High Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration as a Prognostic Biomarker of the High Risk of Luminal Breast Cancer Relapse: A Six-Year Comprehensive Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Treatment Standards
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Follow-Up and Survival Status
2.5. Blood Analysis
2.5.1. Serum Leptin Measurement
2.5.2. Serum Adiponectin Analysis
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Leptin Levels before and after Treatment with Respect to Clinical Parameters
3.3. Clinical Presentation of Patients in Relation to Pre- and Post-Treatment Adiponectin Concentrations
3.4. Relationships between Clinicopathological Features and between Adipokines Concentrations
3.5. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis of Adipokines before Treatment
3.6. Survival Analysis Regarding Pre-Treatment Adipokines
3.7. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis of Adipokines after Treatment
3.8. Survival Analysis Regarding Post-Treatment Adipokines
3.9. Association of Adipokines with Disease-Free Survival in Linear Regression
4. Discussion
4.1. Pre- and Post-Treatment Leptin and Adiponectin Values in Relation to Demographic, Anthropometric and Clinicopathological Characteristics
4.2. Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration as a Predictor of Relapse
4.3. Strengths and Limitation of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic and Clinical Data | Number of Patients (%) |
---|---|
Age | |
<55 years | 35 (50%) |
>55 years | 35 (50%) |
Menopausal status | |
pre-menopausal | 26 (37%) |
post-menopausal | 44 (63%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |
Normal (18.5 ≤ 24.99) | 34 (48.6%) |
Overweight (25 ≤ 29.99) | 23 (32.8%) |
Obese (30 ≤ 39.99) | 13 (18.6%) |
Parity status | |
0 | 6 (9%) |
1–2 | 50 (71%) |
3 and more | 14 (20%) |
Localization of tumour | |
Right breast | 36 (51%) |
Left breast | 34 (49%) |
Diameter of the tumour | |
<2 cm | 48 (69%) |
>2 cm <5 cm | 22 (31%) |
Lymph node status | |
N0 | 53 (76%) |
N1 | 17 (24%) |
Histological type | |
IDC | 61 (87%) |
ILC | 9 (13%) |
TNM staging classification | |
T1 | 48 (69%) |
T2 | 22 (31%) |
Grade according to Elston-Ellis | |
1 + 2 | 61 (87%) |
3 | 9 (13%) |
Molecular type | |
Luminal A (HR+/HER2−/Ki-67 < 20%) | 50 (71%) |
Luminal B (HR+/HER2−/Ki-67 ≥ 20%) | 16 (23%) |
Luminal B HER2+ (HR+ HER2+) | 4 (6%) |
Staging | |
I | 35 (50%) |
II | 35 (50%) |
Progesterone receptor (PR) | |
Negative | 5 (7%) |
Positive | 65 (93%) |
E-cadherin | |
Negative | 5 (7%) |
Positive | 65 (93%) |
Ki-67 | |
<20% | 50 (71%) |
≥20 % | 20 (29%) |
Analyzed Parameters/ Number of Patients | Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age <55 years 35 ≥55 years 35 | p = 0.1130 8.43 4.00/16.92 12.55 7.67/20.78 | p = 0.6956 21.17 13.02/34.39 25.07 14.17/32.97 | 0.0003 0.0025 |
BMI (kg/m2) Normal (18.5 ≤ 24.99) 34 Overweight (25 ≤ 29.99) 23 Obese (30 ≤ 39.99) 13 | p < 0.0001 6.11 3.12/9.70 14.79 9.60/20.64 25.26 16.92/30.93 | p = 0.2419 16.99 9.56/32.97 24.23 16.54/32.17 26.88 19.50/42.95 | 0.0001 0.0051 0.3824 |
