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Lubricants
Volume 7
Issue 3
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Lubricants, Volume 7, Issue 3 (March 2019) – 9 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The focus of this study is the effect environmental humidity has on the tribological behavior of steel surfaces lubricated with an ionic liquid comprised of a fluorinated phosphonium cation—tributyl-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octyl-phosphonium—and a dicyanamide anion (F6). Water was found to be necessary to promote the formation of a tribofilm over the contact area. A surface-chemical analysis of the tribofilm indicated that the simultaneous presence of fluorine and phosphorus provides F6 with the good lubricant properties that are typical of halogen-bearing ILs and the corrosion-inhibiting properties of phosphonium based-ILs. View this paper.
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21 pages, 17310 KiB  
Article
Nanocomposite of Poly(l-Lactic Acid) with Inorganic Nanotubes of WS2
by Hila Shalom, XiaoMeng Sui, Olga Elianov, Vlad Brumfeld, Rita Rosentsveig, Iddo Pinkas, Yishay Feldman, Nir Kampf, H.D. Wagner, Noa Lachman and Reshef Tenne
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030028 - 25 Mar 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3885
Abstract
Composites of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) reinforced by adding inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide (INT–WS2) were prepared by solvent casting. In addition to the pristine nanotubes, PLLA nanocomposites containing surface modified nanotubes were studied as well. Several surface-active agents, including [...] Read more.
Composites of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) reinforced by adding inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide (INT–WS2) were prepared by solvent casting. In addition to the pristine nanotubes, PLLA nanocomposites containing surface modified nanotubes were studied as well. Several surface-active agents, including polyethylene imine (PEI), were studied in this context. In addition, other biocompatible polymers, like poly d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) and others were considered in combination with the INT–WS2. The nanotubes were added to the polymer in different proportions up to 3 wt %. The dispersion of the nanotubes in the nanocomposites were analyzed by several techniques, including X-ray tomography microscopy (Micro-XCT). Moreover, high-temperature rheological measurements of the molten polymer were conducted. In contrast to other nanoparticles, which lead to a considerable increase of the viscosity of the molten polymer, the WS2 nanotubes did not affect the viscosity significantly. They did not affect the complex viscosity of the molten PLLA phase, either. The mechanical and tribological properties of the nanocomposites were found to improve considerably by adding the nanotubes. A direct correlation was observed between the dispersion of the nanotubes in the polymer matrix and its mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Nanolubricants)
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15 pages, 2311 KiB  
Article
Influence of Water on Tribolayer Growth When Lubricating Steel with a Fluorinated Phosphonium Dicyanamide Ionic Liquid
by Luigi A. Urtis, Andrea Arcifa, Peng Zhang, Junxiao Du, Marzia Fantauzzi, Daniel Rauber, Rolf Hempelmann, Tobias Kraus, Antonella Rossi and Nicholas D. Spencer
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030027 - 22 Mar 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4000
Abstract
This work aims to elucidate the role of environmental humidity on the tribological behavior of steel surfaces lubricated with an ionic liquid comprised of a fluorinated phosphonium cation—tributyl-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octyl-phosphonium—and a dicyanamide anion (i.e. N(CN)2−). Ball-on-disk tribotests were carried out at room [...] Read more.
This work aims to elucidate the role of environmental humidity on the tribological behavior of steel surfaces lubricated with an ionic liquid comprised of a fluorinated phosphonium cation—tributyl-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octyl-phosphonium—and a dicyanamide anion (i.e. N(CN)2−). Ball-on-disk tribotests were carried out at room temperature and at various levels of relative humidity (RH). Water was found to be required to promote the formation of a tribofilm over the contact area. The reaction layer exhibited a patchy morphology, which resembles that observed formed with conventional antiwear additives such as ZnDTP. A surface-chemical analysis of the tribofilm indicated that the tribofilm is composed of fluorides, oxides, and phosphates, pointing to a stress-induced degradation of the ions and corrosion of the sliding counterparts, which is enabled by the presence of water at the sliding interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids: Friction and Lubrication Mechanisms)
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14 pages, 6258 KiB  
Article
Tribological Properties of ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 and ZnS as Additives in Lithium Grease
by Aoxiang Lu, Wenxing Niu, Yingjing Dai, Hong Xu and Jinxiang Dong
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030026 - 20 Mar 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3066
Abstract
The layered compound ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 was evaluated as an additive in grease with different concentrations by using a four-ball tribometer. Results show that ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 grease has [...] Read more.
