Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Different Honey Samples Collected in the Pre-Saharan Region in Algeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Samples Origin
2.2. Vegetation Study
2.3. Pollen Analysis
2.4. Physicochemical Analyses
2.5. Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Content
2.6. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds for LC-MS-MS Analysis
2.7. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis Conditions LC-MS-MS
2.8. Antioxidant Activity
2.8.1. DPPH Test
2.8.2. FRAP Test
2.9. Antibacterial Activity
2.9.1. Bacterial Strains
2.9.2. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Vegetation Features
3.2. Qualitative Pollen Analysis
3.3. Physicochemical Properties
3.4. Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Results
Total Phenolic Content
3.5. Phenolic Compounds LC-MS-MS Analysis
3.6. Antioxidant Activity
3.6.1. DPPH Test
3.6.2. FRAP Test
3.6.3. Correlation Analysis
3.6.4. Antibacterial Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples’ Number | Study Sites | Longitude | Latitude | Altitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
H01 | Ben Guecha | 7°18′28.1″ E | 34°12′07.2″ N | 28 m |
H02 | Oued El Alenda | 6°45′43.6″ E | 33°14′01.1″ N | 105 m |
H03 | Guemar | 6°49′47.1″ E | 33°32′06.7″ N | 61 m |
H04 | El Megrane | 6°51′49.6″ E | 34°04′56.0″ N | 70 m |
H05 | Debila | 6°57′16.5″ E | 33°31′22.8″ N | 65 m |
H06 | Reguiba | 6°42′44.4″ E | 33°33′55.6″ N | 59 m |
H07 | Ourmas | 6°46′38.4″ E | 33°24′22.5″ N | 80 m |
H08 | Hassi Khalifa | 7°01′31.8″ E | 33°42′24.6″ N | 31 m |
H09 | El Meghaier | 5°54′33.4″ E | 33°58′23.6″ N | 02 m |
H10 | Ogla | 6°59′42.7″ E | 33°08′50.1″ N | 89 m |
Family | Pollen Type | % | Pollen Class | Max % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predominant (P) | Secondary (S) | Important Minor (I) | Minor (M) | ||||
Apiaceae | Thapsia | 20 | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 1.98 |
Arecaceae * | Phoenix dactylifera * | 90 | --- | --- | 5 | 2 | 5.23 |
Asteraceae | Echinops | 50 | --- | --- | --- | 3 | 1.33 |
Centaurea | 30 | --- | --- | 3 | 2 | 8.11 | |
Scolymus | 40 | --- | --- | 1 | 2 | 3.65 | |
Calendula | 30 | --- | --- | 2 | 3 | 10.58 | |
Asteraceae | 80 | --- | 3 | 5 | --- | 30.74 | |
Boraginaceae | Echium | 10 | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 1.95 |
Boraginaceae | 30 | --- | --- | 1 | 2 | 6.94 | |
Brassicaceae | Diplotaxis | 60 | --- | --- | 3 | --- | 15.42 |
Brassicaceae | 30 | --- | 2 | 2 | 1 | 33.51 | |
Chenopodiaceae * | Chenopodiaceae * | 70 | --- | --- | 3 | 3 | 3.80 |
Cistaceae * | Cistus * | 30 | --- | --- | 2 | 1 | 4.35 |
Ericaceae | Ericaceae | 60 | --- | --- | 1 | 5 | 13.39 |
Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia sp. | 60 | --- | --- | 5 | 3 | 15.5 |
Fabaceae | Ononis | 10 | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 1.39 |
Retama retam | 50 | --- | --- | 5 | --- | 16.54 | |
Acacia | 10 | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 1.23 | |
Fabaceae | 50 | --- | --- | 5 | --- | 16.54 | |
Liliaceae | Liliaceae | 10 | --- | --- | 1 | --- | 8.76 |
