Massive Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula during Natural Haemoproteus attenuatus Haemoproteosis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Blood and Histological Samples
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR and Sequencing
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Molecular Analysis
3.2. Blood Stages
3.3. Exo-Erythrocytic Stages
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No. | Age | Parasitemia (%) | Meronts in Lung Tissue | Meront Length (µm), Min–Max (n) | Enlarged Spleen | Darkened | Figure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spleen | Liver | |||||||
1 | Juvenile | 0.8 | + | 17.1–49.8 (7) | − | + | − | |
2 | Juvenile | 0.95 | − | − | + | + | − | |
3 | Juvenile | 1.85 | + | 5.8–77.58 (25) | − | − | − | Figure 2D,H,I and Figure 3A–C |
4 | Juvenile | 2.9 | + | 40.4–99.8 (5) | + | + | + | Figure 2M–O |
5 | Juvenile | 23.6 | + | 20.6–28.5 (2) | − | + | + | |
6 | Adult | 10.45 | + | 108.7 (1) | − | + | − | |
7 | Unknown | 26.5 | + | 9.46–94.27 (14) | − | − | − | Figure 2E–G,J–L |
Host Order | Host Family | Host Species | Location a | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diptera | Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides festivipennisb | Lithuania | Bernotienė et al., unpublished d |
C. obsoletusb | Lithuania | Bernotienė et al., unpublished d | ||
C. nubeculosus | Lithuania | [29] | ||
Coraciiformes | Alcedinidae | Alcedo atthisb | Spain | Rojo et al., unpublished e |
Passeriformes | Certhiidae | Certhia familiarisb | Sweden | [30] |
Acrocephalidae | Acrocephalus schoenobaenusb | Sweden | [30] | |
Sylviidae | Sylvia communisb | Sweden | Hellgren et al., unpublished d | |
Muscicapidae | Erithacus rubeculac | Bulgaria, Germany, Lithuania, Morocco, NWA, NWI, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden | [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] | |
Luscinia lusciniac | Lithuania, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, WGC | [30,32,34,38,39,40,41] | ||
L. megarhynchosc | Bulgaria, Germany, TRC | [31,32,34] | ||
Saxicola rubetra | Nigeria, Sweden, TRC | [30,32,34] | ||
Turdidae | Turdus merulab | TRC | [32] |
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Hernández-Lara, C.; Duc, M.; Ilgūnas, M.; Valkiūnas, G. Massive Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula during Natural Haemoproteus attenuatus Haemoproteosis. Animals 2021, 11, 3273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113273
Hernández-Lara C, Duc M, Ilgūnas M, Valkiūnas G. Massive Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula during Natural Haemoproteus attenuatus Haemoproteosis. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113273
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Lara, Carolina, Mélanie Duc, Mikas Ilgūnas, and Gediminas Valkiūnas. 2021. "Massive Infection of Lungs with Exo-Erythrocytic Meronts in European Robin Erithacus rubecula during Natural Haemoproteus attenuatus Haemoproteosis" Animals 11, no. 11: 3273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113273