Manuscript ID.

: buildings-2292675

Title

: A Review of Conceptual Design and structural Health Monitoring Program in a Vertical City: A Case of Burj Khalifa, U.A.E.

Authors

Submission date

:March 04, 2023

Revision date

:March 22, 2023

Round

: 1

Details of Author’sRespond

Modification

Reviewer 1 Comments

Author’sRespond;

Response, appeal etc., and mention

1.       I think the manuscript title shall be changed to more focused on Burj Khalifa.  Please the proposed title below.
"A Review of Conceptual Design and Self Health Monitoring Program in Burj Khalifa, U.A.E. - Case Study"

Amended in section 1, 2, 3and 4 of the revised manuscript.

Literature added as suggested

See revised manuscript

-

2.       The manuscript title mentions "Self Health monitoring", but the manuscript itself does not include in information about it. Please delete it from the title or add a discussion about it to the body on of the manuscript.

Response/ arguments mark  with YELLOW text highlight color tool

Self health monitoring programs were discussed/examined in the sections below:

4.6Lateral Load Resisting System

4.7Structural System Optimization and Gravity Load Management

4.8     Wind Engineering Control

4.9     Engineering and Architectural Design Concepts

4.10   Component and Material Elements

Authors appeal

Base on the foregoing we (the authors) categorize this highlighted sections as strucural health monitoring discourse.

Thus, it is modified in revised manuscript.

-

3.       Authors used quotation marks everywhere in the paper. What this quotation marks "---" mean?
Pleas remove them from the manuscript and rewrite all quoted texts.

See revised manuscript

Quotation marks has be corrected and checked.

-

4.       For a review article, more references need to be used. Also, for a case study, the author shall perform some analyses or experiments. 

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

Added to section 2.1 and 4.0 In the revised manuscript.

To keep the logical structure of the article, the authors  move the analysiss  to;

2.1 High Rise Buildings Design

4.0 Case Description

The structure system of a building must be proven to guarantee adequate competence and structural idleness in case of destructive forces and natural disaster. This can be confirmed either through a validation measures, examination of substructures or single elements (SIS, 2008). Validation  approach is usually applied in urban and engineering research being a descriptive and statistical classification process (Djoki, 2009; Stanley et al., 2012), including in the analysis of building functions, facilities, landscape characteristics, and elements of buildings (Zhang & Wei, 2017). Consequently, this study adopt revalidation analysis for the global hierarchical classification.

Hence, for over a decade the circumstances is changing as number of studies on mega tall buildings are being conducted focusing on there  structural systems (Abdelrazaq, 2012; Ali & Al-Kodmany, 2012; Ali & Moon, 2007; Gunel & Ilgin, 2014; Gyllensten & Modig, 2020; Smith, 2008; Subramanian, 2010; Truby et al., 2014). One of the commonalities of these studies is the assessment of structural forms and building components. A perception of cities in the middle east validate a challenging state of fast decline in vertical infrastructure, due to force from severe human influence index (Girard, 2013)

Moreover, majority of the research presented above are primarily focused on the routine approach of tall buildings that failed to harness adaptive schemes of the past.

The significance of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in recent era of high concern for Smart Infrastructure can never be over emphasize due to the Serviceability and improved resilience of structures.

This paper aim to revalidate the three structural design phases to:

         i.            Harness adaptive schemes of the tallest man-made building on earth, bridging the gap between the present and future.

       ii.            Correlate the evolutionary methods of the selected buildings to explore the principles that affect the wind engineering, lateral loading, processes, phenomena and summarizing typology of load management and optimisation to establish comprehensive framework for future projects.

This study attempts to fill this gap.

To evaluate the real measured building displacements (x, y, z) to the predicted movements from, a 3D finite component analysis model was built up for Burj Khalifa that considers the authentic material properties. The intent of this assessment model is to estimate the cross displacement (x, y, & z) among other factors due to any seismic or wind events during construction and after the completion of the structure (Al-Najjar & Al-Azhari, 2021; K. Moon, 2018; Smith, 2008).

The development of the review and structural health monitoring (SHM) scheme for wind/seismic related features, during the system configuration, is perhaps one of the most all-inclusive survey. This includes;

         i.            Installation of a provisional Real Time Monitoring design to check the building dynamic and displacement response under seismic and wind loads throughout the construction.

       ii.            Installation of Permanent Real Time Monitoring design to examine the building dynamic and displacement response under seismic and wind loads.

     iii.            Providing adequate data to forecast the low energy behavior of the pinnacle under low/fair/rigorous seismic and wind excitations.

These broad surveys and health monitoring have, since their start, resulted already in a great response and insight into the real in-situ material properties, the buildings’ structural performance and feedback under wind and seismic excitations, and constant change in the tower distinctiveness during and after construction.

