Relationship between Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentrations of Flax
by
, and
Yaping Xie
1,2,
Lingling Li
2,3,
Limin Wang
1,
Jianping Zhang
1,*,
Zhao Dang
1,
Wenjuan Li
1,
Yanni Qi
1,
Wei Zhao
1,
Kongjun Dong
1,
Xingrong Wang
1,
Yanjun Zhang
1,
Xiucun Zeng
4,
Yangchen Zhou
2,
Xingzhen Wang
1,
Linrong Shi
5 and
Gang Wu
6 1
Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GASS), Lanzhou 730070, China
2
College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University (GSAU), Lanzhou 730070, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University (GSAU), Lanzhou 730070, China
4
Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
5
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University (GSAU), Lanzhou 730070, China
6
Zhangye Water-Saving Agricultural Experimental Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GAAS), Zhangye 734000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030856
Submission received: 29 January 2023
/
Revised: 9 March 2023
/
Accepted: 13 March 2023
/
Published: 15 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Nutrient Requirements and Advanced Fertilizer Management Strategies)
Abstract
:Tools quantifying phosphorus (P) status in plants help to achieve efficient management and to optimize crop yield. The objectives of this study were to establish the relationship between P and nitrogen (N) concentrations of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) during the growth season to determine the critical P concentration for diagnosing P deficiency. Field experiments were arranged as split plots based on a randomized complete block design. Phosphorus levels (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kgP2O5 ha−1) were assigned to the main plots, and cultivars (Dingya 22, Lunxuan 2, Longyaza 1, Zhangya 2, and Longya 14) were allocated to the subplots. Shoot biomass (SB) and P and N concentrations were determined at 47, 65, 74, 98, and 115 days after emergence. Shoot biomass increased, while P and N concentrations and the N:P ratio declined with time in each year. The P concentration in respect of N concentration was described using a liner relationship (P = 0.05, N + 1.68, R2 = 0.76, p < 0.01) under non-limiting P conditions, in which the concentrations are expressed in g kg−1 dry matter (DM). The N:P ratio was fitted to a second-order polynomial equation (N:P = 11.56 × SB−0.1, R2 = 0.71, p = 0.03), based on the SB of flax. This research first developed a predictive model for critical P concentration in flax, as a function of N concentration in shoots of flax. The critical P concentration can be used as a promising alternative tool to quantify the degree of P deficiency of flax during the current growing season.
1. Introduction
Rock phosphate reserves are finite, non-renewable, and rapidly shrinking due to use in phosphorus (P) fertilizers [1]. Further, with the growing human population, the oversupply of P fertilizers in agriculture to maximize crop yield has resulted in a series of environmental, ecological, and human health issues [2,3]. Therefore, diagnosing P nutrient status and optimizing P fertilizer management have become important topics in agriculture production.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oil crop and is used as an industrial material [4,5]. Many studies have shown that improving the productivity of flax to meet growing demands is worth investigating as flaxseed has functional nutritional ingredients for human health [4,5], flax oil is used in biodiesel production [6,7,8,9], and flax shives are used as a biosorbent and biochar after processing of fiber [10,11]. Thereafter, precise management of P fertilization of flax has become a core area of research [12].
A method to diagnose P nutrition, based on the relationship between P and N concentrations during growth, was proposed earlier on the basis of the relationship between P and N concentrations during growth [13]. A number of researchers have documented that N and P concentrations decrease with increasing plant biomass during crop growth [14,15,16]. With the dilution of N and P in plant biomass, P concentrations decrease when N is limiting [17]. The positive relationship between P and N concentrations was proposed by Kamprath [18] and reflects the dilution of both elements with increasing shoot biomass as well as indicating the effect of crop N status on P absorption in plants. The relationship between shoot N and P concentrations has also been reported in wheat [19,20,21], maize [22], rapeseed [23], and forage grasses [15,24]. The coupling of P and N is carried out through different mechanisms, such as N availability in accelerating P cycling [25], the availability of P on N cycling [26,27] and the control of biological N fixation [28]. Furthermore, P regulates N uptake and translocation, and vice versa [14,17,29]. Given the close balance and synergy of N and P in crops [14,30], it is crucial to assess the level of N deficiency and estimate the critical P concentration. At the same time, due to the decrease in N and P concentrations with increasing shoot biomass, use of the N:P ratio was also proposed for diagnostic purposes [13]. Use of the N:P ratio to detect the nature of nutrient limitations was also proposed by Koerselman and Meuleman [31] on natural ecosystems and by Sinclair et al. [32] on cut white clover/ryegrass swards. Moreover, Güsewell [14] and Greenwood et al. [33] reported that the N to P ratio decreases as plants grow larger. This could be because the relative decline in P concentration is lower compared to that in N concentration [24,33]. The necessity of a multi-element integrated approach to nutrition in crops is highlighted by the interaction between N and P in crops [16]. However, this relationship between P and N concentrations in shoots of flax under different P fertilization levels and the application of this the relationship in evaluating the critical P concentration have not been extensively studied in flax.