Malvaceae | Malva | 10 | --- | --- | 1 | --- | 3.12 |
Oleaceae | Olea europea * | 80 | --- | --- | --- | 8 | 2.88 |
Plantaginaceae * | Plantago * | 80 | --- | --- | 5 | 3 | 5.95 |
Poaceae * | Poaceae * | 90 | --- | --- | 3 | 6 | 7.60 |
Oxalidaceae | Oxalis | 10 | --- | --- | --- | 1 | 2.53 |
Resedaceae | Reseda alba | 40 | --- | --- | 1 | 3 | 5.23 |
Ranunculaceae | Ranunculaceae | 20 | --- | --- | --- | 2 | 1.20 |
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus lotus | 30 | 1 | --- | 2 | --- | 48.93 |
Rosaceae | Rosaceae | 50 | --- | --- | 1 | 4 | 6.24 |
Rutaceae | Citrus | 20 | --- | 2 | --- | --- | 20.9 |
Tamaricaceae | Tamarix | 90 | --- | --- | 2 | 6 | 8.97 |
Zygophylaceae | Peganum harmala | 30 | --- | --- | 2 | 1 | 3.65 |
Honey Samples | Pollen Type Classes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
>45% | 16–45% | 3–16% | <3% | |
H01 | Brassicaceae | Scolymus, Calendula, Chenopodiaceae, Plantago, Phoenix dactylifera, Retama retam, Boraginaceae | Ericaceae, Reseda alba, Poaceae, Tamarix, Olea europea, Echinops | |
H02 | Ziziphus lotus | Ericaceae, Cistus, Asteraceae, Plantago, Phoenix dactylifera | Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Peganum harmala, Tamarix, Poaceae, Thapsia, Euphorbia sp., Brassicaceae, Calendula, Echinops, Olea europea, Phoenix dactylifera, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rhenonculaceae | |
H03 | Asteraceae | Centaurea, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Plantago, Malva, Euphorbia sp., Asteracreae, Chenopodiaceae | Phoenix dactylifera, Oxalis, Brassicaceae, Euphorbia sp., Olea europea, Tamarix | |
H04 | Retama retam, Cistus, Peganum harmala, Euphorbia sp., Diplotaxix, Asteraceae, Ziziphus lotus, Plantago, Poaceae, Phoenix dactylifera | Chenopodiaceae, Ericaceae, Tamarix, Thapsia, Echinops, Olea europea, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Calendula | ||
H05 | Brassicaceae, Citrus | Ziziphus lotus, Calendula, Phoenix dactylifera, Euphorbia sp., Peganum harmala, Tamarix | Thapsia, Ononis, Echinops, Echium, Cistus, Ericaceae, Plantago, Olea europea, Rosaceae | |
H06 | Asteraceae | Calandula, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbia sp., Plantago, Boraginaceae, Diplotaxix | Cistus, Renonculaceae, Thapsia, Echinops, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Centaurea, Brassicaceae | |
H07 | Citrus | Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbia sp., Fabaceae, Retama retam, Phoenix dactylifera | Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Reseda alba, Tamarix, Olea europea, Scolymus, Poaceae, Calendula | |
H08 | Asteraceae | Centaurae, Brassicaceae, Plantago, other fabaceae, Liliaceae, Diplotaxix | Boraginaceae, Olea europea, Tamarix, Reseda alba, Euphorbia sp., Phoenix dactylifera, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae | |
H09 | Asteraceae | Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Reseda alba, Rosaceae, Tamarix, Reatama retam | Centaurea, Ericaceae, Plantago, Olea europea, Thapsia, Acacia, Calendula | |
H10 | Asteraceae, Centaurea, Retama retam, Fabaceae, citrus, Poaceae, Phoenix dactylifera, Chenopodiaceae | Scolymus, Euphorbia sp., Plantago, Tamarix, Olea europea |
