.; Le, H.H.; Suleria, H.A.R.; Warner, R.D.; Dunshea, F.R. Growth Performance and Characterization of Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Betaine and Antioxidants under Cyclic Heat Stress. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cui, Y.; Wang, C.; Hao, Y.; Gu, X.; Wang, H. Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs. Animals 2019, 9, 395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mahan, D.C.; Cline, T.R.; Richert, B. Effects of dietary levels of selenium-enriched yeast and sodium selenite as selenium sources fed to growing-finishing pigs on performance, tissue selenium, serum glutathione peroxidase activity, carcass characteristics, and loin quality. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 77, 2172–2179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hartl, F.U.; Bracher, A.; Hayer-Hartl, M. Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis. Nature 2011, 475, 324–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heo, J.; Kattesh, H.G.; Roberts, M.P.; Morrow, J.L.; Dailey, J.W.; Saxton, A.M. Hepatic corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) messenger RNA expression and plasma CBG concentrations in young pigs in response to heat and social stress. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 83, 208–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, S.; Gao, H.; Yuan, X.; Wang, J.; Zang, J. Integrative Analysis of Energy Partition Patterns and Plasma Metabolomics Profiles of Modern Growing Pigs Raised at Different Ambient Temperatures. Animals 2020, 10, 1953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hackett, R.A.; Kivimäki, M.; Kumari, M.; Steptoe, A. Diurnal Cortisol Patterns, Future Diabetes, and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in the Whitehall II Cohort Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2016, 101, 619–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mendoza, S.M.; Boyd, R.D.; Ferket, P.R.; van Heugten, E. Effects of dietary supplementation of the osmolyte betaine on growing pig performance and serological and hematological indices during thermoneutral and heat-stressed conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 95, 5040–5053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whalan, J.E. A Toxicologist’s Guide to Clinical Pathology in Animals; Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xing, T.; Xu, X.L.; Zhou, G.H.; Wang, P.; Jiang, N.N. The effect of transportation of broilers during summer on the expression of heat shock protein 70, postmortem metabolism and meat quality. J. Anim. Sci. 2015, 93, 62–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, B.; Li, W.; Ahmad, H.; Zhang, L.; Wang, C.; Wang, T. Effects of Choline on Meat Quality and Intramuscular Fat in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Pigs. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0129109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ferre, T.; Riu, E.; Bosch, F.; Valera, A. Evidence from transgenic mice that glucokinase is rate limiting for glucose utilization in the liver. FASEB J. 1996, 10, 1213–1218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sørensen, J.G.; Nielsen, M.M.; Kruhøffer, M.; Justesen, J.; Loeschcke, V. Full genome gene expression analysis of the heat stress response in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Stress Chaperones 2005, 10, 312–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, Y.X.; Hu, H.Q.; Zuo, M.L.; Mao, L.; Song, G.L.; Li, T.M.; Dong, L.C.; Yang, Z.B.; Ali Sheikh, M.S. Effect of oxymatrine on liver gluconeogenesis is associated with the regulation of PEPCK and G6Pase expression and AKT phosphorylation. Biomed. Rep. 2021, 15, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lefaucheur, L.; Ecolan, P.; Barzic, Y.M.; Marion, J.; Le Dividich, J. Early postnatal food intake alters myofiber maturation in pig skeletal muscle. J. Nutr. 2003, 133, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lefaucheur, L.; Ecolan, P.; Lossec, G.; Gabillard, J.C.; Butler-Browne, G.S.; Herpin, P. Influence of early postnatal cold exposure on myofiber maturation in pig skeletal muscle. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 2001, 22, 439–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maier, T.; Güell, M.; Serrano, L. Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples. FEBS Lett. 2009, 583, 3966–3973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rederstorff, M.; Krol, A.; Lescure, A. Understanding the importance of selenium and selenoproteins in muscle function. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2006, 63, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tang, J.Y.; He, A.H.; Yan, H.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.M.; Chen, X.L.; Cai, J.Y.; Tian, G.; Shang, H.Y.; Zhao, H. Damage to the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by heat stress is associated with up-regulation of several selenoproteins. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, X.; Pepper, M.P.; Vatamaniuk, M.Z.; Roneker, C.A.; Li, L.; Lei, X.G. Dietary selenium deficiency partially rescues type 2 diabetes-like phenotypes of glutathione peroxidase-1-overexpressing male mice. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1975–1982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stolwijk, J.M.; Falls-Hubert, K.C.; Searby, C.C.; Wagner, B.A.; Buettner, G.R. Simultaneous detection of the enzyme activities of GPx1 and GPx4 guide optimization of selenium in cell biological experiments. Redox Biol. 2020, 32, 101518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Labunskyy, V.M.; Lee, B.C.; Handy, D.E.; Loscalzo, J.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. Both maximal expression of selenoproteins and selenoprotein deficiency can promote development of type 2 diabetes-like phenotype in mice. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011, 14, 2327–2336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, A.D.; Labunskyy, V.M.; Fomenko, D.E.; Araç, D.; Chelliah, Y.; Amezcua, C.A.; Rizo, J.; Gladyshev, V.N.; Deisenhofer, J. NMR structures of the selenoproteins Sep15 and SelM reveal redox activity of a new thioredoxin-like family. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 3536–3543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, K.; Zhao, Q.; Zhan, T.; Han, Y.; Tang, C.; Zhang, J. Effect of Different Selenium Sources on Growth Performance, Tissue Selenium Content, Meat Quality, and Selenoprotein Gene Expression in Finishing Pigs. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2020, 196, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, L.; Tang, J.Y.; Li, Q.; Xu, J.Y.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.M.; Chen, X.L.; Shang, H.Y.; Cai, J.Y.; Zhao, H. Expression of selenoprotein genes is affected by heat stress in IPEC-J2 cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2016, 172, 354–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dikiy, A.; Novoselov, S.V.; Fomenko, D.E.; Sengupta, A.; Carlson, B.A.; Cerny, R.L.; Ginalski, K.; Grishin, N.V.