The objectives of this study were to elucidate the relationship between P and N concentrations of flax using data from experiments with five P rates, and with various flax cultivars grown under non-limiting P conditions. Specifically, we wanted to determine the critical P concentration using the relationship for shoot growth, which could be used to diagnose and quantify P deficiency in flax.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description, Experimental Design and Treatments
Field experiments 1 and 2 were conducted at Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Science (34.26° N, 103.52° E, and altitude 2060 m) in 2017 and 2018 in Gansu, China; experiments 3 and 4 were carried out at Yongdeng (36°02′ N, 103°40′ E, altitude 2149 m) in 2018 and 2019, in Gansu, China. The two sites have a continental climate. The soil type is Arenosols [19]. Wheat was the previous crop for the four experiments.
Monthly mean temperatures over the growing season, from March to August, ranged from −4 to 26 °C at Dingxi and from −5 to 26 °C at Yongdeng. The lowest temperature was recorded in March and the highest value in July for the four-year sites. The monthly mean temperatures each year was close to the long-term average (30 yr). In brief, total precipitation over the growing season in March to August was from 264 to 259 mm at Dingxi and from 275 to 262 mm at Yongdeng.
The experiments were arranged as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates, with a plot size of 5.0 m × 4.0 m. Five P rates (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1) were assigned to the main plots, with five cultivars (Dingxi: Lunxuan 2 and Dingya 22; and Yongdeng: Longyaza 1, Zhangya 2, and Longya 14, respectively) allocated to the subplots. Urea, calcium superphosphate, and potassium sulfate were incorporated into the top 30 cm of soil prior to sowing. The K rate was 52.5 kg K2O ha−1, and the N rate was 80 kg N ha−1 to flax. All of the P and K was used as the base fertilizer for flax while 75% of N was applied as the base fertilizer before sowing, and 25% as topdressing at the budding stage. The crop was only irrigated once, prior to flowering, and each plot received 40 mm of irrigation with pipes of 13 cm in diameter. A water meter installed at the discharging end of the pipes measured and recorded the amount of irrigation. Other crop management procedures followed along local agricultural practices to ensure maximum potential productivity.
2.2. Preplant Soil Sampling and Analysis
The soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–30 cm before the application of P fertilizer and were air dried. Soil pH was determined using the solution of 10 g soil: 10 mL water [34]. The analysis of available P was determined using the Colorimetric Molybdenum-Blue method according to Olsen et al. [35]. The micro-Kjeldahl method was used to quantify total N concentration [36]. Available K was measured by flame emission spectroscopy [36]. In brief, the basic information of soil in Dingxi of 2017 plots contains an organic matter of 10.2 g kg−1, alkali-hydrolyzable N of 48.9 mg kg−1, available P of 11.7 mg kg−1 and available K of 122.5 mg kg−1 and pH of 7.9. The soil in Dingxi of 2018 contains an organic matter of 11.0 g kg−1, alkali-hydrolyzable N of 50.6 mg kg−1, available P of 12.6 mg kg−1 and available K of 135.4 mg kg−1 and pH of 8.1. Additionally, the soil at Yongdeng was described as follows: an organic matter of 9.8 and 7.6 g kg−1, alkali-hydrolyzable N of 53.9 and 48.2 mg kg−1, available P of 8.0 and 8.7 mg kg−1 and available K of 178.3 and 141.6 mg kg−1, pH of 7.5 and 8.2 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. When P concentration is below 10 mg kg–1, it is considered low; the optimum soil P concentration is considered to be above 20 mg kg−1 [37].
2.3. Plant Sampling and Analysis
Each year growth period, 30 plants per plot were gathered to measure shoot biomass (SB) (namely, shoot dry matter), the P concentration and N concentration in shoot at 47, 65, 74, 98, and 115 days after emergence (DAE). At each year-site sampling date, 30 plants was randomly selected from the two central rows of a plot then separated above ground parts and roots. For chemical analysis, all above ground parts were rinsed with deionized water, then samples were oven-dried at 105 °C for half an hour, and then at 80 °C until they reached a constant weight and shoot biomass was weighed. The dry matter (DM) of shoot was ground to pass a 1 mm sieve for measuring P and N concentrations. The P and N concentrations were determined by the H2SO4-H2O2 digestion method, then P and N concentrations were quantified using the Colorimetric Molybdenum-Blue method [35] and the micro-Kjeldahl method [36], respectively.
Seed yield was measured in each plot by harvesting manually with a sickle.
2.4. Data Analysis
All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare differences between all studied parameters caused by the variation in P levels and cultivar, using the SPSS (version 19, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at a probability level of 5%. The differences among the treatments were calculated using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 95% confidence level. Different P levels and cultivars were investigated as fixed impacts when present in all experiments. The relationship between P and N concentrations under nonlimiting conditions was described by linear regressions of SPSS by a combined analysis. A non-P-limiting treatment was defined as one in which P application did not lead to an increase in shoot biomass; however, there was a significant increment in shoot P concentration (SPC). The critical P concentration, which is defined as the lowest P concentration required to obtained highest shoot growth [12].
