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Lubricants
Volume 9
Issue 11
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Lubricants, Volume 9, Issue 11 (November 2021) – 7 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The tribological behavior of novel carbon nanotube-based lubricant greases in PAO with and without MoS2 is investigated. The results show a marked reduction of frictional coefficient achieved by the CNT-based grease samples with an average benefit of around –30% compared to conventional greases. CNTs used as sole thickener for such novel greases for industrial applications provide the bulk structure of this semifluid lubricant a marked stability of the tribological response over the whole spectrum of the lab-scale performed tests. Wear protection of steel mating surfaces is also highly enhanced in the case of fretting test. This outstanding behavior in fretting conditions could be attributed to the more consistent and fatigue-resistant performance of CNT thickener. View this paper
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14 pages, 6142 KiB  
Article
Tribological Characterization of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Polymers Produced by Additive Manufacturing for Hydrodynamic Bearing Application
by Davide Massocchi, Giacomo Riboni, Nora Lecis, Steven Chatterton and Paolo Pennacchi
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110112 - 21 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3257
Abstract
The coating materials commonly used in hydrodynamic bearings are the so-called “Babbitt metals” or “white metals”, as defined by ASTM B23-00. Their low Young’s modulus and yield point have encouraged researchers to find new coatings to overcome these limitations. In this paper, the [...] Read more.
The coating materials commonly used in hydrodynamic bearings are the so-called “Babbitt metals” or “white metals”, as defined by ASTM B23-00. Their low Young’s modulus and yield point have encouraged researchers to find new coatings to overcome these limitations. In this paper, the friction and wear of PEEK are studied in a dry sliding environment (without lubrication) using a ball-on-disk tribometer and compared to those of Babbitt metal. Furthermore, the bond strength tests between PEEK and metals/alloys are evaluated. PEEK polymer samples were obtained from cylindrical rods, manufactured by an innovative process for polymer bonding on bearing surfaces, using additive manufacturing technology. The morphologies of the degraded surfaces were examined using a high-resolution metallurgical optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The coefficients of friction (CoF) were obtained under the alternating ball-on-disk dry tribometer. The results of the experimental activity show that PEEK polymers have CoFs of about 0.22 and 0.16 under the 1 and 5 N applied load, respectively. The CoF and wear volume loss results are reported and compared to the reference Babbitt coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design for Tribology: Theoretical and Practical Assessment in Modern Mechanical Components)
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16 pages, 11065 KiB  
Article
Reynolds Model versus JFO Theory in Steadily Loaded Journal Bearings
by Wanjun Xu, Shanhui Zhao, Yaoyao Xu and Kang Li
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110111 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
Cavitation has a potential effect on the performance of full circle journal bearings. This paper studied the effects of cavitation on steadily loaded journal bearings, with the purpose of analyzing the necessity of adopting a mass-conserving model for ordinary journal bearings. The Christopherson’s [...] Read more.
Cavitation has a potential effect on the performance of full circle journal bearings. This paper studied the effects of cavitation on steadily loaded journal bearings, with the purpose of analyzing the necessity of adopting a mass-conserving model for ordinary journal bearings. The Christopherson’s method and Elrod cavitation algorithm were implemented to represent the non-mass-conserving Reynolds model and the mass-conserving Jakobsson-Floberg-Olsson (JFO) theory, respectively. The difference in the oil film reformation boundaries predicted by the two methods was focused on. The typical performance parameters including oil film pressure, load-carrying capacity, attitude angle, friction force, and leakage were comprehensively compared. The results show that the load-carrying capacity is improved by the decrease in cavitation pressure, and the effect is significant in lightly loaded cavitated bearings. In non-cavitated cases and the cavitated cases with intermediate and heavy loads, the difference between the Reynolds model and the JFO theory can be effectively ignored, but the accuracy of the leakage predicted using the Reynolds model should be carefully evaluated. Full article
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13 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
Friction and Wear Pattern of Silica-Reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) in Sliding Contact with a Blade Indenter
by Budi Setiyana, Muhammad Khafidh, Mohammad Tauviqirrahman, Rifky Ismail, Jamari and Dirk Jan Schipper
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110110 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3023
Abstract
This study investigated the friction and wear pattern of silica-reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) in sliding friction with a steel blade indenter. The experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer at various applied loads and examined under dry and wet contact conditions. Analysis was [...] Read more.
This study investigated the friction and wear pattern of silica-reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) in sliding friction with a steel blade indenter. The experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer at various applied loads and examined under dry and wet contact conditions. Analysis was focused on investigating the coefficient of friction and length of wear pattern spacing. Related to coefficient of friction identification, the abrasion theory was applied here. In addition, the stick-slip theory to identify the wear pattern spacing was also applied. Results of the experiments show that the overall coefficient of friction (COF) decreases along with the increasing applied loads. The COF in wet conditions is much lower at the beginning of sliding time than the COF in dry conditions. The wear pattern spacing increases with increasing loads. However, it seems that there is no significant difference in pattern spacing between the dry and wet contact condition. In general, the experimental results agree qualitatively with the analytical results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design for Tribology: Theoretical and Practical Assessment in Modern Mechanical Components)
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14 pages, 2793 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Tribological Events by Acoustic Emission Measurements for Bearing Contacts
by Philipp Renhart, Michael Maier, Christopher Strablegg, Florian Summer, Florian Grün and Andreas Eder
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110109 - 10 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2545
Abstract
The measurement of acoustic emission data in experiments reveals informative details about the tribological contact. The required recording rate for conclusive datasets ranges up to several megahertz. Typically, this results in very large datasets for long-term measurements. This in return has the consequence, [...] Read more.