This study has reviewed the design and structural health monitoring program of the tallest building as well different construction practice in a mega-tall buildings of the recent time. While the remarkably landscape and it structural systems presented in this research are certainly astounding accomplishment, developing technologies and designs further beyond sustainable vertical built environments.

The study concludes that torsion stiffness as well wind loads mitigation in mega-tall buildings is influenced by initial phase design decisions, particularly those that concern the model and plan arrangements. By integrating devices such as wind tunnel investigation, wind analysis studies and (CFD) simulations into the design process, as is illustrated in Figure 10, multidisciplinary aerodynamic plan assessments can be made. Collaboration is essential in decision making at the initial design phase, as it broadens the perception and enhance design approach and patterns.

Future study/ program

There are two key reservations that have affected the outcome in this research, design model and the aerodynamic engineering management. Reviewing prior literature, it is clear that there are more opportunities for researches regarding health monitoring program of tall buildings. Hence, more research in the field of wind engineering can contribute to considerate aerodynamic buildings, and advance architectural design. Really, further knowledge in this field is a necessity.

Manuscript ID.

: buildings-2292675

Title

: A Review of Conceptual Design and structural Health Monitoring Program in a Vertical City: A Case of Burj Khalifa, U.A.E.

Authors

Submission date

:March 04, 2023

Revision date

:March 22, 2023

Round

: 1

Details of Author’sRespond

Modification

Reviewer 2 Comments

Author’sRespond;

Response, appeal etc., and mention

1. Page 2 line 63 – “this study aims to revalidate the three structural design phases…” – what is the need for doing this revalidation study? Is there any similar design of structure getting built in the near future?

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

Response/ arguments mark  with YELLOW text highlight color tool

Validation  approach is usually applied in urban and engineering research being a descriptive and statistical classification process (Djoki, 2009; Stanley et al., 2012), including in the analysis of building functions, facilities, landscape characteristics, and elements of buildings (Zhang & Wei, 2017). Consequently, this study adopt revalidation analysis for the global hierarchical classification.

Hence, for over a decade the circumstances is changing as number of studies on mega tall buildings are being conducted focusing on there  structural systems (Abdelrazaq, 2012; Ali & Al-Kodmany, 2012; Ali & Moon, 2007; Gunel & Ilgin, 2014; Gyllensten & Modig, 2020; Smith, 2008; Subramanian, 2010; Truby et al., 2014). One of the commonalities of these studies is the assessment of structural forms and building components.

A perception of cities in the middle east validate a challenging state of fast decline in vertical infrastructure, due to force from severe human influence index (Girard, 2013).

Moreover, majority of the research presented above are primarily focused on the routine approach of tall buildings that failed to harness adaptive schemes of the past.

This paper aim to revalidate the three structural design phases to:

1.        harness adaptive schemes of the present and past.

2.        correlate the evolutionary methods of the selected buildings to explore the principles that affect the wind engineering, lateral loading, processes, phenomena and summarizing typology of load management and optimisation to establish comprehensive framework for future projects.

This study attempts to fill this gap.

Authors appeal

Base on the foregoing the authors believe  revalidating the three structural design phases of a global heritage building will pave way for advances in structural health monitoring that help to proffer a traditional and innovative structure against urban vulnerability.

The structure system of a building must be proven to guarantee adequate competence and structural idleness in case of destructive forces and natural disaster. This can be confirmed either through a validation measures, examination of substructures or single elements (SIS, 2008). Validation  approach is usually applied in urban and engineering research being a descriptive and statistical classification process (Djoki, 2009; Stanley et al., 2012), including in the analysis of building functions, facilities, landscape characteristics, and elements of buildings (Zhang & Wei, 2017). Consequently, this study adopt revalidation analysis for the global hierarchical classification.

2.       Even though the author claims this to be a review paper, it contains only 18 references and their descriptions. The reviewer believes a review paper should contain a more exhaustive and conclusive study. This manuscript feels like merely a design report without any critical thinking from the authors.

Amended in section 1, 2 , 3and 4 of the revised manuscript.

Literature added as suggested

-

3.       Most cited references in this paper are copied within inverted commas without any rephrasing or critical analysis.

All cited paragraphs are sound quoted, references and acknowledge.

See revised manuscript

-

4.       There are no proper conclusions or future studies from this work.

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

Added to introduction section; section 1.2 In the revised manuscript.

Conclusion

This study has reviewed the design and structural health monitoring program of the tallest building as well different construction practice in a mega-tall buildings of the recent time. While the remarkably landscape and it structural systems presented in this research are certainly astounding accomplishment, developing technologies and designs further beyond sustainable vertical built environments.