Honey Samples | pH | Free Acidity (meq/kg) | Water Content (%) | Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm) | Color (Pfund Index) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H01 | 4.102 ± 0.013 d | 12.230 ± 0.020 b,c | 17.800 ± 0 b,c,d | 0.213 ± 0.005 g | 47.462 ± 0.030 i |
H02 | 3.944 ± 0.008 g | 25.300 ± 0.050 b,c | 18.600 ± 0.001 e | 0.254 ± 0.001 f,g | 109.856 ± 0.002 g |
H03 | 4.203 ± 0.011 c | 15.500 ± 0.090 a | 16.600 ± 0001 b | 0.235 ± 0.020 a | 159.993 ± 0.005 b |
H04 | 4.006 ± 0.017 e | 21.200 ± 0.060 g | 17.400 ± 0.006 bc | 0.240 ± 0.002 e,f,g | 80.144 ± 0.001 f |
H05 | 3.991 ± 0.013 e | 27.800 ± 0.050 b | 18.600 ± 0.001 c,d,e | 0.275 ± 0.004 d,e | 70.860 ± 0.002 g |
H06 | 4.016 ± 0.017 e | 20.820 ± 0.050 c | 19 ± 0.004 d,e | 0.268 ± 0.007 d,f,e | 129.911 ± 0.001 d |
H07 | 4.313 ± 0.011 a | 18.600 ± 0.020 f | 18.600 ± 0.006 a | 0.562 ± 0.008 d | 154.422 ± 0.003 c |
H08 | 4.373 ± 0.011 b | 16.980 ± 0.020 e | 14.200 ± 0.002 c,d,e | 0.290 ± 0.019 b | 171.135 ± 0.003 a |
H09 | 3.884 ± 0.015 f | 27.300 ± 0.080 e,f | 19.800 ± 0.001 c,d,e | 0.948 ± 0.005 d,e,f | 70.488 ± 0.006 e |
H10 | 4.086 ± 0.004 d | 20.000 ± 0.080 d | 17.800 ± 0.002 b,c,d | 0.520 ± 0.012 c | 67.888 ± 0.002 h |
Mean ± SD | 4.088 ± 0.127 | 20.573 ± 3,57 | 17.48 ± 1.08 | 0.381 ± 0.177 | 106.216 ± 38.84 |
F-value | 234.72 | 253.60 | 20.69 | 859.22 | 9458.41 |
Honey Samples | Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/100 g) | Total Flavonoids (mg QE/100 g) | DPPH, IC50 (mg/mL) | FRAP Assay (μM Fe(II)/Kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
H01 | 44.186 ± 0.006 j | 36.111 ± 0.004 h | 10.390 ± 0.040 a | 44.186 ± 0.030 a |
H02 | 75.609 ± 0.006 h | 48.777 ± 0.177 f | 23.950 ± 0.050 c | 75.609 ± 0.080 c |
H03 | 508.536 ± 0.006 b | 215.606 ± 0.128 b | 4.070 ± 0.080 j | 508.536 ± 0.070 h |
H04 | 289.635 ± 0.005 f | 20.444 ± 0.012 i | 10.490 ± 0.060 e | 289.634 ± 0.060 e |
H05 | 215.630 ± 0.001 g | 101.666 ± 0.012 c | 8.140 ± 0.080 d | 215.630 ± 0.070 d |
H06 | 318.097 ± 0.007 d | 74.888 ± 0.132 e | 6.395 ± 0.030 f | 381.097 ± 0.040 f |
H07 | 507.731 ± 0.006 c | 338.558 ± 0.002 d | 5.504 ± 0.030 g | 459.552 ± 0.030 g |
H08 | 459.552 ± 0.001 a | 94.777 ± 0.004 a | 3.117 ± 0.090 i | 570.731 ± 0.070 i |
H09 | 353.252 ± 0.001 e | 74.444 ± 0.012 e | 11.901 ± 0.070 h | 353.252 ± 0.030 e |
H10 | 63.617 ± 0.001 i | 45.555 ± 0.003 g | 6.677 ± 0.060 b | 63.617 ± 0.020 h |
Mean ± SD | 296.184 ± 158.440 | 105.088 ± 68.800 | 9.063 ± 4.090 | 123.796 ± 45.290 |
F-value | 163,983.77 | 28,334.9 | 39,962.48 | 10,479.04 |
Compound Name. | Charge +/− | Precursor m/z | Product m/z | H01 | H02 | H03 | H04 | H05 | H06 | H07 | H08 | H09 | H10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetylsalicylic Acid | [MH]+ | 181.1 | 98.59 131 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
Cinnamic Acid | [MH]+ | 149.1 | 77.2 | D | D | D | D | ND | D | ND | D | D | D |
p-Coumaric Acid | [MH]+ | 165.1 | 59.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
Gallic Acid | [MH]− | 168.8 | 125.1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
