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Article

Residue Analysis and Dietary Risk Assessment of Metalaxyl in Chinese Bayberry and Dendrobium officinale

by
Xiaomei Wang
1,2,
Nan Fang
1,
Xiangyun Wang
1,
Yanjie Li
1,
Jinhua Jiang
1,
Yuqin Luo
1,
Xueping Zhao
1,
Changpeng Zhang
1,* and
Qiang Wang
1,2
1
Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
2
College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2023, 13(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010186
Submission received: 21 November 2022 / Revised: 17 December 2022 / Accepted: 28 December 2022 / Published: 6 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Residues and Nutritional Quality of Agro-Products)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Metalaxyl is frequently used to protect a variety of crops from fungal diseases. This study aims to establish a method for the determination of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale), and dried D. officinale by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and further assess dietary risk. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by the dispersed solid phase extraction method. Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale samples were collected from Hangzhou and Zhangzhou in 2021 to clarify metalaxyl residue levels. The metalaxyl was quantitated by the external standard method. In the range of 0.001–0.1 mg L−1, there was good linearity under the optimal conditions. The recoveries ranged from 83.90% to 110.47%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.86% to 5.81%. The detection rates in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale were 97.92%, 49.29%, and 50.71%, respectively. The dietary risk of metalaxyl residues in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale was acceptable for consumers.

1. Introduction

Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (also known as Chinese bayberry and red bayberry) has been cultivated in the south of China for more than 2000 years [1], and contains a variety of nutrients that are of great benefit to human health, including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonols [2] and has a potential hypoglycemic effect [3]. Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is an Orchidaceae genus [4] that is primarily found in southern China, the United States, Australia, and Japan [5]. A variety of active ingredients separated in D. officinale have been proven to possess anti-tumor [6], anti-inflammatory [7], and immunomodulatory [8] properties, according to modern pharmacological research.
It is well known that agricultural chemicals are widely used in the process of crop production. However, it is possible that the overuse may result in serious environmental and food safety problems, as the residues can accumulate or transfer into plant tissues [9]. There is no doubt that pesticides pose numerous health risks to humans, such as short-term impacts like headaches and nausea and chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive harm, and endocrine disruption [10]. Chinese bayberry and D. officinale are mainly grown under artificial conditions to meet the rising market demand [11]. Agricultural chemicals are widely used on them in the course of growth in order to improve production yield and quality and to prevent pest infestations and plant diseases [12]. Since Chinese bayberry and D. officinale are classified as minor crops, only a few agricultural chemicals are registered to control plant diseases and pest infestations in the process of cultivation [13]. Moreover, Chinese bayberry and D. officinale are commonly consumed fresh, resulting in higher agricultural chemical residues; therefore, assessing the risk of residues is of great significance.
Metalaxyl, N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxy acetyl)-alanine methyl ester, which is typically used to prevent fungal diseases in a variety of crops, is a broad-spectrum fungicide [14]. Throughout the world, including in the United States, India, and Australia, it has been applied to various crops, such as tobacco, conifers, turf, ornaments, and so on [15]. The determination of metalaxyl in various matrices has been carried out using a variety of methods, such as spectroscopic methods [14], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with different detection methods, including fluorescence imaging (FI) [16], mass spectrometry (MS) [17], and ultraviolet (UV) [18]. In addition, gas chromatographic methods (GC) [19], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [20], fluorescence imaging (FI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI) [16] were also used in the determination of metalaxyl. There are several studies on metalaxyl residue in Dendrobium officinale and Dendrobium nobile. Fu, Y. et al. [21] studied the ultimate residues of 12 pesticides, including metalaxyl, in D. officinale using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and then assessed the dietary risk. Liu, H. et al. [22] analyzed (R/S)-(±)-metalaxyl in different Chinese medicines, including Dendrobium nobile, and optimized the extraction solution pH and mobile phase. There are no related studies concerning the metalaxyl residue in Chinese bayberry. Moreover, previous investigations revealed that it is widely used in Chinese bayberries [23] and D. officinale [24,25]. There are no related reports concerning the metalaxyl residue levels and health risk assessment in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale (fresh and dried) in China currently, indicating a critical need for proper monitoring of metalaxyl usage.
Hence, the purpose of this study was to (a) establish a method for residue analysis of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS); (b) use the QuEChERS extraction method and analyze the samples by GC-MS/MS, and then identify the occurrence and residue levels of metalaxyl on the samples collected in Zhejiang and Yunnan; and (c) assess the dietary risk to consumers based on food consumption data and the residue levels.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Reagents

