Effects of the New COVID-19-Induced Rule on Substitutions and Performance in Italian Elite Soccer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the temporal patterns of substitutions in top-level Italian soccer before and after the implementation of the new rule?
- How is the new rule utilized in terms of the maximum number of substitutions allowed?
- Are there significant differences in certain kinematic components of performance when comparing the periods before and after the implementation of the new rule?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Variables Included in this Study
- The number of substitutions made in the different seasons considered, both pre- and post-COVID (dependent variables).
- Time blocks of 5 min each (9 in the first half and 10 in the second half, considering stoppage time—independent variable).
- Absolute number of substitutions made (n).
- Normalized number of substitutions as a percentage (%) relative to the maximum possible number of substitutions per game in the different sport seasons considered.
- Total kilometers covered by the team (km).
- Average speed of the team (km/h).
- Total kilometers covered by the team in jogging (km).
- Total kilometers covered by the team in running (km).
- Total kilometers covered by the team in sprinting (km).
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Patterns of Substitutions
3.2. Adherence and Use of the New Rule
3.3. Influence of the Number of Substitutions on the Kinematic Components of Performances
- Total distance: F 3,76= 2.460; p = 0.069; ω2 = 0.052 [95% CI = −0.039–0.163]
- Average speed: F 3,76= 1.627; p = 0.129; ω2 = 0.023 [95% CI = −0.039–0.122]
- Jogging: F 3,76= 2.533; p = 0.063; ω2 = 0.054 [95% CI = −0.039–0.167]
- Running: F 3,76= 2.484; p = 0.067; ω2 = 0.053 [95% CI = −0.039–0.165].
- 5.
- Sprinting: F 3,76= 5.355, p = 0.002; ω2 = 0.140 [95% CI = −0.010–0.270] (see Figure 1).
4. Discussion
4.1. Temporal Patterns of Substitution
4.2. Adherence and Use of the New Rule
4.3. Influence of the Number of Substitutions on the Kinematic Components of Performances
5. Practical Applications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time Blocks | 2018–2019 (n) | 2020–2021 (n) | 2018–2019 (%) | 2020–2021 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
01–05 min | 2 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
06–10 min | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
11–15 min | 13 | 7 | 0.59 | 0.21 |
16–20 min | 8 | 16 | 0.36 | 0.49 |
21–25 min | 16 | 7 | 0.72 | 0.21 |
26–30 min | 15 | 6 | 0.68 | 0.18 |
31–35 min | 9 | 23 | 0.41 | 0.70 |
36–40 min | 12 | 23 | 0.54 | 0.70 |
41–45 min | 14 | 18 | 0.63 | 0.55 |
Sum | 91 | 105 | 4.12 | 3.21 |
Mean | 10.11 | 11.66 | 0.46 | 0.36 |
Standard Deviation | 5.28 | 8.40 | 0.24 | 0.26 |
Time Blocks | 2018–2019 (n) | 2020–2021 (n) | 2018–2019 (%) | 2020–2021 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
46–50 min | 133 | 303 | 6.02 | 9.25 |
51–55 min | 76 | 92 | 3.44 | 2.81 |
56–60 min | 180 | 288 | 8.15 | 8.79 |
61–65 min | 241 | 374 | 10.91 | 11.42 |
66–70 min | 277 | 373 | 12.54 | 11.39 |
71–75 min | 315 | 439 | 14.26 | 13.40 |
