Karyotype Diversity, Mode, and Tempo of the Chromosomal Evolution of Attina (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini): Is There an Upper Limit to Chromosome Number?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Colony Sampling
2.2. Chromosome Preparation and Karyomorphometry
2.3. Cytogenetic Data Compilation and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Chromosome Number, Mode, and Tempo of Karyotype Change
4.2. Is There an Upper Limit to the Chromosome Number of Fungus-Farming Ants?
4.3. Chromosome Counts: How Far We Get and What Is Still Needed
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chromosome (Homologue) | TL (±SD) | L (±SD) | S (±SD) | RL (±SD) | r (±SD) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8.79 ± 3.04 | 4.78 ± 1.71 | 4.01 ± 1.37 | 15.70 ± 0.35 | 1.19 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
(1) | 8.37 ± 3.03 | 4.48 ± 1.6 | 3.89 ± 1.46 | 14.89 ± 0.64 | 1.16 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
2 | 4.82 ± 1.57 | 2.82 ± 1.00 | 1.99 ± 0.57 | 08.66 ± 0.37 | 1.40 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
(2) | 4.64 ± 1.52 | 2.64 ± 0.89 | 2.00 ± 0.64 | 08.34 ± 0.35 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
3 | 8.02 ± 3.03 | 4.97 ± 1.73 | 3.05 ± 1.38 | 14.19 ± 0.87 | 1.70 ± 0.28 | Submetacentric |
(3) | 7.76 ± 2.98 | 4.87 ± 1.97 | 2.99 ± 1.03 | 13.70 ± 0.91 | 1.61 ± 0.23 | Submetacentric |
4 | 6.90 ± 2.16 | 4.90 ± 1.62 | 2.00 ± 0.58 | 12.47 ± 1.04 | 2.45 ± 0.36 | Submetacentric |
(4) | 6.67 ± 2.14 | 4.65 ± 1.50 | 2.03 ± 0.66 | 12.05 ± 0.90 | 2.29 ± 0.20 | Submetacentric |
KL | 55.97 |
Chromosome (Homologue) | TL (±SD) | L(±SD) | S(±SD) | RL(±SD) | r(±SD) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.27 ± 0.88 | 2.37 ± 0.44 | 1.89 ± 0.46 | 5.20 ± 0.18 | 1.28 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
(1) | 4.14 ± 0.89 | 2.27 ± 0.44 | 1.87 ± 0.46 | 5.03 ± 0.15 | 1.23 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
2 | 3.96 ± 0.83 | 2.24 ± 0.49 | 1.72 ± 0.38 | 4.82 ± 0.18 | 1.32 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
(2) | 3.89 ± 0.81 | 2.12 ± 0.46 | 1.77 ± 0.37 | 4.73 ± 0.17 | 1.21 ± 0.10 | Metacentric |
3 | 3.76 ± 0.89 | 2.07 ± 0.57 | 1.69 ± 0.38 | 4.54 ± 0.20 | 1.23 ± 0.22 | Metacentric |
(3) | 3.68 ± 0.89 | 1.99 ± 0.49 | 1.69 ± 0.43 | 4.44 ± 0.18 | 1.19 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
4 | 3.44 ± 0.79 | 1.95 ± 0.50 | 1.49 ± 0.31 | 4.16 ± 0.14 | 1.30 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
(4) | 3.30 ± 0.75 | 1.83 ± 0.39 | 1.47 ± 0.37 | 4.00 ± 0.12 | 1.26 ± 0.10 | Metacentric |
5 | 3.22 ± 0.71 | 1.79 ± 0.38 | 1.43 ± 0.34 | 3.91 ± 0.11 | 1.26 ± 0.11 | Metacentric |
(5) | 3.14 ± 0.71 | 1.70 ± 0.34 | 1.43 ± 0.37 | 3.80 ± 0.09 | 1.21 ± 0.11 | Metacentric |