Menopausal status Premenopausal 26 Postmenopausal 44 | p = 0.2166 6.99 3.87/18.60 12.58 6.73/19.40 | p = 0.9416 23.51 14.06/37.45 23.93 12.94/32.61 | 0.0019 0.0005 |
Parity status 0 6 1–2 50 3 and more 14 | p = 0.8361 7.84 5.57/14.41 12.55 5.69/19.31 12.38 4.92/16.92 | p = 0.1044 15.67 9.56/19.23 22.94 12.41/32.17 29.83 21.37/39.42 | 0.3454 0.0011 0.0015 |
Postmenopausal hormone therapy No 59 Yes 11 | p = 0.6971 12.45 5.13/19.31 7.67 5.26/15.68 | p = 0.1947 25.36 13.62/38.30 18.76 13.23/21.87 | <0.0001 0.5754 |
Localization of the tumour Right breast 36 Left breast 34 | p = 0.6974 12.04 5.57/17.89 12.38 5.26/19.21 | p = 0.6874 25.06 13.62/38.30 22.08 13.56/32.79 | 0.0001 0.0086 |
Diameter of the tumour <2 cm 48 ≥2 cm < 5 cm 22 | p = 0.3855 9.60 4.60/19.40 13.57 7.79/17.89 | p = 0.9187 24.50 14.34/32.79 21.30 10.08/36.60 | <0.0001 0.0186 |
Lymph node status N0 53 N1 17 | p = 0.8458 11.89 5.34/19.21 12.63 4.60/16.92 | p = 0.1854 20.46 12.94/32.17 28.56 18.86/45.77 | 0.0007 0.0005 |
TNM staging classification T1 48 T2 22 | p = 0.3818 9.60 4.60/19.40 13.57 7.79/17.89 | p = 0.9133 24.50 14.34/32.79 21.30 10.08/36.60 | <0.0001 0.0186 |
Grade according to Elston-Ellis 1 + 2 61 3 9 | p = 0.6495 12.38 5.57/19.21 10.07 3.61/20.40 | p = 0.1254 20.46 12.94/32.61 31.25 26.58/40.63 | <0.0001 0.0281 |
Histological type Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 61 Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) 9 | p = 0.0595 12.61 6.11/19.40 5.57 2.83/11.56 | p = 0.0729 24.77 14.50/36.60 10.08 6.87/25.35 | <0.0001 0.0858 |
Molecular type Luminal A (HR+/HER2-/Ki-67 < 20%) 50 Luminal B (HR+/HER2-/Ki-67 ≥ 20%) 16 Luminal B HER2 + (HR+ HER2+) 4 | p = 0.9479 12.55 5.46/18.69 9.70 4.00/19.21 12.85 4.75/20.40 | p = 0.7267 23.93 14.49/32.97 21.73 9.22/33.86 20.40 7.31/35.67 | 0.0001 0.0409 0.0679 |
Staging I 35 II 35 | p = 0.7299 9.19 4.85/20.71 12.63 6.17/17.89 | p = 0.3657 20.46 13.90/31.00 25.54 12.94/42.95 | 0.0055 0.0001 |
Progesterone receptor Negative 5 Positive 65 | p = 0.4381 9.50 7.79/9.70 12.55 5.26/19.40 | p = 0.1460 43.02 27.41/51.50 22.79 13.62/32.17 | 0.0431 <0.0001 |
E-cadherin Negative 5 Positive 65 | p = 0.0611 3.12 2.83/4.43 12.55 6.11/19.21 | p = 0.0350 8.74 5.91/10.08 24.77 14.50/32.97 | 0.3452 <0.0001 |
Ki-67 (%) <20 50 ≥20 20 | p = 0.4450 12.21 4.92/17.89 13.40 6.17/23.88 | p = 0.6204 20.46 13.62/32.61 26.12 14.48/38.01 | 0.0002 0.0038 |
Feature/ Number of Patients | Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Surgery BCS + Radiotherapy − BCT 56 Mastectomy 14 | p = 0.1058 9.55 3.06/14.87 12.63 6.11/20.64 | p = 0.9101 23.09 10.92/36.6 24.23 14.17/32.61 | 0.0019 0.0002 |
Chemotherapy Anthracykline 23 Non-anthracycline 4 No 43 | p = 0.0967 8.11 3.56/15.90 14.43 4.35/28.24 13.53 6.11/20.64 | p = 0.6341 24.77 9.69/38.30 31.25 19.28/40.44 22.79 14.50/32.17 | 0.0006 0.1441 0.0019 |
Endocrine therapy Tamoxifen 40 Inhibitor aromatase 17 Tamoxifen and inhibitor aromatase 7 Other type 4 No 2 | p = 0.5685 13.08 6.14/19.93 11.56 4.92/17.89 14.79 4.60/23.60 3.93 2.59/5.26 8.55 2.68/14.41 | p = 0.2121 19.52 11.05/31.78 25.73 14.49/41.43 32.61 22.79/49.50 23.06 13.73/30.34 17.44 15.65/19.23 | 0.0319 0.0012 0.0180 0.1797 0.1797 |