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. SelT, SelW, SelH, and Rdx12: Genomics and molecular insights into the functions of selenoproteins of a novel thioredoxin-like family. Biochemistry 2007, 46, 6871–6882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Speckmann, B.; Walter, P.L.; Alili, L.; Reinehr, R.; Sies, H.; Klotz, L.O.; Steinbrenner, H. Selenoprotein P expression is controlled through interaction of the coactivator PGC-1alpha with FoxO1a and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha transcription factors. Hepatology 2008, 48, 1998–2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Speckmann, B.; Sies, H.; Steinbrenner, H. Attenuation of hepatic expression and secretion of selenoprotein P by metformin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 387, 158–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sunde, R.A.; Raines, A.M. Selenium regulation of the selenoprotein and nonselenoprotein transcriptomes in rodents. Adv. Nutr. 2011, 2, 138–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Ingredients | % On Feed Basis |
---|---|
Corn grain | 76.20 |
Soybean oil | 2.80 |
Soybean meal | 13.00 |
Wheat bran | 4.00 |
Fishmeal (CP 62.5%) | 1.40 |
L-Lysine·hydrochloride | 0.42 |
DL-Methionine | 0.12 |
L-Threonine | 0.14 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.04 |
Choline chloride 50% | 0.10 |
Calcium carbonate | 0.85 |
Calcium hydrophosphate | 0.65 |
Sodium chloride | 0.18 |
Premix a | 0.10 |
Total | 100.00 |
Nutrient levels b | |
Digestible energy (Mcal/kg) | 3.40 |
Crude protein (%) | 13.74 |
Calcium (%) | 0.59 |
STTD Phosphorus (%) | 0.28 |
SID Lysine (%) | 0.85 |
SID Met + Cys (%) | 0.48 |
SID Thr (%) | 0.52 |
SID Trp (%) | 0.15 |
CON | CHS | CHS + Se0.2 | CHS + Se0.4 | CHS + Se0.6 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LW, kg | ||||||
Day 0 | 49.65 ± 0.68 | 49.54 ± 1.20 | 49.50 ± 0.87 | 49.84 ± 1.02 | 49.64 ± 2.24 | 0.999 |
Day 28 | 77.06 ± 1.28 | 71.13 ± 1.80 | 71.29 ± 1.46 | 72.69 ± 1.65 | 72.13 ± 1.33 | 0.054 |
ADG, g | 945 ± 49 a | 731 ± 41 b | 760 ± 37 b | 782 ± 30 b | 773 ± 45 b | 0.006 |
ADFI, g | 2572 ± 137 a | 2080 ± 119 b | 2070 ± 101 b | 2007 ± 64 b | 2078 ± 155 b | 0.010 |
FCR | 2.72 ± 0.04 | 2.86 ± 0.09 | 2.73 ± 0.05 | 2.58 ± 0.08 | 2.69 ± 0.09 | 0.152 |
CON | CHS | CHS + Se0.2 | CHS + Se0.4 | CHS + Se0.6 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carcass length (cm) | 89.07 ± 1.25 a | 84.37 ± 1.49 b | 87.93 ± 1.46 ab | 84.73 ± 0.81 b | 84.63 ± 0.97 b | 0.030 |
Carcass weight (kg) | 54.53 ± 1.09 a | 47.96 ± 0.83 b | 50.56 ± 1.31 ab | 50.63 ± 1.75 ab | 51.76 ± 1.13 ab | 0.020 |
Kill-out (%) | 69.86 ± 0.83 | 69.70 ± 0.62 | 71.28 ± 0.49 | 68.68 ± 0.95 | 70.42 ± 0.82 | 0.207 |
Lean proportion (%) | 48.63 ± 0.35 a | 41.50 ± 1.38 b | 42.57 ± 1.35 b | 44.23 ± 1.41 ab | 42.25 ± 0.55 b | 0.001 |
Abdominal fat (%) | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.83 ± 0.14 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 0.447 |
Backfat (mm) | 20.11 ± 1.14 | 18.26 ± 1.63 | 18.16 ± 0.35 | 17.72 ± 1.18 | 19.84 ± 0.31 | 0.403 |
Eye-muscle area (cm2) | 53.96 ± 2.23 | 50.74 ± 2.38 | 49.82 ± 2.17 | 54.35 ± 1.80 | 52.67 ± 1.89 | 0.711 |
L* | CON | CHS | CHS + Se0.2 | CHS + Se0.4 | CHS + Se0.6 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L*45 min | 44.65 ± 0.56 bc | 49.45 ± 0.55 a | 49.62 ± 1.09 a | 45.94 ± 0.51 bc | 48.53 ± 0.60 ab | <0.001 |
L*24 h | 55.79 ± 0.80 b | 58.62 ± 0.83 ab | 59.68 ± 0.99 a | 56.59 ± 1.00 ab | 57.22 ± 0.83 ab | 0.034 |
L*48 h | 54.84 ± 0.59 c | 61.03 ± 0.86 a | 59.15 ± 0.75 ab | 58.76 ± 0.36 ab | 57.98 ± 0.66 b | <0.001 |
L*72 h | 56.92 ± 0.65 b | 61.84 ± 1.21 a | 61.19 ± 0.76 a | 58.48 ± 0.80 ab | 58.59 ± 0.69 ab | 0.002 |
L*96 h | 56.43 ± 0.97 b | 62.22 ± 1.25 a | 61.98 ± 0.68 a | 58.33 ± 1.14 ab | 59.28 ± 0.53 ab | <0.001 |
a* | ||||||
a*45 min | 6.66 ± 0.31 | 6.52 ± 0.23 | 6.41 ± 0.10 | 7.38 ± 0.15 | 6.89 ± 0.36 | 0.169 |
a *24 h | 10.38 ± 0.58 ab | 9.71 ± 0.24 a | 9.55 ± 0.42 a | 11.62 ± 0.40 b | 11.36 ± 0.42 b | 0.005 |