The study concludes that torsion stiffness as well wind loads mitigation in mega-tall buildings is influenced by initial phase design decisions, particularly those that concern the model and plan arrangements. By integrating devices such as wind tunnel investigation, wind analysis studies and (CFD) simulations into the design process, as is illustrated in Figure 10, multidisciplinary aerodynamic plan assessments can be made. Collaboration is essential in decision making at the initial design phase, as it broadens the perception and enhance design approach and patterns.

Future study/ program

There are two key reservations that have affected the outcome in this research, design model and the aerodynamic engineering management. Reviewing prior literature, it is clear that there are more opportunities for researches regarding health monitoring program of tall buildings. Hence, more research in the field of wind engineering can contribute to considerate aerodynamic buildings, and advance architectural design. Really, further knowledge in this field is a necessity.

Manuscript ID.

: buildings-2292675

Title

: A Review of Conceptual Design and structural Health Monitoring Program in a Vertical City: A Case of Burj Khalifa, U.A.E.

Authors

Submission date

:March 04, 2023

Revision date

:March 22, 2023

Round

: 1

Details of Author’sRespond

Modification

Reviewer 3 Comments

Author’sRespond;

Response, appeal etc., and mention

1.         In introduction part, the author indicated that although several kinds of research in the context of monitoring programs have been conducted on Burj Khalifa, these programs had narrow research scope and are still not systematically validated and or incorporated. This is a key description, since it directly is associate with the novelty of paper. The reasons why the aforementioned programs not systematically validated and or incorporated should be further introduced.

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

Amended in section 1 of the revised manuscript.

Literature added as suggested

The modification :

The structure system of a building must be proven to guarantee adequate competence and structural idleness in case of destructive forces and natural disaster. This can be confirmed either through a validation measures, examination of substructures or single elements (SIS, 2008). Validation  approach is usually applied in urban and engineering research being a descriptive and statistical classification process (Djoki, 2009; Stanley et al., 2012), including in the analysis of building functions, facilities, landscape characteristics, and elements of buildings (Zhang & Wei, 2017). Consequently, this study adopt revalidation analysis for the global hierarchical classification.

Hence, for over a decade the circumstances is changing as number of studies on mega tall buildings are being conducted focusing on there  structural systems (Abdelrazaq, 2012; Ali & Al-Kodmany, 2012; Ali & Moon, 2007; Gunel & Ilgin, 2014; Gyllensten & Modig, 2020; Smith, 2008; Subramanian, 2010; Truby et al., 2014). One of the commonalities of these studies is the assessment of structural forms and building components. A perception of cities in the middle east validate a challenging state of fast decline in vertical infrastructure, due to force from severe human influence index (Girard, 2013)

Moreover, majority of the research presented above are primarily focused on the routine approach of tall buildings that failed to harness adaptive schemes of the past.

The significance of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in recent era of high concern for Smart Infrastructure can never be over emphasize due to the Serviceability and improved resilience of structures.

This paper aim to revalidate the three structural design phases to:

i.                     Harness adaptive schemes of the tallest man-made building on earth, bridging the gap between the present and future.

ii.                   Correlate the evolutionary methods of the selected buildings to explore the principles that affect the wind engineering, lateral loading, processes, phenomena and summarizing typology of load management and optimisation to establish comprehensive framework for future projects.

This study attempts to fill this gap.

2.       The references [2] and [3] are frequently used, and a review paper should have extensive references. In addition, in some key parts, this paper also lacks of the opinions of the authors.

 Amended in Section 1 and 2 of the revised manuscript.

-

3.       In section 2, the High Rise Buildings Design and Structural Systems for High Rise Building are well-known contents, so it can not be verified as the highlight of the manuscript. The highlights should also be streamlined.

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

The modification :

While there are lots of high rise buildings, the design and construction mechanism of other buildings can be used to increase understanding for the structural system management of the future buildings. Although different building components have diverse advantages and shortcomings, much acquaintance can be used free of the material and methods. Consequently, some of the world’s tallest structures are of enormous concern.

Burj Khalifa, erected based on the buttressed core system remain the world’s tallest building for over a decade now. But the major concern for this building was creating an efficient structure. When tapering the cross section of the structure, the reduction was made so that the new facade partition got placed above a cross-wall within the wing. This was the most excellent potential approach to control the gravity load (Baker & Pawlikowski, 2012)

4.       The quality of many figures is not high, and the notations inside the figures is not clear.

See revised manuscript.

Resolution of the figures improved

.

  Plan view of Frame system

Plan view of Shear wall & Frame system

Plan view of Bundled/ modular tube system

Plan and side view of Outrigger-braced system

5.       In section 4, the description about Burj Khalifa is too many, and some needless contents should also be streamlined.