6 | 3.06 ± 0.69 | 1.69 ± 0.37 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | 3.70 ± 0.10 | 1.25 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
(6) | 2.99 ± 0.65 | 1.68 ± 0.37 | 1.31 ± 0.31 | 3.63 ± 0.06 | 1.29 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
7 | 2.90 ± 0.63 | 1.62 ± 0.35 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 3.51 ± 0.08 | 1.28 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
(7) | 2.86 ± 0.64 | 1.57 ± 0.31 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 3.46 ± 0.07 | 1.24 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
8 | 2.80 ± 0.64 | 1.57 ± 0.35 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 3.39 ± 0.06 | 1.29 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
(8) | 2.73 ± 0.62 | 1.54 ± 0.34 | 1.20 ± 0.29 | 3.31 ± 0.10 | 1.30 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
9 | 2.65 ± 0.63 | 1.47 ± 0.31 | 1.17 ± 0.32 | 3.20 ± 0.14 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
(9) | 2.56 ± 0.63 | 1.41 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.31 | 3.09 ± 0.16 | 1.25 ± 0.17 | Metacentric |
10 | 2.41 ± 0.57 | 1.39 ± 0.29 | 1.01 ± 0.30 | 2.91 ± 0.17 | 1.42 ± 0.20 | Metacentric |
(10) | 2.20 ± 0.55 | 1.22 ± 0.31 | 0.97 ± 0.30 | 2.65 ± 0.20 | 1.37 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
11 | 1.94 ± 0.48 | 1.11 ± 0.27 | 0.82 ± 0.25 | 2.33 ± 0.11 | 1.43 ± 0.17 | Metacentric |
(11) | 1.84 ± 0.44 | 1.06 ± 0.26 | 0.79 ± 0.20 | 2.22 ± 0.10 | 1.36 ± 0.17 | Metacentric |
12 | 1.70 ± 0.39 | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 0.72 ± 0.18 | 2.06 ± 0.11 | 1.38 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
(12) | 1.62 ± 0.38 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 0.69 ± 0.17 | 1.95 ± 0.09 | 1.35 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
13 | 3.57 ± 0.82 | 2.39 ± 0.53 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 4.34 ± 0.46 | 2.07 ± 0.26 | Submetacentric |
(13) | 3.26 ± 0.85 | 2.19 ± 0.53 | 1.07 ± 0.31 | 3.99 ± 0.63 | 2.08 ± 0.11 | Submetacentric |
14 | 2.36 ± 0.50 | 1.67 ± 0.39 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | 2.88 ± 0.20 | 2.38 ± 0.30 | Submetacentric |
(14) | 2.22 ± 0.43 | 1.52 ± 0.31 | 0.70 ± 0.15 | 2.72 ± 0.22 | 2.18 ± 0.30 | Submetacentric |
KL | 82.47 |
Chromosome (Homologue) | TL (±SD) | L(±SD) | S(±SD) | RL(±SD) | r(±SD) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.19 ± 1.40 | 1.76 ± 0.73 | 1.43 ± 0.68 | 3.84 ± 0.2 | 1.27 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
(1) | 2.91 ± 1.29 | 1.71 ± 0.76 | 1.20 ± 0.55 | 3.50 ± 0.22 | 1.45 ± 0.22 | Metacentric |
2 | 2.62 ± 1.06 | 1.40 ± 0.62 | 1.22 ± 0.47 | 3.18 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