a*48 h | 9.86 ± 0.46 bc | 9.19 ± 0.14 c | 10.05 ± 0.37 bc | 11.78 ± 0.29 a | 10.99 ± 0.95 ab | <0.001 |
a*72 h | 9.27 ± 0.52 bc | 9.69 ± 0.10 b | 8.62 ± 0.27 c | 10.28 ± 0.24 ab | 10.79 ± 0.33 a | 0.001 |
a*96 h | 9.84 ± 0.57 ab | 8.66 ± 0.17 a | 9.10 ± 0.46 ab | 10.55 ± 0.29 b | 10.65 ± 0.36 b | 0.005 |
b* | ||||||
b*45 min | 5.46 ± 0.17 b | 6.88 ± 0.34 a | 6.64 ± 0.33 ab | 6.10 ± 0.35 ab | 5.78 ± 0.21 ab | 0.011 |
b*24 h | 7.42 ± 0.22 b | 9.19 ± 0.43 a | 8.39 ± 0.26 ab | 8.11 ± 0.28 ab | 8.23 ± 0.23 ab | 0.006 |
b*48 h | 7.47 ± 0.34 | 8.65 ± 0.43 | 8.52 ± 0.32 | 8.25 ± 0.33 | 8.06 ± 0.29 | 0.164 |
b*72 h | 7.17 ± 0.18 b | 8.60 ± 0.39 a | 8.47 ± 0.39 a | 7.54 ± 0.26 ab | 7.93 ± 0.19 ab | 0.010 |
b*96 h | 7.47 ± 0.28 | 8.61 ± 0.60 | 8.55 ± 0.32 | 7.80 ± 0.30 | 7.89 ± 0.15 | 0.108 |
pH | ||||||
pH45 min | 6.66 ± 0.06 | 6.53 ± 0.08 | 6.69 ± 0.08 | 6.50 ± 0.09 | 6.51 ± 0.09 | 0.280 |
pH24 h | 5.54 ± 0.01 | 5.54 ± 0.01 | 5.59 ± 0.02 | 5.56 ± 0.01 | 5.57 ± 0.02 | 0.116 |
pH48 h | 5.57 ± 0.01 | 5.55 ± 0.02 | 5.57 ± 0.02 | 5.58 ± 0.02 | 5.57 ± 0.02 | 0.829 |
pH72 h | 5.55 ± 0.01 | 5.58 ± 0.02 | 5.62 ± 0.01 | 5.60 ± 0.03 | 5.60 ± 0.02 | 0.054 |
pH96 h | 5.57 ± 0.01 | 5.62 ± 0.01 | 5.63 ± 0.01 | 5.63 ± 0.03 | 5.63 ± 0.02 | 0.218 |
IMF (%) | 3.70 ± 0.37 | 2.73 ± 0.15 | 3.93 ± 0.44 | 3.41 ± 0.34 | 3.29 ± 0.31 | 0.167 |
Glycogen, mg/g | 3.49 ± 0.46 a | 1.57 ± 0.33 b | 1.63 ± 0.29 b | 3.06 ± 0.20 a | 2.96 ± 0.53 a | 0.002 |
Peak shear force, kg | 2.30 ± 0.17 | 2.24 ± 0.19 | 2.06 ± 0.10 | 2.02 ± 0.23 | 2.49 ± 0.14 | 0.351 |
Drip loss % | 3.14 ± 0.16 | 2.52 ± 0.14 | 2.68 ± 0.23 | 3.82 ± 0.56 | 3.94 ± 0.66 | 0.064 |
Cooking loss % | 30.39 ± 0.83 b | 37.26 ± 0.23 a | 33.45 ± 0.68 ab | 34.83 ± 1.17 ab | 34.19 ± 1.51 ab | 0.005 |
Parameters | CON | CHS | CHS + Se0.2 | CHS + Se0.4 | CHS + Se0.6 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum | ||||||
GSH-Px, U/mL | 582 ± 22 b | 581 ± 47 b | 929 ± 23 a | 943 ± 57 a | 987 ± 45 a | <0.001 |
MDA, nmol/mL | 2.43 ± 0.16 b | 4.00 ± 0.56 a | 2.87 ± 0.34 ab | 2.24 ± 0.14 b | 2.79 ± 0.15 ab | 0.012 |
T-SOD, U/mL | 234 ± 20 a | 169 ± 25 b | 169 ± 23 b | 212 ± 27 ab | 178 ± 20 ab | 0.010 |
T-AOC, U/mL | 2.71 ± 0.07 ab | 2.21 ± 0.13 b | 3.20 ± 0.30 a | 3.47 ± 0.37 a | 3.36 ± 0.65 ab | 0.011 |
Muscle | ||||||
GSH-Px, U/mg prot | 3.99 ± 0.61 b | 4.15 ± 0.36 b | 4.30 ± 0.54 ab | 6.47 ± 0.87 a | 6.01 ± 0.20 a | 0.009 |
MDA, nmol/mg prot | 0.79 ± 0.08 b | 1.32 ± 0.16 a | 0.73 ± 0.05 b | 0.75 ± 0.04 b | 0.88 ± 0.08 b | 0.001 |
T-SOD, U/mg prot | 0.93 ± 0.04 | 1.08 ± 0.10 | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 1.05 ± 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.636 |
T-AOC, U/mg prot | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.467 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, Y.; Yin, S.; Tang, J.; Liu, Y.; Jia, G.; Liu, G.; Tian, G.; Chen, X.; Cai, J.; Kang, B.; et al. Hydroxy Selenomethionine Improves Meat Quality through Optimal Skeletal Metabolism and Functions of Selenoproteins of Pigs under Chronic Heat Stress. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101558
Liu Y, Yin S, Tang J, Liu Y, Jia G, Liu G, Tian G, Chen X, Cai J, Kang B, et al. Hydroxy Selenomethionine Improves Meat Quality through Optimal Skeletal Metabolism and Functions of Selenoproteins of Pigs under Chronic Heat Stress. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101558
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yan, Shenggang Yin, Jiayong Tang, Yonggang Liu, Gang Jia, Guangmang Liu, Gang Tian, Xiaoling Chen, Jingyi Cai, Bo Kang, and et al. 2021. "Hydroxy Selenomethionine Improves Meat Quality through Optimal Skeletal Metabolism and Functions of Selenoproteins of Pigs under Chronic Heat Stress" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101558