The metalaxyl (99.3%) was obtained from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany). Analytical-grade acetonitrile was from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemistry Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic-grade n-hexane was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was from ANPEL Laboratory Technologies (Shanghai, China). Primary secondary amine (PSA), graphitized carbon black (GCB), CleanertODS C18, and 0.22 µm filter film were obtained from Tianjing Bonna-Agela Phenomenex Technologies (Tianjin, China). A QuEChERS extraction kit containing 6 g MgSO4 and 1.5 g NaCl was from Shimadzu Global Laboratory Consumables Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Water was purchased from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China).

2.2. Preparation of Standard Solutions

Metalaxyl stock solution (1000 mg L−1) was prepared in n-hexane. The working standard solutions were freshly configured in the range of 0.01–10 mg L−1 by dilution with n-hexane. The working standard solutions, as well as the stock solution, were kept at 4 ℃ and protected from light.

2.3. Sample Preparation

Samples were collected from commercially grown fields in Hangzhou and Zhangzhou in 2021 to investigate the range of the metalaxyl levels in Chinese bayberry, fresh, and dried D. officinale. A total of 192 Chinese bayberry samples, 140 fresh D. officinale samples, and 140 dried D. officinale samples were collected. Chinese bayberry and fresh D. officinale were crushed using dry ice, while the dried D. officinale was ground to powder. Then, all the samples were stored in the dark at −20 ℃ until analysis.
The prepared Chinese bayberry (10.0 g), fresh D. officinale (5.0 g), and dried D. officinale (2.0 g) were weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube; 5.0 mL of water and 10.0 mL of acetonitrile were added; the samples were mixed and shaken for 15 min. Then, the QuEChERS extraction kits were added; the samples were shaken for 5 min and centrifuged at 4000× g r min−1 for 5 min. After centrifugation, 1.6 mL of the supernatant was transferred into a 2 mL centrifuge tube that contained 150 mg of MgSO4, 50 mg of PSA, 50 mg C18, and 8 mg of GCB; the samples were shaken for 2 min, centrifuged for 5 min at 7000× g r min−1. Then, the supernatant (1.0 mL) was evaporated to dryness using a water bath at 40 ℃ with a rotary evaporator, and the residue was re-dissolved in 1.0 mL of n-hexane and filtered through a 0.22 µm filter film for GC-MS/MS analysis.

2.4. GC-MS/MS Conditions

A gas chromatography system (GC-MS-TQ 8040, Shimadzu, Japan) fitted with an analytical capillary column (HP-5, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film thickness, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) of 30 m was used for separation. The gas chromatography was operated at a constant column flow of 2 mL min−1. The initial temperature of the column was set at 60 °C (1 min), followed by an increase to 280 °C at 15 °C min−1 and held for 1 min. The injection volume was 1 µL. The mass spectrometer was set in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. The ion source temperature and the transition line temperature were both 280 °C. The ionization energy was 70 eV and operated in positive mode, and the carrier gas was helium. The ion pairs of metalaxyl were 249.20→190.10 (collision energies 8 eV) and 206.10→132.10(collision energies 20 eV), and the former was the quantitative ion.