The P nutrition index (PNI) was determined by dividing the P concentration in shoot by the critical P concentration, similar to an approach previously used on flax [12]. The relative shoot biomass (RSB) and relative seed yield (RY) were the rates of shoot biomass and seed yield gained for a given P level to their respective peak values observed at a specific year [12]. The coefficients of determination (R2) were calculated using SPSS 20.0.
3. Results
3.1. Shoot Biomass at Different P Levels
Phosphorus fertilization significantly improved the SB of flax in all years-sites excluded at 47 DAE (Table 1 and Table 2). Moreover, the SB of flax were not significant difference among P80, P120, and P160 treatments. Moreover, the SB increased gradually, as plants grew from 47 to 115 DAE. Over the two years, the average SB of Luanxuan 2 ranged in between 0.82 to 7.18 t ha−1 and Dingya 22 ranged within 0.92 to 7.22 t ha−1, while in case of Longyaza 1 ranged in between 0.82 and 7.26 t ha−1, Zhangya 2 ranged from 0.87 to 7.21 t ha−1, and Longya 14 varied from 0.91 to 7.38 t ha−1, respectively (data not shown).
The SB was affected by cultivar, the SB of Dingya 22 was greater than that of Lunxuan 2 at 98 DAE of 2017 and at 65 DAE of 2018 in Dingxi (Table 1), and Longya 14 had highest SB, moreover, there were significant difference among three cultivars at 98 DAE in Yongdeng of 2019 (Table 2). In addition, the interaction between cultivar and P influenced the SB. The relationship between SB and P rate over two cultivars at 65 DAE in Dingxi of 2018 can be described through the linear functions: SB = 0.398Prate + 1.054 (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01) in Dingxi of 2017 and SB = 0.360Prate + 1.075 (R2 = 0.88, p < 0.01). Additionally, the SB was affected by the interaction between cultivar and P rate at 115 DAE in Yongdeng of 2018, the relationship between SB and P rate over three cultivars can be described using the linear functions: SB = 0.595Prate + 4.615 (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.01).
3.2. Shoot P Concentration at Different P Levels
With the exception of sampling date at 47 DAE in each site-year and at 74 DAE in Dingxi of 2017, P fertilizer significantly influenced shoot P concentration of flax (Table 3 and Table 4). Nevertheless, there were no differences in shoot P concentration between P120 and P160 treatments in Dingxi and no differences in shoot P concentration among P80, P120, and P160 treatments in Yongdeng. In general, shoot P concentration increased with P levels, increasing at the same sampling date and the same cultivar. Averaged over the P40, P80, P120, and P160 treatments, the fertilized flax increased the P concentration in the shoot by 18, 18, 17, and 15% in Dingxi of 2017 and 2018, in Yongdeng of 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared with the zero P control. Furthermore, P concentration decreased with time from 47 DAE to 115 DAE. Across sampling dates and site years, P concentration ranged from 1.77 to 5.36 g kg−1 DM (data not shown).
The shoot P concentration was affected by cultivar, the P concentration of Dingya 22 was greater than that of Lunxuan 2 at 74 DAE of 2017 and at 65 DAE of 2018 in Dingxi (Table 3); and Zhangya 2 was observed the lowest P concentration at 65 DAE of 2018 and at 74 DAE of 2019 in Yongdeng (Table 4). Furthermore, cultivar and P interaction significantly affected the P concentration was at 74 DAE in Dingxi 2017, at 47 and 115 DAE of 2018 and at 65 DAE of 2019 in Yongdeng. The relationship between P concentration and P rate at 74 DAE over two cultivars can be described through the linear functions: Pconcentration = 0.213Prate + 2.097 (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) in Dingxi of 2017, and the relationship between P concentration and P rate over three cultivars can be described through the linear functions: Pconcentration = 0.187Prate + 4.261 (R2 = 0.88, p < 0.01), Pconcentration = 0.206Prate + 1.775 (R2 = 0.89, p < 0.01), and Pconcentration = 0.142Prate + 3.164 (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.01), at 47 and 115 DAE in 2018 and at 65 DAE of 2019 in Yongdeng, respectively.
3.3. Shoot N Concentration at Different P Levels
Shoot N concentration was significantly affected by P fertilization apart from at 47 DAE in each site-year and at 65 DAE in Yongdeng of 2019 (Table 5 and Table 6). Averaged over the P40, P80, P120, and P160 treatments, the fertilized flax increased the N concentration in shoot. Similar to shoot P concentration, shoot N concentration also decreased with plant growth from 47 to 115 DAE. In the study, over sampling dates all years, N concentration varied between 16.77 and 54.78 g kg−1 DM (Table 5 and Table 6).