Feature/ Number of Patients | Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration (ng/mL) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Monotherapy | p = 0.0986 | p = 0.7621 | |
2 | 8.55 | 17.44 | 0.1797 |
Combination therapies with | 2.68/14.41 | 15.65/19.23 | |
chemotherapy | 8.11 | 25.35 | 0.0002 |
26 | 3.72/16.92 | 9.69/38.30 | |
Combination therapies with hormone therapy | 13.53 | 23.09 | |
42 | 6.73/20.64 | 14.49/32.61 | 0.0030 |
Analyzed Parameters/ Number of Patients | Pre-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration (ng/mL) | Post-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration (ng/mL) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age <55 years 35 ≥55 years 35 | p = 0.5368 26.25 (7.22) 27.41 (8.05) | p = 0.7667 31.88 (10.07) 31.06 (11.89) | 0.0087 0.0358 |
BMI (kg/m2) Normal (18.5 ≤ 24.99) 34 Overweight (25 ≤ 29.99) 23 Obese (30 ≤ 39.99) 13 | p = 0.031 29.26 (6.41) 24.91 (8.32) 23.79 (7.82) | p = 0.0009 36.72 (9.63) 27.82 (8.85) 25.74 (12.40) | 0.0012 0.2736 0.3109 |
Menopausal status Premenopausal 26 Postmenopausal 44 | p = 0.4512 25.89 (7.56) 27.37 (7.69) | p = 0.1788 33.87 (10.37) 30.08 (11.18) | 0.0015 0.0908 |
Parity status 0 6 1–2 50 3 and more 14 | p = 0.0385 28.84 (6.62) 28.12 (7.34) 22.1 (7.67) | p = 0.4023 36.79 (7.97) 31.35 (11.24) 29.53 (11.08) | 0.0277 0.0447 0.033 |
Postmenopausal hormone therapy No 59 Yes 11 | p = 0.3383 26.44 (7.68) 28.86 (7.28) | p = 0.2784 32.01 (10.30) 27.49 (15.22) | 0.0005 0.5754 |
Localization of the tumour Right breast 36 Left breast 34 | p = 0.8924 26.71 (7.31) 26.97 (8.02) | p = 0.4601 32.43 (11.19) 30.42 (10.80) | 0.0071 0.0378 |
Diameter of the tumour < 2 cm 48 ≥2 cm < 5 cm 22 | p = 0.2570 27.58 (7.65) 25.32 (7.49) | p = 0.8556 31.63 (11.73) 31.11 (9.50) | 0.0330 0.0033 |
Lymph node status N0 53 N1 17 | p = 0.2285 26.18 (7.91) 28.77 (6.49) | p = 0.4353 30.86 (10.99) 33.34 (11.04) | 0.0057 0.0494 |
TNM staging classification T1 48 T2 22 | p = 0.2570 27.58 (7.65) 25.32 (7.49) | p = 0.8556 31.63 (11.73) 31.11 (9.50) | 0.0330 0.0033 |
Grade according to Elston-Ellis 1 + 2 61 3 9 | p = 0.7517 26.95 (7.56) 26.03 (8.53) | p = 0.5338 31.14 (11.03) 33.74 (10.92) | 0.0056 0.0180 |
Histological type Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 61 Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) 9 | p = 0.1051 26.24 (7.77) 30.67 (5.40) | p = 0.0839 30.53 (11.17) 37.33 (7.66) | 0.0047 0.0506 |
Molecular type Luminal A (HR+/HER2-/Ki-67 < 20%) 50 Luminal B (HR+/HER2-/Ki-67 ≥ 20%) 16 Luminal B HER2 + (HR+ HER2+) 4 | p = 0.1418 27.91 (7.60) 24.78 (7.01) 21.66 (8.16) | p = 0.5357 30.89 (11.86) 33.91 (8.40) 28.22 (9.57) | 0.1234 0.0018 0.0679 |
Staging I 35 II 35 | p = 0.9218 26.93 (8.09) 26.75 (7.27) | p = 0.7694 31.05 (11.99) 31.85 (10.07) | 0.098 0.0015 |
Progesterone receptor Negative 5 Positive 65 | p = 0.8164 27.61 (3.00) 26.77 (7.88) | p = 0.7871 30.17 (4.80) 31.56 (11.34) | 0.3452 0.0012 |
E-cadherin Negative 5 Positive 65 | p = 0.0775 32.62 (7.66) 26.37 (7.66) | p = 0.0202 42.3 (6.80) 30.57 (10.8) | 0.0431 0.0042 |