2.5. Analytical Method Validation

Linearity, accuracy (recovery), sensitivity (limit of quantitation), and matrix effect (ME) were used to evaluate the validation of the analytical method. The blank matrices of Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale, were treated using the sample preparation procedure described in Section 2.3. Solvent and matrix-matched standard calibration curves were used to evaluate the linearity of the method (0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg L−1). The accuracy of the method was estimated with recovery experiments for each matrix in five replicates and at several levels. The blank sample was spiked with a working solution in the validation experiments, and the lowest spiked level was defined as LOQ, which met the acceptability criteria of the method. And the ME was calculated by the Equation (1) [26]:
ME (%) = (Smatrix/Ssolvent − 1) × 100,
where Smatrix is the slope of the matrix-matched calibration curve, and Ssolvent is the slope of the solvent calibration curve, respectively.

2.6. Dietary Risk Assessment

Dietary risk assessment, which is an estimation of potential pesticide residue intake by the general population, takes into account both chronic (long-term) and acute (short-term) dietary exposures [27]. The deterministic method is typically used to estimate the potential risks of pesticides in food [28]. In this study, acceptable daily intake (%ADI) and acute reference dose (%ARfD) were used to evaluate the long-term and short-term dietary risk of metalaxyl. The NEDI and IESTI were calculated according to the Equations (2) and (4), %ADI and %ARfD were calculated according to the Equations (3) and (5), respectively,
NEDI = ∑ (STMR × FI),
%ADI = NEDI/(ADI × bw) × 100,
IESTI = HR × LP,
%ARfD = IESTI/(ARfD × bw) × 100,
where NEDI is the national estimated daily intake, STMR (mg kg−1) is the median residue level from the field trial, FI is the average daily food intake per person (kg day−1), bw is the average body weight (kg), IESTI is the international estimated short-term dietary intake, LP is the large portion consumed (kg day−1), HR is the highest residues, and %ADI and %ARfD is used to evaluate the long-term and short-term dietary risks.
The risk probability is positively related to the %ADI (%ARfD) value. When %ADI (%ARfD) is above 100, it indicates that the risk of metalaxyl is unacceptable. On the contrary, the risk is acceptable and does not pose a long-term (short-term) health threat to consumers when %ADI (%ARfD) < 100. The higher the %ADI (%ARfD), the greater the chronic and acute exposure risk [29].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Validation Results of Analytical Method

Different combinations of cleanert have been optimized and the recoveries of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale and dried D. officinale samples were shown in Figure S1. Under the sample preparation method and technology conditions, the method was verified. The linear equations and correlation coefficients (R2) of metalaxyl in different matrices (Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale) and solvents were obtained with concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 mg L−1. According to Table 1, good linearities were obtained for metalaxyl in the range of 0.001–0.1 mg L−1 with an R2 of 1.0000 for Chinese bayberry, 0.9998 for fresh D. officinale, and 0.9999 for dried D. officinale, respectively.
Coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are extremely effective in determining pesticide residues. However, the most crucial issue is that matrix effects may have a negative impact on the qualification and quantification of complex matrices, particularly when gas chromatography is used to analyze complex samples such as Chinese medicinal herbs, tea, and tobacco [30]. There are many strategies to minimize or eliminate the matrix effect: use of analyte protectants; use of coated inlet liners; use of internal standards; use of unconventional matrix matching, and so on [31]. High precision quantification can be achieved by comparing the responses of samples with matrix-matched calibration, which is a frequently used method to prevent errors brought on by the matrix effect [32]. The linear equation of metalaxyl in different matrices and solvents can be used to evaluate the matrix effects. The ME in the range between −20% and 20% can be considered insignificant [32]. For this study, the MEs of Chinese bayberry, fresh, and dried D. officinale matrices were calculated to be −47.43%, −30.67%, and −31.44%, respectively, by equation (1). The result showed that metalaxyl was significantly influenced by the matrix effect. Negative MEs for metalaxyl were found in Chinese bayberry, both fresh and dried D. officinale, thus, the components of the matrix have a direct suppression on the quantification of metalaxyl. Therefore, the residues of metalaxyl were quantified using the external matrix standards in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale samples.
In Table 2, it is shown that the recoveries of metalaxyl spiked at different concentrations in different matrices. The highest spiking levels of Chinese bayberry and fresh and dried D. officinale were diluted, and the matrix effect can be ignored. Thus, the solvent standard was used for metalaxyl quantification. The other recovery values were quantified by matrix-matched calibration, and the results showed that the recovery rates in Chinese bayberry ranged from 83.90% to 89.33% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.68% to 5.81%, in fresh D. officinale ranged from 101.64% to 110.47% with RSDs of 0.86% to 2.64%; and in dried D. officinale ranged from 95.81% to 102.96% with RSDs of 1.18% to 2.51%, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was the lowest spiked concentration. In this study, the LOQs of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale were all 0.01 mg kg−1.