The layered compound ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 was evaluated as an additive in grease with different concentrations by using a four-ball tribometer. Results show that ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 grease has good load bearing ability and excellent anti-wear properties. ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 revealed better wear resistance than that of ZnS under all test conditions. The reason for this may be that the two-dimensional structure of ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5, with larger interspaces, facilitates an easier sliding process, improving the anti-wear performance. The mechanism was estimated through analysis of the worn surface with SEM, EDS, 3D, and XPS. XPS analysis results show that the tribofilm was mainly composed of FeS, ZnS, ZnO, FexOy, Feu(SO4)v, and ZnSO4. Owing to the simple synthetic method and superior tribological properties as a grease-based additive, ZnS(NH2CH2CH2NH2)0.5 holds great potential for use in demanding industrial applications in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Nanolubricants)
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13 pages, 6560 KiB  
Article
Effect of Micro- and Nano-Sized Carbonous Solid Lubricants as Oil Additives in Nanofluid on Tribological Properties
by Emad Omrani, Pradeep L. Menezes and Pradeep K. Rohatgi
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030025 - 15 Mar 2019
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5301
Abstract
The tribological behavior of graphene and graphite as additives in canola oil was investigated with a pin-on-disk tribometer. The wear surfaces of the aluminum pins lubricated with the additive-containing canola oil were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that graphene [...] Read more.
The tribological behavior of graphene and graphite as additives in canola oil was investigated with a pin-on-disk tribometer. The wear surfaces of the aluminum pins lubricated with the additive-containing canola oil were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that graphene and graphite as additives in oil show a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate in comparison with neat canola oil. The graphene sheets are more effective than graphite flakes to reduce friction and wear. In addition, there is a proper concentration where the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear are in minimum value. The optimal concentration of the additive in canola oil is about 0.7 wt %. Therefore, the load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability of the lubricating oil are improved. Moreover, the worn surface of aluminum pins is smother in the presence of solid lubricant rather than neat oil. Full article
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12 pages, 2121 KiB  
Article
Absorption Wavebands for Discriminating Oxidation Time of Engine Oil as Detected by FT-IR Spectroscopy
by Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Torrey Holland, Poopalasingam Sivakumar and Dennis G. Watson
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030024 - 12 Mar 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4078
Abstract
Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) samples that were exposed to seven different oxidation times (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h) to determine the best wavenumbers and [...] Read more.
Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) samples that were exposed to seven different oxidation times (0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, and 144 h) to determine the best wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges for the discrimination of the oxidation times. The thermal oxidation process generated oil samples with varying total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavenumber (400–3900 cm−1) and wavenumber ranges identified from the literature and this study were statistically analyzed to determine which wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges could discriminate among all oxidation times. Linear regression was used with the best wavenumbers and wavenumber ranges to predict oxidation time. Full article
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21 pages, 889 KiB  
Article
A CFD-Based Frequency Response Method Applied in the Determination of Dynamic Coefficients of Hydrodynamic Bearings. Part 1: Theory
by Troy Snyder and Minel Braun
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030023 - 11 Mar 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3354
Abstract
A general, CFD-based frequency response method for obtaining the dynamic coefficients of hydrodynamic bearings is presented. The method is grounded in experimental parameter identification methods and is verified for an extremely long, slider bearing geometry as well as short and long journal bearing [...] Read more.
