Impact of the Paper by Allen and Humphreys (1979) on Anti-Tick Vaccine Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Discovery
3. Impact on Anti-Tick Vaccine Research
Tick Species | Antigen | Efficacy | References |
---|---|---|---|
Dermacentor andersoni | Internal organ tick extracts | Reduction on tick weight, oviposition, and hatching of D. andersoni fed on guinea pigs and cattle | [1] |
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | Bm86 | Reduction of 70–90% of R. microplus tick population in cattle | [8,9,10,12,14] |
Bm95 | Reduction of 58% and 89% of R. microplus Argentinian and Camcord strains, respectively | [21] | |
Aquaporins | 75% and 68% efficacy against R. microplus | [24] | |
Metalloprotease, rBrRm-MP4 | Overall efficacy of 60% against R. microplus | [25] | |
R. (B.) annulatus | Ba86 orthologue | Efficacy of 83% and 71.5% against R. annulatus and R. microplus, respectively | [22] |
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum | Bm86 orthologues | Reduction of 69.7% of H. anatolicum larvae | [23] |
R. appendiculatus | Glutathione S-transferase, GST | Efficacy of 67% against R. appendiculatus. No efficacy against R. sanguineus Efficacy of 43.69% against D. marginatus fed on rabbits | [29,30,31] |
Attachment cement protein, 64P | 18–64% mortality of nymphs and 5–60% mortality of adults fed on immunized rabbits Protects mice against TBEV infection | [26,27,28] | |
Haemaphysalis longicornis | P0, ribosomal peptide | Overall efficacy of 90% against R. sanguineus fed on rabbits and 96% against R. microplus in cattle | [32,33,34] |
Ixodes scapularis | Subolesin | Efficacy of 71%, 63%, and 58% against I. scapularis in mice, rabbits, and sheep, respectively Efficacy of 51% and 60% against R. microplus and R. annulatus, respectively | [35,36,37] |
Salp15 | 50% protection of mice from Borrelia burgdorferi infection | [38,39] | |
I. ricinus | Ferritin | Efficacy of 64% and 72% against R. microplus and R. annulatus, respectively | [40,41] |
Microbiome Enterobacteriaceae | Significant mortality of I. ricinus nymphs fed on mice | [42,43] |
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Almazán, C. Impact of the Paper by Allen and Humphreys (1979) on Anti-Tick Vaccine Research. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111253
Almazán C. Impact of the Paper by Allen and Humphreys (1979) on Anti-Tick Vaccine Research. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111253
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmazán, Consuelo. 2022. "Impact of the Paper by Allen and Humphreys (1979) on Anti-Tick Vaccine Research" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111253