Caffeic Acid | [MH]− | 178.8 | 135.1 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | ND | D | D |
Chlorogenic Acid | [MH]+ | 355 | 73.15 | D | D | D | ND | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Chrysin | [MH]+ | 255.1 | 223.3 207.25 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
4-Hydroxycoumarin | [MH]− | 160.8 | 117.1 | D | D | D | ND | D | D | ND | ND | ND | D |
Esculin | [MH]+ | 341.3 | 309.4 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Butylhydroxyanisole | [MH]+ | 181.1 | 99.15 81.05 | ND | D | D | D | D | ND | D | D | D | ND |
Kaempferol | [MH]+ | 287.1 | 255.25 | D | D | D | D | D | D | ND | D | D | D |
Lawsone | [MH]+ | 175.1 | 134.2 | D | D | D | ND | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Naringenin | [MH]+ | 273.1 | 191.1 232.2 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | ND |
Quercetin | [MH]+ | 303.1 | 262.2 | ND | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Resorcinol | [MH]+ | 111.1 | 79.15 | D | D | ND | D | D | ND | D | D | D | D |
Rutin | [MH]+ | 611.2 | 73.2 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Vanillin | [MH]+ | 153.1 | 71.15 | ND | ND | ND | D | D | ND | D | D | D | D |
Verbascoside | [MH]+ | 625.2 | 593.4 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Butylated hydroxytoluene | [MH]+ | 221 | 161.3 203.25 | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | D | D | D | D | ND |
Myricetin | [MNH4]+ | 336.2 | 46.15 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Honey Sample/Bacteria Strain | E. coli | S. aureus | L. innocua | B. subtilis | M. luteus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H01 | 5% | 50% | 25% | 75% | 75% |
H02 | 75% | 5% | 25% | 75% | 75% |
H03 | 2% | 25% | 25% | 100% | 75% |
H04 | 25% | 5% | 50% | N I | N I |
H05 | 25% | 50% | 50% | 100% | N I |
H06 | N I | 5% | 25% | 100% | N I |
H07 | 75% | 50% | 25% | 50% | N I |
H08 | 25% | 5% | 25% | N I | 50% |
H09 | 50% | 5% | 25% | 100% | N I |
H10 | 100% | 75% | 25% | N I | N I |
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Ben Amor, S.; Mekious, S.; Allal Benfekih, L.; Abdellattif, M.H.; Boussebaa, W.; Almalki, F.A.; Ben Hadda, T.; Kawsar, S.M.A. Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Different Honey Samples Collected in the Pre-Saharan Region in Algeria. Life 2022, 12, 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070927
Ben Amor S, Mekious S, Allal Benfekih L, Abdellattif MH, Boussebaa W, Almalki FA, Ben Hadda T, Kawsar SMA. Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Different Honey Samples Collected in the Pre-Saharan Region in Algeria. Life. 2022; 12(7):927. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070927
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen Amor, Safia, Scherazad Mekious, Leila Allal Benfekih, Magda H. Abdellattif, Walid Boussebaa, Faisal A. Almalki, Taibi Ben Hadda, and Sarkar M. A. Kawsar. 2022. "Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Different Honey Samples Collected in the Pre-Saharan Region in Algeria" Life 12, no. 7: 927. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12070927