Ki-67 (%) <20 50 ≥20 20 | p = 0.1076 27.75 (7.40) 24.36 (7.85) | p = 0.4026 30.71 (11.30) 33.19 (10.21) | 0.0564 0.0038 |
ROC Data | Destimulant | Destimulant |
---|---|---|
Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration ng/mL | Pre-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration ng/mL | |
AUC | 0.599 | 0.573 |
Youden index | 0.34 | 0.21 |
Cut-off point | 16.92 | 28.49 |
Sensitivity (%) | 100.0 | 77.8 |
Specificity (%) | 34.5 | 43.1 |
Positive predictive value (%) | 19.1 | 17.5 |
Negative predictive value (%) | 100.0 | 92.6 |
Accuracy (%) | 43.3 | 47.8 |
p-value | 0.2497 | 0.5007 |
Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration ng/mL | Pre-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration ng/mL | |
---|---|---|
Medians | 12.38 | 27.2 |
ROC cut-off points | 16.92 | 28.49 |
ROC Data | Stimulant | Destimulant |
---|---|---|
Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration ng/mL | Post-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration ng/mL | |
AUC | 0.78 | 0.524 |
Youden index | 0.54 | 0.29 |
Cut-off point | 26.88 | 32.88 |
Sensitivity (%) | 88.9 | 77.8 |
Specificity (%) | 64.9 | 50.9 |
Positive predictive value (%) | 28.6 | 20.0 |
Negative predictive value (%) | 97.4 | 93.5 |
Accuracy (%) | 68.2 | 54.5 |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.7886 |
Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration ng/mL | Post-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration ng/mL | |
---|---|---|
Medians | 23.66 | 32.37 |
ROC cut-off points | 26.88 | 32.88 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Treatment Leptin Concentration | Beta p-value | 0.0665 0.6010 | 0.0247 0.8991 | −0.2997 0.8782 | −0.0793 0.6486 |
Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration | Beta p-value | −0.3274 0.0078 | −0.3895 0.0031 | −0.2979 0.0324 | −0.2413 0.0502 |
Pre-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration | Beta p-value | 0.1195 0.3390 | 0.1743 0.2074 | 0.2153 0.1211 | 0.1372 0.2807 |
Post-Treatment Adiponectin Concentration | Beta p-value | 0.008 0.9496 | 0.076 0.5946 | 0.0109 0.9404 | 0.0892 0.4901 |
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Kwiatkowska, K.; Rhone, P.; Wrzeszcz, K.; Ruszkowska-Ciastek, B. High Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration as a Prognostic Biomarker of the High Risk of Luminal Breast Cancer Relapse: A Six-Year Comprehensive Study. Life 2022, 12, 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122063
Kwiatkowska K, Rhone P, Wrzeszcz K, Ruszkowska-Ciastek B. High Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration as a Prognostic Biomarker of the High Risk of Luminal Breast Cancer Relapse: A Six-Year Comprehensive Study. Life. 2022; 12(12):2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122063
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwiatkowska, Katarzyna, Piotr Rhone, Katarzyna Wrzeszcz, and Barbara Ruszkowska-Ciastek. 2022. "High Post-Treatment Leptin Concentration as a Prognostic Biomarker of the High Risk of Luminal Breast Cancer Relapse: A Six-Year Comprehensive Study" Life 12, no. 12: 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122063