The shoot N concentration was affected by cultivar at 74 DAE in Dingxi of 2017 (Table 5). In Yongdeng, N concentration was affected by cultivar at 74 DAE of 2019, Longyaza 1 exhibited the maximum value, followed by Longya 14 and Zhangya 2 (Table 6). Moreover, the interaction between cultivar and P rate impacted the N concentration at 98 DAE in Dingxi of 2018 and at 74 DAE in Yongdeng of 2019 (Table 5 and Table 6). The relationship between N concentration and P rate over two cultivars at 98 DAE of 2018 can be described through the linear functions: Nconcentration = 0.871Prate + 21.498 (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.01), and the relationship between N concentration and P rate over three cultivars at 74 DAE of 2019 can be described by the linear functions: Nconcentration = 0.782Prate + 27.053 (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.01).
3.4. Phosphorus and N Concentration Relationships in Shoot
This study was to elucidate the relationship between P and N concentrations of flax throughout the growing period, namely from 47 to 115 DAE under non-limiting P conditions. Hence, the data from the experiments conducted in Dingxi of 2017 and 2018 under non-limiting P conditions were pooled with data obtained under non-limiting P conditions in Yongdeng of 2018 and 2019. In the current, shoot N concentration increased with increasing P concentration at four sites-years. Obviously, the relationship between N and P concentrations in shoot under non-limiting P conditions can be described through the linear function: P = 0.05N + 1.68 (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.01) (Figure 1A), in which both concentrations are expressed in g kg−1 DM. This relationship approximates the critical P concentration under non-limiting P conditions that is, the minimum P concentration needed when attained the highest shoot growth.
3.5. Implications for P Diagnostic in Flax
The rate of N:P has also been suggested to diagnose purposes. In the present study, the N:P ratio declined with increasing biomass (R2 = 0.71, p = 0.027) (Figure 1B), similar to the changes trend of N and P concentrations. The N:P ratio was 11.56, corresponding to 1 t ha−1 DM, within the range of 10:20 (mass basis) reported to be optimal by Güsewell [14]. Moreover, the dilution coefficient of the N:P curve was 0.10.
To diagnose P nutrition status, the PNI and relative seed yield (RY) was applied for all sampling dates. The values of PNI < 1, P deficiency, while values > 1, P excess, and PNI was 1, P optimal. Our results showed that the relationship between the PNI and RY was well fitted using a second-order polynomial equation (RY = −1.58 PNI2 + 3.38 PNI − 0.82) (R2 = 0.88, p < 0.001) (Figure 2). Value PNI = 1, the RY was near 1.0, while PNI > 1 or PNI < 1, the RY reduced on the basis of those relationships. Those indicate that inadequate and excessive of P application both lower the RY, while the optimal P rate leads to the maximum RY.
4. Discussion
This study first suggests the notion of the critical P concentration through the relationship between P and N concentrations in shoot of flax to quantify the degree of P deficiency during the current growing season. This diagnostic model based on this relationship between P and N concentrations can be used to guide agricultural field production.
4.1. Shoot Dry Matter, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentrations
The values of shoot biomass on flax in the current study are lower than those reported by Flénet et al. [38] in a study conducted in northern France with four levels of fertilizer N. The growing season in Gansu, China, has cold and dry conditions. However, the water holding capacities of soils are great due to the cool and humid climate of northern France. Hence, there is little risk of water deficit. Irrigation was triggered when the soil water content of the 0–30 cm layer was below half of the soil water availability. Lower biomass in our study (ranged from 1 to 7 t ha−1) compared to those conducted in northern France (1 to 10 t ha−1) could be correlated with differences in water availability, cultivars, and fertilizer type.
Our results observed that P concentration in shoot varied from 1.77–5.36 g kg−1 DM from 47 to 115 DAE, namely seedling to maturity, which a wider range than those in C3 crops reported by Bélanger et al. [20] on wheat (1.6–4.6 g kg−1 DM) from vegetative to late heading stages of development in Canada and by Cadot et al. [39] of rapeseed (5.38–6.52 g kg−1 DM) between inflorescence emergence and ripening and of wheat (3.84–4.53 g kg−1 DM) between tillering and joint stage in Switzerland. This probably due to the following: (i) sampling dates were at different stages of growth and development among them, which might have caused the different the capability of uptake P; (ii) the difference may be correlated to species, of which organ weight ratios and P concentration of organs were significant different; and (iii) the difference could be correlated to environments, especial soils properties and soil microbial phosphorus. Further research is required to do for exploring the cause.
Shoot N concentration in flax ranged between 16.12 g kg−1 DM and 55.70 g kg−1 DM in our study, which a wider range than that reported on linseed in northern France [38], and others C3 crops, such as winter wheat in Canada (14.4–43.4 g kg−1 DM), in Finland (17.3–49.8 g kg−1 DM), and in China (17.3–32.6 g kg−1 DM) [20]. The difference among crops was probably explained with diversity in P and N absorption and utilization among different species with various organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs, and significant differences existing in N concentrations under the environment’s conditions.
