The Effects of Nano-Based Bio-Carbonates in Superhydrophobic Concrete—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Techniques for Dispersing Nanoparticles
2.1. Method of Physical Dispersion
2.2. Surfactant Modification Method
2.3. Covalent Functionalization Method
2.4. Cement Admixture Modification Method
2.5. Electric Field Induction Method
3. Survey on the Fundamental Properties of Concrete with Nanomaterials
3.1. Significance of Carbon Materials in the Concrete Process
3.2. Significance of Calcium Carbonate and Silicon Dioxide
3.2.1. Calcium Carbonate
3.2.2. Macro-Calcium Carbonate
3.2.3. Micro-Calcium Carbonate
3.2.4. Hydration Process
3.2.5. Particle Size
3.2.6. Silicon Dioxide
3.3. Significance of Nano Calcium Silicon Hydrate in the Concrete Process
3.4. Aspects Involving Improved Carbon Nanoparticles Made of Cement-Based Composites (CN-CBCs)
4. Survey on the Analyses of the Production of Superhydrophobic Concrete
4.1. Concrete Surface Fabrication with an SH Coating
4.2. Characterization Techniques
4.2.1. Wettability
4.2.2. Analysis of Mechanical Stability
4.2.3. Absorption of Water
4.2.4. Resilience Test
4.2.5. Carbonation Test
5. Discussion
6. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No | Reference | Technique | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [33] | Multipronged nanohybrid method | Analysis revealed that nano/micro two hierarchical surface roughness improves non-wettability. | Depending on the system, it might be highly expensive |
2 | [35] | Biomimetic superhydrophobic surface of concrete | Efficient for fabrication. | Low surface-energy surfactants |
3 | [36] | In situ biomineralization of inorganic crystals CaCO3 | Superhydrophobic surface is anti-corrosion friendly. | It faces difficulties in durability and adaptability |
4 | [59] | Intelligent processing | Efficient for ecofriendly superhydrophobic coatings. | Low water affinity |
5 | [60] | White Portland cement (WPC) | The cement-based superhydrophobic coating cannot be made dirty by dust or liquid solutions. | Stability issue |
6 | [80] | Stainless steel by two-step chemical etching | Effective for fabrication of superhydrophobic surface. | Low surface energy |
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Rajendran, L.M.; Vincent, J.; Natarajan, B.; Govindan, V. The Effects of Nano-Based Bio-Carbonates in Superhydrophobic Concrete—A Review. Buildings 2023, 13, 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051354
Rajendran LM, Vincent J, Natarajan B, Govindan V. The Effects of Nano-Based Bio-Carbonates in Superhydrophobic Concrete—A Review. Buildings. 2023; 13(5):1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051354
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajendran, Lavanya Muthugoundenpalayam, Johnpaul Vincent, Balasundaram Natarajan, and Venkatesan Govindan. 2023. "The Effects of Nano-Based Bio-Carbonates in Superhydrophobic Concrete—A Review" Buildings 13, no. 5: 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051354