(2) | 2.48 ± 1.09 | 1.31 ± 0.62 | 1.17 ± 0.50 | 2.98 ± 0.23 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
3 | 2.39 ± 1.04 | 1.28 ± 0.53 | 1.10 ± 0.52 | 2.87 ± 0.24 | 1.22 ± 0.17 | Metacentric |
(3) | 2.23 ± 0.94 | 1.31 ± 0.53 | 0.92 ± 0.43 | 2.69 ± 0.21 | 1.44 ± 0.22 | Metacentric |
4 | 2.13 ± 0.92 | 1.26 ± 0.59 | 0.86 ± 0.33 | 2.56 ± 0.14 | 1.44 ± 0.20 | Metacentric |
(4) | 2.08 ± 0.89 | 1.18 ± 0.5 | 0.90 ± 0.40 | 2.51 ± 0.10 | 1.36 ± 0.19 | Metacentric |
5 | 2.00 ± 0.84 | 1.13 ± 0.43 | 0.88 ± 0.43 | 2.42 ± 0.09 | 1.34 ± 0.26 | Metacentric |
(5) | 1.89 ± 0.71 | 1.10 ± 0.42 | 0.79 ± 0.30 | 2.32 ± 0.14 | 1.40 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
6 | 1.83 ± 0.67 | 1.03 ± 0.37 | 0.80 ± 0.33 | 2.24 ± 0.12 | 1.32 ± 0.23 | Metacentric |
(6) | 1.80 ± 0.65 | 0.97 ± 0.31 | 0.82 ± 0.36 | 2.20 ± 0.11 | 1.26 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
7 | 1.75 ± 0.65 | 0.97 ± 0.37 | 0.79 ± 0.28 | 2.15 ± 0.10 | 1.25 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
(7) | 1.72 ± 0.63 | 0.95 ± 0.35 | 0.77 ± 0.30 | 2.11 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
8 | 1.68 ± 0.63 | 0.98 ± 0.33 | 0.72 ± 0.29 | 2.05 ± 0.11 | 1.39 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
(8) | 1.66 ± 0.62 | 0.94 ± 0.37 | 0.72 ± 0.27 | 2.03 ± 0.11 | 1.36 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
9 | 1.62 ± 0.60 | 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 1.99 ± 0.08 | 1.42 ± 0.22 | Metacentric |
(9) | 1.59 ± 0.60 | 0.91 ± 0.37 | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 1.95 ± 0.10 | 1.42 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
10 | 1.55 ± 0.60 | 0.89 ± 0.36 | 0.66 ± 0.25 | 1.89 ± 0.08 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
(10) | 1.54 ± 0.60 | 0.85 ± 0.30 | 0.69 ± 0.29 | 1.88 ± 0.07 | 1.27 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
11 | 1.52 ± 0.56 | 0.82 ± 0.28 | 0.70 ± 0.28 | 1.86 ± 0.08 | 1.21 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
(11) | 1.48 ± 0.55 | 0.83 ± 0.30 | 0.66 ± 0.25 | 1.82 ± 0.07 | 1.26 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
12 | 1.45 ± 0.50 | 0.85 ± 0.31 | 0.60 ± 0.20 | 1.79 ± 0.10 | 1.43 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
(12) | 1.41 ± 0.50 | 0.81 ± 0.28 | 0.60 ± 0.22 | 1.74 ± 0.10 | 1.38 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
13 | 1.38 ± 0.49 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | 0.59 ± 0.24 | 1.69 ± 0.08 | 1.37 ± 0.21 | Metacentric |
(13) | 1.37 ± 0.49 | 0.77 ± 0.25 | 0.59 ± 0.24 | 1.68 ± 0.08 | 1.34 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
14 | 1.34 ± 0.49 | 0.75 ± 0.28 | 0.59 ± 0.21 | 1.64 ± 0.09 | 1.28 ± 0.10 | Metacentric |
(14) | 1.27 ± 0.44 | 0.76 ± 0.29 | 0.51 ± 0.16 | 1.56 ± 0.11 | 1.46 ± 0.14 | Metacentric |
