1. Introduction
The focus of this research is on the innovation of highly parallel algorithms to simulate the contours of a three-dimensional free surface that appears to be stationary at the stern of a moving vessel, which are known as “Kelvin ship waves” [
1]. Research on the kelvin wave shape has been continuously put to practical use in hull design, ship detection and environmentally friendly shipping policies [
2].
Froude [
3], a famous naval architect, first comprehensively described the morphology and main characteristics of ship waves. Under the assumption of infinite water depth, Kelvin [
4] replaced a moving ship with a pressure disturbance point moving in a constant velocity straight line on the water surface and proposed the famous Kelvin angle of
. In recent years, with the further study of ship wave characteristics, Rabaud [
5] noted that the wake angle will be less than the well-known Kelvin angle if the vessel speed is sufficiently large. Subsequently, various effect factors for the Kelvin wake form were discussed in plenty of papers, e.g., Froude number [
6], non-axisymmetric and interference effects, shear current, surface tension, the bottom topography, submergence depth, finite water depth and viscosity [
7], etc. Accordingly, the research method of ship waves has gradually shifted from the previous analytical algorithms to numerical simulation.
The overwhelming majority of analytical algorithms of ship wave patterns concerns linear theories. Havelock [
8] provided a linear solution for the problem of flow under a pressure distribution. Such ideal perturbations can also be replaced by a single submerged point source singularity [
8] and submerged bodies [
2]. Moreover, thin ship theory was also used in the study of the ship wave pattern [
9]. Alongside the development of computer technology, numerical simulation methods are becoming increasing popular, and the research focus has shifted from linear problems to nonlinear problems. Nowadays, there are three numerical methods widely used to solve surface wave problems, including the boundary integral method, finite-difference method and finite-element method. In particular, Forbes [
10] apply the boundary integral method to build a series of integro-differential equations, and the full nonlinear free surface flow problem was solved with moderate efficiencies. In more recent times, according to this method, many papers solve fully 3D nonlinear ship waves with meshes between
and
[
11,
12]. And Pethiyagoda [
6] noted that the points used along the
x-direction should be more than 100 to make a sufficient standard regarding grid independence.
With increasing mesh size, however, the computation time increases exponentially using only Central Processing Unit (CPU) computation power. Alongside the rapid improvement of the electronics industry, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) has become another method of acceleration for optimizing the execution of large numbers of threads. Currently, the powerful GPU parallel computing ability has been used to improve the studies on ocean engineering. Crespo [
13] introduced the GPU acceleration technique into the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to simulate complex free-surface flows, showing the high efficiency and stability of the GPU program in the SPH method. Hori [
14] simulated 2D dam-break flow by developing a GPU-based MPS code and achieved sevenfold speedup. As for a 3D nonlinear free surface problem, Pethiyagoda [
15] combined the GPU acceleration technique with the boundary integral method, and LU [
16] developed a GPU-accelerated high-order spectral solver. Xie [
17] developed the MPSGPU-SJTU solver with a GPU acceleration technique for the liquid sloshing simulation.
This paper presents a parallel solution framework based on GPU for a nonlinear ship wave problem, in which almost all operations are performed in a GPU device. Since the nonlinear boundary integral equation on each node is independent of the synchronous equations on other nodes, plenty of threads on the GPU can be used to complete the integration operation for each node simultaneously. In addition, the parallel computing method can be used for the calculation of the large-scale linear sparse system, while the complex inversion process is quickly finished by using Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) language. According to this framework, a highly paralleled GPU solver is proposed to simulate 3D nonlinear Kelvin ship waves. The computation speed for the 3D nonlinear ship waves simulation can be significantly increased, which is convenient for studying the larger scale problems. On the other hand, the size of Random-Access Memory limits grid growth, and the application of the banded preconditioner method can greatly save running memory to break through this limitation. The banded preconditioner method helps to achieve the standard for the grid independence.
The rest of the paper is as follows. A brief introduction of the problem formulation is given in
Section 2. In
Section 3, the banded preconditioner JFNK algorithm is described. In
Section 4, the theory and implementation of the GPU acceleration technique are presented. The accuracy, efficiency and capability of the GPU solver are verified in
Section 5, and a summary in
Section 6 concludes the paper.
2. Numerical Model
This paper supposes that a flow is moving at a uniform speed
U along the positive x-axis direction. Considering the inviscid incompressible fluid of infinite depth without rotational flow, ignoring the influence of surface tension, the potential flow theory is applied. Therefore, a source singularity of strength
m is introduced at a distance
L below the surface, as illustrated in
Figure 1. The transient waves can be generated with the disturbance of source. The free surface wave height and flow field velocity potential can be expressed as
and
.
Dimensionless analysis is performed with fluid velocity
U and distance
L. The velocity potential
satisfies Laplace’s equation, the free surface kinematic and dynamic boundary condition, the radiation condition and the limiting behavior of source singularity. With
, the boundary integral equation is written:
where the
and
are kernel functions [
12].
Moreover, the free surface conditions can be simplified by the symbol
. Then, the kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions of the free surface are combined to be
To solve the above nonlinear problem numerically, the
mesh is established on the free surface (
N and
M represent the number of longitude and latitude lines of the mesh, respectively). The
x-coordinates and
y-coordinates of nodes are
and
with regular intervals in the coordinate system; thus, the vector
of
unknowns is
More
equations are provided by applying the radiation condition as follows:
where
is the decay coefficient.
Furthermore, more details about the governing equations, the boundary integral method and numerical discretization are provided by Sun et al. [
12].
6. Conclusions
The numerical simulation of ship waves is important for practical ocean engineering. This paper proposes a highly paralleled numerical scheme for simulating three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear Kelvin ship waves effectively, including a numerical model for nonlinear ship waves, a banded preconditioner JFNK method and a GPU-based parallel computing framework. Numerical simulations show that the proposed GPU solver can save GPU memory and obtain high efficiency significantly. This highly paralleled numerical scheme provides an opportunity for the further study of the nonlinear Kelvin ship waves on a large scale.
- (1)
The bandwidth has an effect on the running memory and runtime of the GPU solver. Based on the mesh size, the value of the most appropriate bandwidth is around ; more than 66% GPU memory can be saved.
- (2)
The GPU solver can obtain an accurate numerical solution. The mean square error of the GPU solver results and CPU solver results is = , which is acceptable.
- (3)
By designing the GPU parallel computing framework, the computation of ship wave simulation is accelerated up to 20 times.
Although a highly paralleled numerical scheme for nonlinear ship waves is proposed in this paper, some assumptions are still made in the construction of the numerical model, such as infinite water depth and the steady motion of a ship on calm water. It is of great significance to improve simulation results by further exploring the influence of finite water depth, tangential flow and unsteady ship motion on nonlinear ship waves.