In addition, the effect of cultivar and the interaction between cultivar and P doses on SB, N, and P concentrations were few, with a sampling date from 47 to 115 DAE. However, this study intended to elucidate the relationship between P and N concentrations of flax throughout the growing period under within a range of P levels, hence, we concentrated on analysis of the effect of P doses on SB, N, and P concentrations.
4.2. Diagnosis of Phosphorus Nutrition Status
Our results exhibited that the N and P concentrations in shoot of flax existed a significant positive correlation. This confirms the powerful inter-dependence between N and P in crops [40], as observed in previous studies on grasses [13,24], wheat leaves [19,22], grassland swards [15], and canola [20]. Additionally, in the present study, the value of N:P ratio is in the extent of reported previously in terrestrial plants (10–20) [14] and oilseed crops (1.5–20) [40]. These strongly supported the results of the present study.
In 2008, Greenwood et al. [33] established the unifying N:P dilution curve for several crops, in which assumed non-limiting nutrient availability. The N:P dilution curve in our study was higher than those developed by Greenwood et al. [33]. This is possibly due to differences in N and P requirements between flax and the others crop species. The N:P ratios in shoot of flax (11.56) are close to the value of 11.83 for growth-related tissues, identifying that the interpretation of the N:P ratio for diagnosis of N and P sufficiency must be closely connected to the biomass [15,33,37].
According to the opinion of Güsewell [14] there is a ‘critical N:P ratio’ below which growth is limited only by N and above which growth is limited only by P. In the current study, the N:P ratios in shoot were in the range of 10–20, which validates that N and P were in sufficiency for the data set used to develop the critical P concentration curve.
Our results clearly showed that there were significant quadratic relationships between PNI and relative seed yield. The quadratic relationships correlated to seed yield increased with the P fertilizer up to 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 and then declined with further P application rate. The positive effect of appropriate P application on seed yield may be a consequence of improving photosynthesis [41] and increasing photosynthesis efficiency [42]. Value of relative seed yield was 1, PNI was 1, and the seed yield reached the peak, P optimal; PNI > 1 or PNI < 1, P excess or deficiency, those production decreased. Obviously, P nutrition status can be estimated by sampling biomass of shoot and this would represent a fast and cost effective option. Therefore, our results showed that the relationship between the P and N concentrations provided tools to evaluate the critical P concentration, in turn, to assess P status of flax during growing season.
5. Conclusions
Effective management of P fertilizer is critical to crop production and environment. In the current study, the N and P concentrations as well as N:P ratio of shoot all declined with increasing shoot biomass. The positive relationship between P and N concentrations under non-limiting P conditions for shoot growth identified in the strong stoichiometry between P and N in flax. Moreover, studies showed that the relationship between P and N concentrations and the N:P ratio in shoot are potential indices of P nutrition sufficiency, however, considering in relation to shoot biomass amount. When PNI was 1, the maximum seed yield obtained. Therefore, the current study provides diagnosis tool by the relationship between P and N concentrations to estimate the critical P concentration for quantifying the degree of P deficiency in flax production. This tool can be used to adjust P fertilization in the following growing seasons for the species-specific condition at the pH approximately to 8 of soil.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, review and editing, Y.X. and J.Z.; Methodology, W.L.; Software, L.W., X.Z. and X.W. (Xingzhen Wang); Validation, Investigation, K.D., L.L., Z.D., Y.Q., X.W. (Xingrong Wang), Y.Z. (Yanjun Zhang), Y.Z. (Yangchen Zhou), L.S., G.W. and W.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the Key Research and Development Projects of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2021GAAS20), the National Natural Science Programs of China (31660368), the Major Special Projects of Gansu Province (21ZD4NA022-02), Gansu Intellectual Property Program (21ZSCQ026), and China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-17-GW-04).
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully thank the journal’s editors and two anonymous reviewers for offering some excellent, constructive suggestions for further improvement our manuscript. We also appreciate the support and help from Junyi Niu.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1.
Relationship between P and N concentrations in shoot (A) and between the ration N concentration to P concentration in shoot of flax under non-limiting P conditions (B). P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; SB, shoot biomass.
Figure 1.
Relationship between P and N concentrations in shoot (A) and between the ration N concentration to P concentration in shoot of flax under non-limiting P conditions (B). P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; SB, shoot biomass.
Figure 2.
Relationship between relative seed yield (RY) and phosphorus nutrition index (PNI) with five flax cultivars. The PNI data were averaged over three years and two sites.
Figure 2.
Relationship between relative seed yield (RY) and phosphorus nutrition index (PNI) with five flax cultivars. The PNI data were averaged over three years and two sites.
Table 1.
Shoot biomass (t ha−1) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 1.