15 | 2.72 ± 1.32 | 1.90 ± 0.95 | 0.82 ± 0.38 | 3.29 ± 0.73 | 2.28 ± 0.19 | Submetacentric |
(15) | 2.58 ± 1.20 | 1.80 ± 0.84 | 0.78 ± 0.37 | 3.14 ± 0.71 | 2.33 ± 0.28 | Submetacentric |
16 | 2.60 ± 1.00 | 1.80 ± 0.67 | 0.80 ± 0.33 | 3.18 ± 0.15 | 2.27 ± 0.17 | Submetacentric |
(16) | 2.49 ± 0.93 | 1.75 ± 0.69 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 3.06 ± 0.14 | 2.32 ± 0.21 | Submetacentric |
17 | 2.43 ± 0.94 | 1.69 ± 0.64 | 0.75 ± 0.31 | 2.97 ± 0.07 | 2.27 ± 0.18 | Submetacentric |
(17) | 2.34 ± 0.98 | 1.62 ± 0.65 | 0.72 ± 0.33 | 2.84 ± 0.09 | 2.29 ± 0.15 | Submetacentric |
18 | 2.18 ± 0.95 | 1.48 ± 0.62 | 0.71 ± 0.33 | 2.64 ± 0.16 | 2.11 ± 0.16 | Submetacentric |
(18) | 2.13 ± 0.94 | 1.47 ± 0.68 | 0.66 ± 0.26 | 2.56 ± 0.15 | 2.21 ± 0.25 | Submetacentric |
19 | 2.04 ± 0.93 | 1.39 ± 0.59 | 0.65 ± 0.35 | 2.45 ± 0.17 | 2.19 ± 0.21 | Submetacentric |
(19) | 2.00 ± 0.90 | 1.35 ± 0.61 | 0.66 ± 0.30 | 2.41 ± 0.18 | 2.07 ± 0.21 | Submetacentric |
20 | 1.91 ± 0.78 | 1.27 ± 0.50 | 0.64 ± 0.29 | 2.32 ± 0.11 | 2.01 ± 0.16 | Submetacentric |
(20) | 1.82 ± 0.76 | 1.24 ± 0.54 | 0.59 ± 0.23 | 2.21 ± 0.17 | 2.08 ± 0.26 | Submetacentric |
21 | 1.64 ± 0.75 | 1.10 ± 0.52 | 0.54 ± 0.23 | 1.99 ± 0.25 | 2.02 ± 0.17 | Submetacentric |
(21) | 1.52 ± 0.75 | 1.03 ± 0.55 | 0.50 ± 0.20 | 1.83 ± 0.22 | 2.00 ± 0.21 | Submetacentric |
KL | 82.28 |
Chromosome (Homologue) | TL (±SD) | L(±SD) | S(±SD) | RL(±SD) | r(±SD) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6.95 ± 1.32 | 3.73 ± 0.81 | 3.22 ± 0.52 | 6.74 ± 0.25 | 1.17 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
(1) | 6.58 ± 1.21 | 3.54 ± 0.69 | 3.06 ± 0.57 | 6.39 ± 0.24 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
2 | 5.75 ± 1.12 | 3.13 ± 0.63 | 2.62 ± 0.46 | 5.58 ± 0.23 | 1.19 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
(2) | 5.39 ± 1.05 | 2.92 ± 0.54 | 2.45 ± 0.52 | 5.22 ± 0.18 | 1.20 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
3 | 5.01 ± 0.89 | 2.77 ± 0.44 | 2.24 ± 0.48 | 4.87 ± 0.15 | 1.26 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
(3) | 4.82 ± 0.86 | 2.79 ± 0.49 | 2.03 ± 0.39 | 4.68 ± 0.13 | 1.38 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
4 | 4.71 ± 0.82 | 2.61 ± 0.43 | 2.09 ± 0.53 | 4.58 ± 0.12 | 1.36 ± 0.16 | Metacentric |
(4) | 4.60 ± 0.79 | 2.63 ± 0.41 | 1.97 ± 0.56 | 4.47 ± 0.09 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
5 | 4.50 ± 0.74 | 2.54 ± 0.32 | 1.94 ± 0.44 | 4.38 ± 0.08 | 1.35 ± 0.19 | Metacentric |
(5) | 4.38 ± 0.72 | 2.54 ± 0.35 | 1.83 ± 0.41 | 4.26 ± 0.07 | 1.42 ± 0.21 | Metacentric |
6 | 4.31 ± 0.73 | 2.56 ± 0.40 | 1.73 ± 0.36 | 4.19 ± 0.07 | 1.50 ± 0.17 | Metacentric |
(6) | 4.25 ± 0.71 | 2.36 ± 0.47 | 1.86 ± 0.47 | 4.14 ± 0.07 | 1.43 ± 0.25 | Metacentric |
