Hydrodynamic Hysteresis and Solute Transport in Agglomerated Heaps under Irrigation, Stacking, and Bioleaching Controlling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ore Samples and Its Agglomeration Condition
2.2. Real-Time, In-Situ Liquid Retention Characterizing System (RILRCS)
2.3. Experimental Scheme and Design
2.4. Key Parameters of Liquid Retention and Solute Transports
2.4.1. Liquid Holdup (θ) and Residual Liquid Holdup (θresidual)
2.4.2. Solute Transport and Resident Parameters
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Key Parameters under Geometric Mean Diameter (Rg) and Superficial Flow Rate (u)
- (1)
- Cupric ionic concentration/copper extraction rate
- (2)
- Bacterial concentration
- (3)
- pH/Eh value
3.2. Dynamic Liquid Retention Behavior under Different Leaching Condition
- (1)
- Effect of geometric mean diameter (Rg) on dynamic liquid retention
- (2)
- Effect of superficial flow rate (u) on dynamic liquid retention
3.3. Response of Solute Transport to Dynamic Liquid Retention of Agglomerated Heaps
- (1)
- Effect of superficial flow rate
- (2)
- Effect of inter-/intra-aggregate pores
- (3)
- Effect of geometric mean diameter
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The dynamic liquid holdup is carefully quantified via RILRCS system, the copper extraction rate is higher when the WAs diameter is smaller (10.32 mm). Increasing the surficial flow rate could decease the ratio of immobile and mobile liquid (η);
- (2)
- The RTD results show that increasing intra- porosity of agglomerated heaps and superficial flow rate could extend solute residence time. However, the excessive superficial flow rate easily results in preferential flow formation and low copper leaching rate;
- (3)
- Leaching reaction tends to promote the proportion of mobile liquid, and increase the peak liquid holdup value. The leaching reaction tends to develop the flow paths, which is mainly shown as the reduction of η.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Factors | Packed Feed Type | Geometric Mean Diameter (mm) | Superficial Flow Rate (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pulse Tracing Experiment (PTE) | Packed feed types | Solid glass beads | 16.02 | 0.10 |
Crushed ore | 16.02 | 0.10 | ||
Well-shaped agglomerations (WAs) | 16.02 | 0.10 | ||
Geometric mean diameter of packed feeds | WAs | 10.32 | 0.10 | |
WAs | 16.02 | 0.10 | ||
WAs | 24.36 | 0.10 | ||
Superficial flow rate (Irrigation rate) | WAs | 16.02 | 0.01 | |
WAs | 16.02 | 0.02 | ||
WAs | 16.02 | 0.05 | ||
WAs | 16.02 | 0.10 | ||
Column Leaching Experiment (CLE) | Geometric mean diameter of packed feeds | WAs | 10.32 | 0.10 |
WAs | 16.02 | 0.10 | ||
WAs | 24.36 | 0.10 | ||
Superficial flow rate (Irrigation rate) | WAs | 16.02 | 0.01 | |
WAs | 16.02 | 0.02 | ||
WAs | 16.02 | 0.05 | ||
WAs | 16.02 | 0.10 |
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Wang, L.; Yin, S.; Zhang, X.; Yan, Z.; Liao, W. Hydrodynamic Hysteresis and Solute Transport in Agglomerated Heaps under Irrigation, Stacking, and Bioleaching Controlling. Minerals 2022, 12, 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121623
Wang L, Yin S, Zhang X, Yan Z, Liao W. Hydrodynamic Hysteresis and Solute Transport in Agglomerated Heaps under Irrigation, Stacking, and Bioleaching Controlling. Minerals. 2022; 12(12):1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121623
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Leiming, Shenghua Yin, Xuelan Zhang, Zepeng Yan, and Wensheng Liao. 2022. "Hydrodynamic Hysteresis and Solute Transport in Agglomerated Heaps under Irrigation, Stacking, and Bioleaching Controlling" Minerals 12, no. 12: 1623. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121623