Shoot biomass (t ha−1) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| 2017 | Lunxuan 2 | 1.22 | 2.03 | 3.56 | 4.68 b | 6.19 |
| Dingya 22 | 1.30 | 2.46 | 3.62 | 4.94 a | 6.33 | |
| 2018 | Lunxuan 2 | 1.13 | 2.00 b | 3.50 | 4.66 | 6.15 |
| Dingya 22 | 1.23 | 2.31 a | 3.59 | 4.74 | 6.21 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 0.89 | 1.30 c | 2.33 c | 3.41 c | 4.51 c | |
| P40 | 1.20 | 1.82 b | 3.11 b | 4.43 b | 5.51 b | |
| 2017 | P80 | 1.34 | 2.57 ab | 4.21 a | 5.40 a | 6.94 a |
| P120 | 1.43 | 2.72 a | 4.08 a | 5.42 a | 7.09 a | |
| P160 | 1.47 | 2.83 a | 4.25 a | 5.40 a | 7.26 a | |
| P0 | 0.85 | 1.30 c | 2.39 c | 3.21 | 4.49 c | |
| P40 | 1.17 | 1.70 b | 2.96 b | 3.96 | 5.47 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 1.28 | 2.52 a | 4.15 a | 5.44 | 6.79 a |
| P120 | 1.31 | 2.61 a | 4.12 a | 5.46 | 7.01 a | |
| P160 | 1.29 | 2.65 a | 4.12 a | 5.44 | 7.14 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.3142 | 0.5276 | 0.5441 | 0.0032 | 0.2183 | |
| 2017 | P | 0.5051 | 0.0042 | 0.0313 | 0.0113 | 0.0372 |
| C × P | 0.9011 | 0.0192 | 0.7465 | 0.7698 | 0.3521 | |
| C | 0.8326 | 0.0120 | 0.4798 | 0.5266 | 0.7145 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.1425 | <0.0001 | 0.0244 | 0.0158 | 0.0116 |
| C × P | 0.3764 | 0.0197 | 0.5218 | 0.2671 | 0.6899 | |
C, cultivar. P, phosphorus. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with a different letter in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
Table 2.
Shoot biomass (t ha−1) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 2.
Shoot biomass (t ha−1) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| Longyaza 1 | 1.22 | 2.46 | 3.55 | 4.68 | 6.48 | |
| 2018 | Zhangya 2 | 1.14 | 2.46 | 3.38 | 4.68 | 6.35 |
| Longya 14 | 1.27 | 2.60 | 3.57 | 4.63 | 6.55 | |
| Longyaza 1 | 1.18 | 2.44 | 3.51 | 4.48 c | 6.38 | |
| 2019 | Zhangya 2 | 1.22 | 2.51 | 3.49 | 4.66 b | 6.38 |
| Longya 14 | 1.17 | 2.49 | 3.74 | 4.83 a | 6.41 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 0.87 | 1.48 c | 2.38 c | 3.08 c | 4.87 c | |
| P40 | 1.09 | 1.97 b | 2.75 b | 4.06 b | 5.78 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 1.35 | 2.95 ab | 4.09 a | 5.34 a | 7.10 ab |
| P120 | 1.35 | 3.05 a | 4.12 a | 5.41 a | 7.24 a | |
| P160 | 1.40 | 3.07 a | 4.16 a | 5.44 a | 7.31 a | |
| P0 | 0.85 | 1.41 c | 2.43 b | 3.35 c | 4.79 c | |
| P40 | 1.08 | 2.02 b | 2.95 b | 4.01 b | 5.62 b | |
| 2019 | P80 | 1.29 | 2.93 ab | 4.17 a | 5.29 a | 7.12 a |
| P120 | 1.34 | 3.01 a | 4.12 a | 5.35 a | 7.17 a | |
| P160 | 1.39 | 3.03 a | 4.23 a | 5.28 a | 7.26 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.3481 | 0.5664 | 0.0602 | 0.0722 | 0.1233 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.527 | <0.0001 | 0.0247 | 0.0196 | 0.0416 |
| C × P | 0.644 | 0.4152 | 0.0809 | 0.1009 | 0.0208 | |
| C | 0.241 | 0.0815 | 0.0941 | 0.0247 | 0.2258 | |
| 2019 | P | 0.089 | <0.0001 | 0.0125 | <0.0001 | 0.0200 |
| C × P | 0.529 | 0.0864 | 0.2145 | 0.0992 | 0.7431 | |
C, cultivar. P, phosphorus. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with different letters in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
Table 3.
Shoot P concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 3.