  Response/ arguments mark  with YELLOW text highlight color tool

In the authors’ opinion, these sections remain the central spine of the theoretical framework.

Contents Streamline

Authors appeal

As such, to keep the logical structure of research articles we find it worthy to maintain these sections.

-

6.       In lines 300 and 359, the abbreviations DMD and SOM should be firstly explain in this paper.

Amended in Section 4 of the revised manuscript

-

7.       In lines 280 and 281, the sentence is not complete.

see the revised manuscript

Authors appeal

The paragraph highlights aspects of construction stages movement of the tower. Whereas…..

A lateral drift of the structure under gravitational loads due to the unbalanced  load distribution relative to the tower centre of rigidity,

Remain one the factors.

Manuscript ID.

: buildings-2292675

Title

: A Review of Conceptual Design and structural Health Monitoring Program in a Vertical City: A Case of Burj Khalifa, U.A.E.

Authors

Submission date

:March 04, 2023

Revision date

:March 22, 2023

Round

: 1

Details of Author’sRespond

Modification

Reviewer 4 Comments

Author’sRespond;

Response, appeal etc., and mention

1.      About the conceptual design as presented in paragraph 2.1.1 it is suggested that remarks about the distribution of stiffness and mass along the height of the considered building to be added and commented in the final manuscript of the work.

Amended in the conclusion section of the revised manuscript

Literature added as suggested

-

2.      It is recommended that the authors add more details and comments about the seismic design and perhaps, if available, comments and data about  the seismic plan of each building.

In the revised manuscript addition/correction are mark  with LEAF GREEN text highlight color tool.

Amended in the  4.8 and conclusion section of the revised manuscript

Literature added as suggested

To evaluate the real measured building displacements (x, y, z) to the predicted movements from, a 3D finite component analysis model was built up for Burj Khalifa that considers the authentic material properties. The intent of this assessment model is to estimate the cross displacement (x, y, & z) among other factors due to any seismic or wind events during construction and after the completion of the structure (Al-Najjar & Al-Azhari, 2021; K. Moon, 2018; Smith, 2008).

The development of the review and structural health monitoring (SHM) scheme for wind/seismic related features, during the system configuration, is perhaps one of the most all-inclusive survey. This includes;

         i.            Installation of a provisional Real Time Monitoring design to check the building dynamic and displacement response under seismic and wind loads throughout the construction.

       ii.            Installation of Permanent Real Time Monitoring design to examine the building dynamic and displacement response under seismic and wind loads.

     iii.            Providing adequate data to forecast the low energy behavior of the pinnacle under low/fair/rigorous seismic and wind excitations.

These broad surveys and health monitoring have, since their start, resulted already in a great response and insight into the real in-situ material properties, the buildings’ structural performance and feedback under wind and seismic excitations, and constant change in the tower distinctiveness during and after construction.

3.      Based on the paragraphs 4.1-4.10 it is suggested that the authors add a last paragraph with concluding remarks. They can sum up their thoughts and conclusions about the presented case studies and add valuable comments as concluding remarks. It would help the reader to reorganize his ideas and impressions about the important buildings presented in the review.

Amended in the conclusion section of the revised manuscript

Literature added as suggested

This study has reviewed the design and structural health monitoring program of the tallest building as well different construction practice in a mega-tall buildings of the recent time. While the remarkably landscape and it structural systems presented in this research are certainly astounding accomplishment, developing technologies and designs further beyond sustainable vertical built environments.

The study concludes that torsion stiffness as well wind loads mitigation in mega-tall buildings is influenced by initial phase design decisions, particularly those that concern the model and plan arrangements. By integrating devices such as wind tunnel investigation, wind analysis studies and (CFD) simulations into the design process, as is illustrated in Figure 10, multidisciplinary aerodynamic plan assessments can be made. Collaboration is essential in decision making at the initial design phase, as it broadens the perception and enhance design approach and patterns.

Future study/ program

There are two key reservations that have affected the outcome in this research, design model and the aerodynamic engineering management. Reviewing prior literature, it is clear that there are more opportunities for researches regarding health monitoring program of tall buildings. Hence, more research in the field of wind engineering can contribute to considerate aerodynamic buildings, and advance architectural design. Really, further knowledge in this field is a necessity.

4.      Please make a re-check of the English grammar.

See corrections in the revised manuscript.

The English language has be modified/checked by native  English speaker

5.      Lines 27 and 28. It is written ‘the study invalidates the presumed structural behaviour..” perhaps ‘revalidates’ in any case explain the idea.

See corrections in the revised manuscript.

Authors appeal

Invalidates is a typo error. Should be revalidates….