3.2. Residues of Metalaxyl in Different Matrices

The results indicate the residue of metalaxyl in various matrices. The chromatogram of blank samples of Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale and dried D. officinale, chromatogram of metalaxyl in different matrices and the chromatogram of real samples were shown in Figures S2–S4 respectively. The result showed that the detection rates were 97.92%, 49.29%, and 50.71% in Chinese bayberry, fresh, and dried D. officinale. The contents of metalaxyl ranged from <LOQ (<0.01 mg kg−1) to 0.218 mg kg−1 in Chinese bayberry, from <LOQ (<0.01 mg kg−1) to 0.260 mg kg−1 in fresh D. officinale, and from <LOQ (<0.01 mg kg−1) to 1.100 mg kg−1 in dried D. officinale. The study included 472 samples (192 samples of Chinese bayberry, 140 samples of fresh D. officinale, and 140 samples of dried D. officinale), and the concentrations under LOQ were calculated using LOQ values [33]. The average values of Chinese bayberry, fresh, and D. officinale were 0.0657, 0.0558, and 0.212 mg kg−1, respectively. The median residue levels of Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale were 0.0485, 0.010, and 0.140 mg kg−1, which can be used to assess the chronic dietary risk. Table 3 shows the metalaxyl residues in Chinese bayberry and fresh and dried D. officinale from Hangzhou and Zhangzhou.
This study found that the detection frequency of metalaxyl was higher in Chinese bayberry than in D. officinale. The detection of metalaxyl is related to the crop type. Metalaxyl could be detected more frequently because Chinese bayberry is typically consumed fresh and has less time between the final pesticide application and harvest [34]. The detection rate of metalaxyl in fresh and dried D. officinale has no significant difference, which is due to D. officinale often processed in the production area. The higher residue level in dry samples may be related to the lower moisture content and the accumulation of metalaxyl.
There have been several studies on the monitoring of metalaxyl residues in various crops around the world. Zainudin, B.H. et al. [35] analyzed the pesticide residues in dried cocoa bean samples from different regions and detected that 44 samples out of 137 were found positive for metalaxyl. Moreover, metalaxyl had the highest percentage of positive samples in the study. In another study, Ngabirano, H. et al. [36] found that most market samples contained a variety of pesticide residues, and some of them had residues exceeding MRLs. In addition, metalaxyl residues in more than half of the sprayed vegetable samples exceeded MRLs.

3.3. Dietary Risk Assessment of Metalaxyl

ADI for metalaxyl was 0.08 mg kg−1 bw [37]. The supervised trials’ median residues (STMR5) and maximum residue limits (MRLs) were used for the calculation of the total NEDI. The STMR5 in this paper were obtained from field data (0.0485 mg kg−1 for Chinese bayberry, 0.010 mg kg−1 for fresh D. officinale, and 0.140 mg kg−1 for dried D. officinale), and the selection of reference MRLs was in line with the standards of China. The average body weight of Chinese adults was 63 kg. Consequently, the total NEDI (0.4451 mg) was 8.83% of the total ADI (5.04 mg). The risk possibility is 8.83%, so that the short-term risk to consumers is acceptable. Table 4 shows the long-term dietary risk assessment of metalaxyl.
ARfD of metalaxyl was 0.5 mg kg−1 bw. The IESTI values of metalaxyl were calculated using the high residue (HR) and a large portion (LP) consumed. HR is obtained from the field data (0.218 mg kg−1 for Chinese bayberry, 0.260 mg kg−1 for fresh D. officinale, and 1.100 mg kg−1 for dried D. officinale). LP is a large portion of consumption. The highest daily intake of Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale was recommended to be 0.350 [38], 0.060, and 0.012 kg day−1 [21], which were used as Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale consumption in the short-term dietary risk assessment, respectively. ARfD values (%) of metalaxyl for the general population in Chinese bayberry, fresh, and dried D. officinale were 0.24%, 0.050%, and 0.042%, respectively. The risk probability is lower than 100% so that metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh and dried D. officinale, does not pose a health risk to the general population.
Consequently, the chronic and acute dietary risks of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale are acceptable, and the long-term and short-term dietary exposures of metalaxyl residues do not pose a health risk to the general population, according to the data obtained from this study.