Shoot P concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| 2017 | Lunxuan 2 | 5.11 | 3.47 | 2.58 b | 2.49 | 2.14 |
| Dingya 22 | 5.06 | 3.45 | 2.89 a | 2.29 | 2.06 | |
| 2018 | Lunxuan 2 | 5.02 | 3.31 b | 3.01 | 2.70 | 2.40 |
| Dingya 22 | 5.07 | 3.52 a | 3.14 | 2.59 | 2.16 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 4.79 | 3.01 b | 2.31 | 1.88 c | 1.78 b | |
| P40 | 4.97 | 3.15 b | 2.58 | 2.03 bc | 1.86 b | |
| 2017 | P80 | 5.18 | 3.46 a | 2.68 | 2.39 b | 1.98 ab |
| P120 | 5.20 | 3.78 a | 2.89 | 2.75 a | 2.35 a | |
| P160 | 5.31 | 3.92 a | 3.22 | 2.91 a | 2.55 a | |
| P0 | 4.80 | 3.08 b | 2.58 c | 2.11 c | 1.86 b | |
| P40 | 4.98 | 3.22 b | 2.83 b | 2.35 bc | 1.98 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 5.03 | 3.41 ab | 3.03 b | 2.67 b | 2.25 ab |
| P120 | 5.17 | 3.49 a | 3.43 a | 2.98 a | 2.59 a | |
| P160 | 5.25 | 3.88 a | 3.51 a | 3.13 a | 2.73 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.5277 | 0.06431 | 0.0128 | 0.3440 | 0.0812 | |
| 2017 | P | 0.0976 | 0.0129 | 0.0906 | <0.0001 | 0.0215 |
| C × P | 0.1254 | 0.4685 | 0.0342 | 0.7411 | 0.4125 | |
| C | 0.0708 | 0.0366 | 0.7164 | 0.4962 | 0.3588 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.0924 | 0.0218 | 0.0324 | <0.0001 | 0.0400 |
| C × P | 0.1457 | 0.2586 | 0.3457 | 0.2568 | 0.6215 | |
P, phosphorus. DM, dry matter. C, cultivar. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with different letters in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
Table 4.
Shoot P concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 4.
Shoot P concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| Longyaza 1 | 4.84 | 3.68 a | 3.10 | 2.54 | 2.16 | |
| 2018 | Zhangya 2 | 4.92 | 3.39 b | 3.18 | 2.71 | 2.14 |
| Longya 14 | 4.71 | 3.66 a | 3.29 | 2.78 | 2.37 | |
| Longyaza 1 | 4.83 | 3.51 | 3.21 a | 2.74 | 2.33 | |
| 2019 | Zhangya 2 | 4.79 | 3.76 | 2.69 b | 2.52 | 2.35 |
| Longya 14 | 4.86 | 3.50 | 3.19 a | 2.69 | 2.51 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 4.44 | 3.14 c | 2.79 c | 2.24 c | 1.90 b | |
| P40 | 4.60 | 3.41 b | 2.96 b | 2.37 bc | 2.14 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 4.85 | 3.55 ab | 3.18 a | 2.60 ab | 2.18 ab |
| P120 | 5.08 | 3.72 a | 3.35 a | 3.02 a | 2.40 a | |
| P160 | 5.13 | 4.05 a | 3.65 a | 3.13 a | 2.51 a | |
| P0 | 4.53 | 3.37 b | 2.73 c | 2.16 b | 1.94 b | |
| P40 | 4.70 | 3.42 b | 2.91 b | 2.36 b | 2.20 b | |
| 2019 | P80 | 4.73 | 3.51 ab | 2.96 ab | 2.70 ab | 2.45 a |
| P120 | 5.04 | 3.70 a | 3.13 ab | 2.93 a | 2.62 a | |
| P160 | 5.12 | 3.95 a | 3.42 a | 3.11 a | 2.76 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.4188 | 0.0259 | 0.0912 | 0.2438 | 0.6257 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.0954 | 0.0329 | <0.0001 | 0.0241 | 0.0115 |
| C × P | 0.0325 | 0.2549 | 0.4752 | 0.3892 | 0.2567 | |
| C | 0.1230 | 0.4258 | 0.0344 | 0.0615 | 0.1281 | |
| 2019 | P | 0.4785 | 0.0329 | <0.0001 | 0.0274 | 0.0315 |
| C × P | 0.6352 | 0.0174 | 0.7548 | 0.6351 | 0.5322 | |
P, phosphorus. DM, dry matter. C, cultivar. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with different letters in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
Table 5.
Shoot N concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 5.