7 | 4.20 ± 0.71 | 2.47 ± 0.32 | 1.75 ± 0.42 | 4.09 ± 0.07 | 1.45 ± 0.22 | Metacentric |
(7) | 4.12 ± 0.72 | 2.36 ± 0.38 | 1.77 ± 0.38 | 4.01 ± 0.10 | 1.35 ± 0.20 | Metacentric |
8 | 4.02 ± 0.69 | 2.29 ± 0.40 | 1.72 ± 0.35 | 3.91 ± 0.08 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | Metacentric |
(8) | 3.84 ± 0.62 | 2.09 ± 0.50 | 1.75 ± 0.22 | 3.74 ± 0.12 | 1.31 ± 0.19 | Metacentric |
9 | 3.64 ± 0.61 | 2.06 ± 0.34 | 1.57 ± 0.29 | 3.54 ± 0.17 | 1.33 ± 0.15 | Metacentric |
(9) | 3.48 ± 0.54 | 1.96 ± 0.31 | 1.53 ± 0.27 | 3.40 ± 0.14 | 1.30 ± 0.19 | Metacentric |
10 | 3.35 ± 0.52 | 1.94 ± 0.33 | 1.42 ± 0.24 | 3.27 ± 0.10 | 1.38 ± 0.19 | Metacentric |
(10) | 3.22 ± 0.46 | 1.83 ± 0.30 | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 3.15 ± 0.13 | 1.32 ± 0.23 | Metacentric |
11 | 3.12 ± 0.46 | 1.81 ± 0.21 | 1.31 ± 0.27 | 3.05 ± 0.12 | 1.41 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
(11) | 3.06 ± 0.47 | 1.83 ± 0.28 | 1.23 ± 0.20 | 2.98 ± 0.11 | 1.50 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
12 | 2.82 ± 0.48 | 1.63 ± 0.31 | 1.20 ± 0.19 | 2.76 ± 0.22 | 1.36 ± 0.18 | Metacentric |
(12) | 2.64 ± 0.33 | 1.53 ± 0.20 | 1.12 ± 0.14 | 2.59 ± 0.19 | 1.36 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
KL | 102.76 |
Species Studied | 2n (n) | Genome Size 1C (pg) | Local/State | Country | Karyotype | Heterochromatic Pattern (C-Bands) | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | PC | IN | SA | LA | |||||||
Acromyrmex ambiguus | 38 | 0.33 | SP | Uruguay | 14 m + 12 sm + 8 st + 4 a (2 m + 6 sm + 16 st + 14 a) | + | + | – | + | – | [28,29] |
Acromyrmex ameliae | 36 | - | MG | Brazil | 10 m +16 sm + 8 st + 2 a | + | – | – | + | – | [30] |
Acromyrmex aspersus | 38 | - | MG | Brazil | 8 m + 10 sm + 16 st + 4 a | [31] | |||||
Acromyrmex balzani | 38 | 0.37 | MG | Brazil, French Guiana | 12 m + 10 sm + 14 st + 2 a | + | + | – | + | – | [32,33] |
Acromyrmex coronatus | 38 (19) | 0.34 | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 8 sm + 16 st + 2 a | + | + | – | + | – | [32] |
Acromyrmex crassispinus | 38 | 0.34 | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 20 sm + 4 st + 2 a | [29,34] | |||||
Acromyrmex disciger | 38 | 0.33 | MG | Brazil | 10 m + 12 sm + 14 st + 2 a | + | + | – | + | – | [32] |
Acromyrmex echinatior | 38 | 0.36 | Panama | 8 m + 6 sm + 14 st + 10 a | – | – | + | + | – | [32] | |
Acromyrmex heyeri | 38 | - | RS | Uruguay, Brazil | 2 m + 6 sm + 16 st + 14 a | [28,35] | |||||
Acromyrmex hispidus | 38 | - | Uruguay | 2 m + 6 sm + 16 st + 14 a | [28] | ||||||
Acromyrmex lundi | 38 (19) | - | RS | Brazil | 10 m + 14 sm + 10 st + 4 a | [29] | |||||
Acromyrmex niger | 38 | 0.36 | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 14 sm + 10 st + 2 a | – | + | – | + | – | [32] |