The measurement of acoustic emission data in experiments reveals informative details about the tribological contact. The required recording rate for conclusive datasets ranges up to several megahertz. Typically, this results in very large datasets for long-term measurements. This in return has the consequence, that acoustic emissions are mostly acquired at predefined cyclic time intervals, which leads to many blind spots. The following work shows methods for effective postprocessing and a feature based data acquisition method. Additionally, a two stage wear mechanism for bearings was found by the described method and could be substantiated by a numerical simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Mobility)
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12 pages, 37351 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Structural, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Hardened Chromium-Nickel Steel
by Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Ainur Seitkhanova, Zarina Satbayeva, Gulnara Yerbolatova, Yulianna Icheva and Zhuldyz Sagdoldina
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110108 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2313
Abstract
This paper investigates how electrolytic plasma hardening (PEH) bears upon the changes in the phase structural and tribological properties of steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe, which is widely used in manufacturing highly stressed gears. The samples of steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe went through the PEH in an electrolyte [...] Read more.
This paper investigates how electrolytic plasma hardening (PEH) bears upon the changes in the phase structural and tribological properties of steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe, which is widely used in manufacturing highly stressed gears. The samples of steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe went through the PEH in an electrolyte containing an aqua solution of 20% calcined soda (Na2CO3) and 10% carbamide ((NH2)2CO). The initial steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe is stated to have the following structural components: a lamellar pearlite with volume share of 35%, a ferrite-carbide mixture of ~45% and a fragmented ferrite of ~20%; after the PEH it contains lath-lamellar martensite, fine particles of cementite and M23C6 carbide. The durability of steel 0.34C-1Cr-1Ni-1Mo-Fe was found to rise by 3.4 times after the PEH and its microhardness increased in 2.6 times. The curve-tension of the crystal lattice was established to be like plastic (χ = χpl) and does not cause the formation of microcracks in the material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology for Lightweighting)
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11 pages, 3441 KiB  
Article
Tribological Behavior of Novel CNTs-Based Lubricant Grease in Steady-State and Fretting Sliding Conditions
by Adolfo Senatore, Haiping Hong, Veronica D’Urso and Hammad Younes
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110107 - 29 Oct 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2744
Abstract
The tribological behavior of novel 7.5 wt% carbon nanotube-based lubricant greases in PAO (polyalphaolefin) oil with and without 1.0 wt% MoS2, together with several other commercial greases such as calcium, lithium, were studied. The test results showed a marked reduction of [...] Read more.
The tribological behavior of novel 7.5 wt% carbon nanotube-based lubricant greases in PAO (polyalphaolefin) oil with and without 1.0 wt% MoS2, together with several other commercial greases such as calcium, lithium, were studied. The test results showed a marked reduction of frictional coefficient achieved by the CNTs based grease samples with an average benefit of around 30% compared to conventional greases. The steady state test under 1.00 GPa average contact pressure in a mixed lubrication regime and the fretting test showed the best results in terms of friction reduction obtained by CNTs greases. Steady state tests at higher average contact pressure of 1.67 GPa proved to have a lower friction coefficient for CNTs grease containing MoS2; otherwise CNTs grease without MoS2 showed an average value of CoF comparable to calcium and lithium greases, both in a boundary and a mixed regime. The protection against wear, a considerable decrease (−60%) of reference parameter was measured with CNTs grease with MoS2 (NLGI 2) in comparison with the worst conventional grease and −22% in comparison with the best conventional grease. The data indicated that our novel carbon nanotube greases show superior tribological properties and will have promising applications in the corresponding industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grease)
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17 pages, 3789 KiB  
Article
Understanding Friction in Cam–Tappet Contacts—An Application-Oriented Time-Dependent Simulation Approach Considering Surface Asperities and Edge Effects
by Christian Orgeldinger and Stephan Tremmel
Lubricants 2021, 9(11), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9110106 - 26 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5037
Abstract
With the increasing challenges of climate change and scarce resources, the development of sustainable and energy-efficient technical systems is becoming increasingly important. In many applications, the friction losses occurring in contacts have a decisive influence on the overall efficiency. At this point, tribological [...] Read more.
With the increasing challenges of climate change and scarce resources, the development of sustainable and energy-efficient technical systems is becoming increasingly important. In many applications, the friction losses occurring in contacts have a decisive influence on the overall efficiency. At this point, tribological contact optimization can make an important contribution to increasing the efficiency of technical systems. However, improvements are often associated with a considerable experimental effort. To reduce the development time, additional simulation models can be applied to predict the tribological behavior. This requires the closest possible approximation of the real contact within a numerical model. This paper presents a simulation approach for the time-dependent simulation of a cam–tappet contact. The simulation uses realistic operating conditions as they arise in the valve train of internal combustion engines. The influence of edge effects on the friction behavior is considered by a scaled calculation area and the influence of the surface roughness is investigated using stochastic asperity models. It is shown that the tribological behavior within the contact strongly depends on the surface properties and the load spectrum used. In addition, edge effects on the sides of the contact area have a clear influence on the pressure and film thickness distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribology in Mobility)
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