Shoot N concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Dingxi in 2017 and 2018 with two cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| 2017 | Lunxuan 2 | 53.83 | 35.71 | 25.40 b | 21.73 | 18.22 |
| Dingya 22 | 53.42 | 34.65 | 27.59 a | 21.83 | 18.51 | |
| 2018 | Lunxuan 2 | 54.93 | 36.51 | 30.43 | 23.39 | 19.97 |
| Dingya 22 | 53.31 | 35.76 | 31.03 | 24.83 | 20.16 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 53.40 | 32.93 b | 24.61 c | 19.10 c | 16.77 b | |
| P40 | 53.55 | 33.83 b | 25.93 b | 20.30 b | 17.66 b | |
| 2017 | P80 | 53.68 | 34.82 ab | 26.21 ab | 22.60 ab | 17.88 ab |
| P120 | 53.77 | 36.99 a | 26.90 a | 23.18 a | 19.48 a | |
| P160 | 53.74 | 37.36 a | 28.83 a | 23.73 a | 20.06 a | |
| P0 | 52.96 | 33.93 c | 27.50 c | 21.92 c | 18.86 b | |
| P40 | 54.16 | 34.81 b | 29.90 b | 23.40 b | 18.99 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 54.30 | 36.44 ab | 30.55 ab | 24.60 a | 20.44 a |
| P120 | 54.43 | 37.50 a | 32.69 a | 25.34 a | 20.50 a | |
| P160 | 54.78 | 38.00 a | 33.02 a | 25.31 a | 21.53 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.0942 | 0.7415 | 0.0195 | 0.4578 | 0.6942 | |
| 2017 | P | 0.2043 | 0.0125 | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0200 |
| C × P | 0.4108 | 0.4256 | 0.3289 | 0.3452 | 0.0981 | |
| C | 0.0922 | 0.6500 | 0.0672 | 0.1280 | 0.3211 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.1288 | 0.0248 | 0.0324 | 0.0288 | 0.0109 |
| C × P | 0.3145 | 0.0904 | 0.2584 | 0.0127 | 0.0992 | |
N, nitrogen. DM, dry matter. P, phosphorus. C, cultivar. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with different letters in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
Table 6.
Shoot N concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
Table 6.
Shoot N concentration (g kg−1 DM) at Yongdeng in 2018 and 2019 with three cultivars flax and five phosphorus rates.
| Year | Treatment | DAE 47 | DAE 65 | DAE 74 | DAE 98 | DAE 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cultivar | ||||||
| Longyaza 1 | 54.66 | 39.97 | 32.99 | 24.84 | 20.15 | |
| 2018 | Zhangya 2 | 52.36 | 35.80 | 32.71 | 26.89 | 20.96 |
| Longya 14 | 54.88 | 38.32 | 33.23 | 26.76 | 21.90 | |
| Longyaza 1 | 53.74 | 39.16 | 33.94 a | 26.22 | 21.87 | |
| 2019 | Zhangya 2 | 51.97 | 35.74 | 24.64 c | 23.11 | 20.26 |
| Longya 14 | 54.10 | 37.48 | 29.62 b | 23.81 | 22.47 | |
| P rate | ||||||
| P0 | 54.16 | 37.18 b | 31.43 b | 24.38 b | 19.79 b | |
| P40 | 53.86 | 37.53 b | 32.15 b | 24.73 b | 20.27 b | |
| 2018 | P80 | 53.59 | 38.34 ab | 33.15 a | 25.69 ab | 20.82 ab |
| P120 | 54.32 | 38.41 a | 33.74 a | 27.81 a | 21.42 a | |
| P160 | 53.91 | 39.89 a | 34.42 a | 28.20 a | 22.03 a | |
| P0 | 52.84 | 36.60 | 28.30 b | 21.73 c | 18.95 c | |
| P40 | 52.95 | 36.74 | 28.51 b | 22.38 c | 20.02 b | |
| 2019 | P80 | 52.97 | 37.25 | 29.04 ab | 24.97 b | 21.94 b |
| P120 | 53.76 | 38.03 | 29.38 ab | 25.83 a | 23.06 a | |
| P160 | 53.82 | 38.69 | 31.78 a | 26.99 a | 23.67 a | |
| Source of variance (SOV) | ||||||
| C | 0.0815 | 0.2708 | 0.0815 | 0.0679 | 0.4352 | |
| 2018 | P | 0.2431 | 0.0142 | 0.0403 | 0.0279 | 0.0183 |
| C×P | 0.1688 | 0.4215 | 0.0855 | 0.2144 | 0.3216 | |
| C | 0.0621 | 0.2789 | <0.0001 | 0.0740 | 0.1259 | |
| 2019 | P | 0.3219 | 0.1528 | 0.0224 | 0.0165 | 0.0411 |
| C×P | 0.1452 | 0.0578 | 0.0298 | 0.0911 | 0.2016 | |
N, nitrogen. DM, dry matter. P, phosphorus. C, cultivar. DAE, days after emergence. Means (n = 3) with different letters in each column are significantly different at the 5% probability level according to the least significant difference test. P0, P40, P80, P120, and P160 represent 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1, respectively.
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Xie, Y.; Li, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, J.; Dang, Z.; Li, W.; Qi, Y.; Zhao, W.; Dong, K.; Wang, X.; et al. Relationship between Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentrations of Flax. Agronomy 2023, 13, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030856
AMA Style
Xie Y, Li L, Wang L, Zhang J, Dang Z, Li W, Qi Y, Zhao W, Dong K, Wang X, et al. Relationship between Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentrations of Flax. Agronomy. 2023; 13(3):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030856
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Yaping, Lingling Li, Limin Wang, Jianping Zhang, Zhao Dang, Wenjuan Li, Yanni Qi, Wei Zhao, Kongjun Dong, Xingrong Wang, and et al. 2023. "Relationship between Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentrations of Flax" Agronomy 13, no. 3: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030856
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