A general, CFD-based frequency response method for obtaining the dynamic coefficients of hydrodynamic bearings is presented. The method is grounded in experimental parameter identification methods and is verified for an extremely long, slider bearing geometry as well as short and long journal bearing geometries. The influence of temporal inertia on the dynamic response of the bearings is discussed and quantified through the inclusion of added mass coefficients within the mechanical models of the hydrodynamic bearing films. Methods to separate the dynamic stiffness into static stiffness and added mass contributions are presented and their results compared. Harmonic perturbations are applied to the bearings at varying frequencies to determine the frequency dependence of the dynamic coefficients and to facilitate the decomposition of the dynamic stiffness into its constituents. Added mass effects are shown to be significant for the extremely long slider bearing geometry and negligible for the short and long journal bearing geometries under operating conditions motivated by those typical of marine bearings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid-Film Lubrication II)
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14 pages, 631 KiB  
Article
Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelastic Modulus of Rubber
by T. V. Tolpekina, W. Pyckhout-Hintzen and B.N.J. Persson
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030022 - 08 Mar 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5857
Abstract
We study the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of two tire tread compounds. We discuss the difference in nonlinear response between the oscillatory tensile and shear modes. We also analyze strain relaxation (creep) data for the same systems. We discuss what type of [...] Read more.
We study the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of two tire tread compounds. We discuss the difference in nonlinear response between the oscillatory tensile and shear modes. We also analyze strain relaxation (creep) data for the same systems. We discuss what type of measurements are most suitable for obtaining the viscoelastic modulus used in rubber friction calculations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication of Viscoelastic Materials)
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10 pages, 4529 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Elements of Secondary Structures on the Wear Resistance of Steel in Friction against Experimental Aluminum Alloys for Monometallic Journal Bearings
by Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Iosif Gershman, Alexander Mironov, Pavel Podrabinnik and Pavel Peretyagin
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030021 - 07 Mar 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2405
Abstract
This article describes the elemental composition of secondary structures formed on the steel contact surface during wear test against experimental Al alloys. Wear tests were carried out according to the rotating steel roller-fixed shoe of an antifriction alloy scheme under boundary lubrication conditions. [...] Read more.
This article describes the elemental composition of secondary structures formed on the steel contact surface during wear test against experimental Al alloys. Wear tests were carried out according to the rotating steel roller-fixed shoe of an antifriction alloy scheme under boundary lubrication conditions. The duration of the test was 40 h, and motor oil M14V2 was used as a lubricant. The microstructure and elemental characterization of the steel surface before and after the tribological test was obtained by scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDX. The simultaneous presence of various constituents of oil, steel, and Al alloys can produce both positive and negative effects on the friction characteristic of the tribosystem. It was shown that presence of Mo, F, S, Si, Ni, and Cr have a favorable effect on the wear resistance of steel and the friction coefficient of the rubbing surfaces due to the formation of secondary structures with optimal composition. Full article
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25 pages, 2080 KiB  
Review
Adhesion and Friction for Three Tire Tread Compounds
by T. V. Tolpekina and B. N. J. Persson
Lubricants 2019, 7(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7030020 - 26 Feb 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7493
Abstract
We study the adhesion and friction for three tire tread rubber compounds. The adhesion study is for a smooth silica glass ball in contact with smooth sheets of the rubber in dry condition and in water. The friction studies are for rubber sliding [...] Read more.
We study the adhesion and friction for three tire tread rubber compounds. The adhesion study is for a smooth silica glass ball in contact with smooth sheets of the rubber in dry condition and in water. The friction studies are for rubber sliding on smooth glass, concrete, and asphalt road surfaces. We have performed the Leonardo da Vinci-type friction experiments and experiments using a linear friction tester. On the asphalt road, we also performed vehicle breaking distance measurements. The linear and non-linear viscoelastic properties of the rubber compounds were measured in shear and tension modes using two different Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) instruments. The surface topography of all surfaces was determined using stylus measurements and scanned-in silicon rubber replicas. The experimental data were analyzed using the Persson contact mechanics and rubber friction theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication of Viscoelastic Materials)
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