Acromyrmex nigrosetosus | 38(19) | 0.35 | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 14 sm + 10 st + 2 a | [29] | |||||
Acromyrmex rugosus | 38 | 0.35 | MG | Brazil | 16 m + 12 sm + 8 st + 2 a | + | + | – | + | – | [32] |
Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans | 38 | 0.34 | MG | Brazil | 10 m + 10 sm + 16 st + 2 a | [31,34] | |||||
Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus | 38 | 0.35 | MG | Brazil | 14 m + 18 sm + 4 st + 2 a | + | + | – | + | – | [29,34] |
Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus | 38 | 0.34 | MG | Brazil | 10 m + 14 sm + 12 st + 2 a | + | – | – | + | – | [30] |
Amoimyrmex striatus | 22 | 0.35 | SC | Brazil | 20 m + 2 sm | + | + | – | + | – | [11] |
Amoimyrmex silvestrii | 22 | Argentine | 20 m + 2 sm | [36] | |||||||
Amoimyrmex bruchi | 22 | Argentine | 20 m + 2 sm | [36] | |||||||
Apterostigma madidiense | (23) | - | Brazil | 14 m + 20 sm + 10 st + 2 a | [37] | ||||||
Apterostigma madidiense | 24 | 0.74 | MG | Brazil | 24 m | + | + | – | – | – | This study |
Apterostigma mayri | 24 | - | Panama | 24 m | + | – | – | – | – | [38] | |
Apterostigma sp. | 20 | - | Brazil | 6 m + 12 sm + 2 a | [34] | ||||||
Apterostigma sp. | 24 | - | Panama | 24 m | [38] | ||||||
Apterostigma sp. | 32 | - | French Guiana | 14 m + 6 sm + 10 st + 2 t | [39] | ||||||
Apterostigma steigeri | 22 | - | Brazil | 20 m + 2 sm | [37] | ||||||
Atta bisphaerica | 22 | - | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 6 sm + 4 a | + | + | – | – | – | [34,40] |
Atta colombica | 22 (11) | 0.31 | Panama | 12 m + 6 sm + 4 a | + | – | + | – | – | [38] | |
Atta laevigata | 22 | 0.33 | MG | Brazil | 12 m + 6 sm + 4 a | + | + | – | – | – | [34,40] |
Atta robusta | 22 | 0.34 | ES | Brazil | 18 m + 2 sm + 2 st | + | + | – | – | – | [41] |
Atta sexdens | 22 | 0.33 | MG, RS | Brazil | 12 m + 6 sm + 4 a | + | + | – | – | – | [34,35,40] |
Atta sexdens | 22 | - | French Guiana | 18 m + 2 sm + 2 st | + | + | – | – | – | [33] | |
Cyphomyrmex cornutus | 22 | - | French Guiana | 10 m + 12 sm | [39] | ||||||
Cyphomyrmex costatus | 20 | - | Panama | 20 m | + | – | – | – | – | [38] | |
Cyphomyrmex rimosus | 32 | - | Panama | 28 m + 4 a | [38] | ||||||
Cyphomyrmex transversus | 24 (12) | - | French Guiana | 14 m + 6 sm + 4 a | [33] | ||||||
Cyphomyrmex transversus | 42 (21) | 0.50 | RJ | Brazil | 28 m + 14 sm | + | – | – | – | – | This study |
Mycetarotes carinatus | 14 | - | MG | Brazil | 8 m + 6 sm | + | + | – | – | – | [42] |
Mycetarotes parallelus | 54 | 0.38 | MG | Brazil | 26 m + 16 sm + 6 a | + | + | – | + | – | [42] |
Mycetomoellerius fuscus | 18 (9) | 0.47 | MG | Brazil | 16 m + 2 sm | + | + | – | – | – | [43] |