4. Conclusions

This study developed a method for the residue analysis of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified by the dispersed solid phase extraction, and detected through GC-MS/MS. The method was verified, and its linearity and accuracy were good. The recoveries were 83.90–110.47%, and the RSD values ranged from 0.86% to 5.81%. Therefore, this method can be used for the determination of metalaxyl residue in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale matrices. Metalaxyl residues were detected in 69.49% of the 472 samples analyzed in 2021. In 97.92% of Chinese bayberry samples, 49.29% of fresh D. officinale samples, and 50.71% of dried D. officinale samples, the concentration of metalaxyl was higher than 0.01 mg kg−1 (the LOQ). In addition, the data obtained in the study were then used for estimating the long-term and short-term risk assessments for metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale, and dried D. officinale. The risks were less than 100% for both chronic and acute diets. Therefore, the occurrence of metalaxyl residues in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale from Hangzhou and Zhangzhou might not be regarded as a major public health issue. Nevertheless, ongoing monitoring and stricter regulation of metalaxyl residues in these crops are recommended.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy13010186/s1, Figure S1: Recovery of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry, fresh D. officinale and dried D. officinale samples for the method using different combinations of cleanert (a) 50 mg PSA + 150 mg MgSO4; (b) 50 mg C18 + 150 mg MgSO4; (c) 50 mg PSA + 50 mg C18 + 150 mg MgSO4; (d) 50 mg PSA + 50 mg C18 + 8 mg GCB + 150 mg MgSO4; Figure S2: Chromatogram of Chinese bayberry (1a), fresh D. officinale (1b) and dried D. officinale (1c) blank samples; Figure S3: Chromatogram of analytical standards of metalaxyl 0.05 mg L−1 in Chinese bayberry (2a), fresh D. officinale (2b) and dried D. officinale (2c) matrix; Figure S4: Chromatogram of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry (3a), fresh D. officinale (3b) and dried D. officinale (3c) real samples.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.Z. and Q.W.; methodology, X.W. (Xiaomei Wang); validation, N.F.; resources, X.W. (Xiangyun Wang); writing—original draft preparation, X.W. (Xiaomei Wang) and Y.L. (Yuqin Luo); writing—review and editing, Y.L. (Yanjie Li) and J.J.; project administration, C.Z.; funding acquisition, X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Basic Public Welfare Project of Zhejiang Province of China (No. LGN21C140006).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Table
Table 1. Standard curve equations and matrix effects (MEs) of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale.
Table 1. Standard curve equations and matrix effects (MEs) of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale.
MatricesLinear Range
(mg L−1)		Standard Curve EquationsR2MEs
Chinese bayberry0.001–0.1y = 5,066,691.8807x + 1666.15391.0000−47.43
Fresh D. officinale0.001–0.1y = 6,682,497.1157x − 768.79560.9998−30.67
Dried D. officinale0.001–0.1y = 6,607,633.3581x + 2355.67240.9999−31.44
Table
Table 2. The average recoveries, relative standard deviations (RSDs), and limit of quantitations (LOQs) of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale.
Table 2. The average recoveries, relative standard deviations (RSDs), and limit of quantitations (LOQs) of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale.
MatricesSpiking Levels