76–80 min | 337 | 484 | 15.26 | 14.77 |
81–85 min | 319 | 445 | 14.44 | 13.58 |
86–90 min | 195 | 313 | 8.83 | 9.55 |
91–95 min | 45 | 60 | 2.04 | 1.83 |
Sum | 2118 | 3171 | 95.88 | 96.79 |
Mean | 211.8 | 371.1 | 9.59 | 9.68 |
Standard Deviation | 103.64 | 142.70 | 4.69 | 4.36 |
Season | Substitutions (n) | Substitutions (% of Maximum Possible Theoretical Number) |
---|---|---|
2017–2018 a | 2229 | 97.8 |
2018–2019 a | 2209 | 96.9 |
2020–2021 b | 3276 | 86.2 |
2021–2022 b | 3357 | 88.3 |
Variable | Season | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
Total distance (km) | 2017–2018 | 109.742 | 1.727 | 0.386 | 108.934 | 110.550 | 105.900 | 112.391 |
2018–2019 | 108.404 | 1.873 | 0.419 | 107.527 | 109.280 | 105.723 | 112.679 | |
2020–2021 | 108.950 | 2.499 | 0.559 | 107.780 | 110.120 | 102.825 | 113.257 | |
2021–2022 | 107.979 | 2.465 | 0.551 | 106.826 | 109.133 | 105.012 | 114.184 | |
Average Speed (km/h) | 2017–2018 | 6.784 | 0.117 | 0.026 | 6.729 | 6.838 | 6.555 | 6.957 |
2018–2019 | 6.683 | 0.132 | 0.030 | 6.621 | 6.745 | 6.471 | 7.000 | |
2020–2021 | 6.727 | 0.177 | 0.039 | 6.644 | 6.809 | 6.219 | 7.019 | |
2021–2022 | 6.709 | 0.167 | 0.037 | 6.630 | 6.787 | 6.486 | 7.094 | |
Jogging (km) | 2017–2018 | 27.738 | 0.794 | 0.177 | 27.366 | 28.109 | 26.157 | 28.851 |
2018–2019 | 27.897 | 0.860 | 0.192 | 27.495 | 28.300 | 26.450 | 29.395 | |
2020–2021 | 27.204 | 0.782 | 0.175 | 26.838 | 27.570 | 25.896 | 28.404 | |
2021–2022 | 27.359 | 1.142 | 0.255 | 26.825 | 27.894 | 25.018 | 28.669 | |
Running (km) | 2017–2018 | 73.251 | 2.090 | 0.467 | 72.273 | 74.230 | 68.862 | 76.221 |
2018–2019 | 71.745 | 2.354 | 0.526 | 70.644 | 72.847 | 67.518 | 77.321 | |
2020–2021 | 72.598 | 2.594 | 0.580 | 71.384 | 73.812 | 67.129 | 77.316 | |
2021–2022 | 71.300 | 2.795 | 0.625 | 69.992 | 72.609 | 67.677 | 78.425 | |
Sprinting (km) | 2017–2018 | 8.753 | 0.573 | 0.128 | 8.484 | 9.021 | 7.958 | 10.271 |
2018–2019 | 8.761 | 0.421 | 0.094 | 8.564 | 8.958 | 8.078 | 9.613 | |
2020–2021 | 9.148 | 0.546 | 0.122 | 8.893 | 9.404 | 8.094 | 10.045 | |
2021–2022 | 9.320 | 0.635 | 0.142 | 9.023 | 9.617 | 8.126 | 10.741 |
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Share and Cite
Ruscello, B.; Tozzi, M.; Apollaro, G.; Grossi, A.; Morganti, G.; Esposito, M.; Pantanella, L.; Messina, G.; Padua, E. Effects of the New COVID-19-Induced Rule on Substitutions and Performance in Italian Elite Soccer. Sports 2023, 11, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110208
Ruscello B, Tozzi M, Apollaro G, Grossi A, Morganti G, Esposito M, Pantanella L, Messina G, Padua E. Effects of the New COVID-19-Induced Rule on Substitutions and Performance in Italian Elite Soccer. Sports. 2023; 11(11):208. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110208
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuscello, Bruno, Matteo Tozzi, Gennaro Apollaro, Alberto Grossi, Gabriele Morganti, Mario Esposito, Laura Pantanella, Giuseppe Messina, and Elvira Padua. 2023. "Effects of the New COVID-19-Induced Rule on Substitutions and Performance in Italian Elite Soccer" Sports 11, no. 11: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11110208