Mycetomoellerius holmgreni | 20 (10) | 0.33 | MG, SC, RS | Brazil | 20 m | + | + | – | – | – | [7] |
Mycetomoellerius iheringi | 20 (10) | 0.40 | SC | Brazil | 18 m + 2 sm | + | + | – | – | – | [44] |
Mycetomoellerius relictus | 20 (10) | - | MG | Brazil | 20 m | + | + | – | – | – | [37] |
Mycetomoellerius sp. | 22 | - | MG | Brazil | 18 m + 4 sm | [37] | |||||
Mycetophylax conformis | 30 (15) | 0.31 | RJ, SP | Brazil | 22 m + 8 sm | + | + | – | + | – | [10] |
Mycetophylax morschi | 30 (15) | 0.34 | RJ, RS, SC | Brazil | 18 m + 6 sm + 2 a | + | – | – | – | – | [10] |
Mycetophylax morschi | 26 (13) | 0.31 | SC | Brazil | 18 m + 10 sm + 2 a | + | – | – | – | – | [10] |
Mycetophylax morschi | 28 (14) | - | BA | Brazil | 18 m + 10 sm | + | – | – | – | – | [17] |
Mycetophylax simplex | 36 (18) | 0.41 | SC, PR, SP | Brazil | 20 m + 16 sm | + | + | – | + | – | [10] |
Mycocepurus goeldii | 8 | - | MG | Brazil | 8 m | + | + | – | – | – | [45] |
Mycocepurus goeldii | 8 (4) | 0.42 | SC | Brazil | 4 m + 4 sm | This study | |||||
Mycocepurus sp. | 8 | - | Panama | 4 m | [38] | ||||||
Myrmicocrypta sp. | 30 | - | French Guiana | 22 m + 2 sm + 6 a | [33] | ||||||
Myrmicocrypta sp. | 28 (14) | 0.48 | RJ | Brazil | 24 m + 4 sm | + | + | – | – | – | This study |
Sericomyrmex amabilis | 50 | 0.45 | Panama | 50 m | + | + | – | – | – | [38] | |
Sericomyrmex sp. | 50 (25) | - | MG | Brazil | 44 m + 6 sm | [37] | |||||
Serycomyrmex parvulus | 50 (25) | 0.42 | MG | Brazil | 30 m + 14 sm + 6 st | + | + | – | – | – | This study |
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis | 20 (10) | 0.25 | Panama | 20 m | [38] | ||||||
Trachymyrmex sp.1 | 12 (6) | - | Panama | 12 m | + | – | + | – | – | [38] | |
Trachymyrmex sp.2 | 18 | - | Panama | 18 m | [38] |
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Cardoso, D.C.; Cristiano, M.P. Karyotype Diversity, Mode, and Tempo of the Chromosomal Evolution of Attina (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini): Is There an Upper Limit to Chromosome Number? Insects 2021, 12, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121084
Cardoso DC, Cristiano MP. Karyotype Diversity, Mode, and Tempo of the Chromosomal Evolution of Attina (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini): Is There an Upper Limit to Chromosome Number? Insects. 2021; 12(12):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121084
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardoso, Danon Clemes, and Maykon Passos Cristiano. 2021. "Karyotype Diversity, Mode, and Tempo of the Chromosomal Evolution of Attina (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini): Is There an Upper Limit to Chromosome Number?" Insects 12, no. 12: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121084