(mg kg−1)		Recoveries
(%)		RSDs
(%)		LOQs
(mg kg−1)
Chinese bayberry0.0189.331.680.01
0.195.142.83
0.583.905.81
Fresh D. officinale0.01110.472.640.01
0.1106.480.86
0.5101.641.74
Dried D. officinale0.0195.811.180.01
0.197.202.51
2102.961.33
Table
Table 3. Metalaxyl residues, incidences of occurrence, highest, mean and median residues in Chinese bayberry and fresh and dried D. officinale from Hangzhou and Zhangzhou.
Table 3. Metalaxyl residues, incidences of occurrence, highest, mean and median residues in Chinese bayberry and fresh and dried D. officinale from Hangzhou and Zhangzhou.
MatricesAreaPositive */Total SamplesTotal Detection
Rates (%)		Highest Residues
(mg kg −1)		Mean Residues
(mg kg −1)		Standard Deviation
(mg kg −1)		Median Residues
(mg kg−1)
Chinese bayberryHangzhou92/9697.920.2180.06570.05040.0485
Zhangzhou96/96
Fresh D. officinaleHangzhou32/7049.290.2600.05580.05990.010
Zhangzhou37/70
Dried D. officinaleHangzhou34/7050.711.1000.21200.02720.140
Zhangzhou37/70
* Positive samples mean the metalaxyl concentration in the samples exceeds the quantitation limit of 0.01 mg kg−1.
Table
Table 4. The Chinese dietary model and risk probability of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries.
Table 4. The Chinese dietary model and risk probability of metalaxyl in Chinese bayberry and D. officinale and the corresponding MRLs registered by various countries.
Food ClassificationFI *
(kg day−1)		CommodityReference Limit
(mg kg−1)		SourcesNEDI
(mg)		ADI
(mg)		Risk Probability
(%)
Rice and its products0.2399Rice0.1China0.023990.08×63
Flour and its products0.1385
Other cereals0.0233Cereal grains0.05China0.001165
Tubers0.0495Potato0.05China0.002475
Dried beans and
their products		0.016soybean0.05China0.00080
Dark vegetables0.0915Tomatoes0.5China0.04575
Light vegetables0.1837cauliflower2China0.3674
Pickles0.0103
Fruits0.0457Chinese bayberry0.0485STMR50.002216
Nuts0.0039
Livestock and poultry0.0795
Milk and its products0.0263
Egg and its products0.0236
Fish and shrimp0.0301
Vegetable oil0.0327Cotton seed0.1China
Animal oil0.0087
Sugars, starch0.0044
Salt0.012
Soy sauce0.009officinale0.140STMR50.00126
Total1.0286 0.44515.048.83
* Fi is the dietary reference intake for a certain kind of food used to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of healthy Chinese people. NEDI is the national estimated daily intake. The average body weight of an adult is 63 kg. STMR5 is the supervised trial median residue of Chinese bayberry and D. officinale. ADI is the acceptable daily intake for metalaxyl.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, X.; Fang, N.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Jiang, J.; Luo, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Q. Residue Analysis and Dietary Risk Assessment of Metalaxyl in Chinese Bayberry and Dendrobium officinale. Agronomy 2023, 13, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010186

AMA Style

Wang X, Fang N, Wang X, Li Y, Jiang J, Luo Y, Zhao X, Zhang C, Wang Q. Residue Analysis and Dietary Risk Assessment of Metalaxyl in Chinese Bayberry and Dendrobium officinale. Agronomy. 2023; 13(1):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010186

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Xiaomei, Nan Fang, Xiangyun Wang, Yanjie Li, Jinhua Jiang, Yuqin Luo, Xueping Zhao, Changpeng Zhang, and Qiang Wang. 2023. "Residue Analysis and Dietary Risk Assessment of Metalaxyl in Chinese Bayberry and Dendrobium officinale" Agronomy 13, no. 1: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010186

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