Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Ethanol: A Concise Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Semiconductor Based Catalysts
2.1. Pristine Semiconductors
2.2. Semiconductors with Vacancy Sites
2.3. Heterojunctions
2.4. Hybrid Catalysts Constructed between a Semiconductor and a Non-Semiconductor Material
2.5. Doped Semiconductors
3. Plasmonic Metal-Based Catalysts
3.1. Cu-Based Catalysts
3.2. Ag-Based Catalysts
3.3. Au-Based Catalysts
3.4. Plasmonic Alloy-Based Catalysts
4. Other Catalysts
4.1. Co-Based Catalysts
4.2. Pd-Based Catalysts
5. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst Category | Catalyst | Reaction Condition | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pristine semiconductors | TiO2 | Reactor—home-made glass reactor, 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height; Reactant—10 mL deionized water and water saturated CO2; Light source—100 W Xe lamp, 35 mW cm−2. | Ethanol formation rate of ~9.0 nmol cm−2 h−1. | [23] |
Pristine semiconductors | Bi2MoO6 | Reactor—closed vessel; reactant—50 mL deionized water and saturated CO2; Light source—300 W Xe arc lamp (PLS-SXE300) with an ultraviolet cutoff filter (λ ≥ 420 nm). | Ethanol yield of 4.7 μmol g−1 h−1. | [34] |
Semiconductors with vacancy sites | Reduced HCa2Ta3O10 | Reactor—an in situ closed circulation system; Reactant—CO2 saturated with H2O vapor; Light source—150 W Xe arc lamp, 100 mW cm−2. | Ethanol yield of 113.0 μmol g−1 h−1. | [43] |
Heterojunctions | TiO2/Ti3C2 | Reactor—two electrode system; Reactant—0.1 M KHCO3 aqueous solution (pH = 6.8, 50 mL) saturated by CO2; Light source—300 W xenon lamp (PLS-SXE300/300UV) with 200 mW cm−2 light intensity; External bias potential—-0.6 V. | Ethanol formation rate of ~10.0 μmol cm−2 h−1. | [50] |
Heterojunctions | TiO2/rGO/CeO2 | Reactor—sealed photocatalytic reactor; Reactant—150 mL distilled water with saturated CO2; Light source—UV light (a 15 W UV-C mercury lamp, peak light intensity 254 nm); Catalyst—0.15 g. | Ethanol yield of 271.0 μmol g−1 h−1. | [54] |
Hybrid catalysts constructed between a semiconductor and a non-semiconductor material | WS2 QD/Bi2S3 | Reactor—closed 200 mL quartz glass reactor; Reactant—50 mL of ultrapure water with saturated CO2; Light source—300 W Xe arc lamp (PLS-SXE300). | Ethanol yield of 7.0 μmol g−1 h−1. | [57] |
Hybrid catalysts constructed between a semiconductor and a non-semiconductor material | g-C3N4/CuO@MIL-125(Ti) | Reactor—visual micro autoclave lined with 100 mL polytetrafluoroethylene; Reactant—1.0 mL water and 0.3% CO2; Pressure—1.0 MPa; Light source—300 W Xe lamp, 326.1W m−2. | Ethanol yield of 501.9 μmol g−1 h−1. | [63] |
Cu-based catalysts | SrTiO3/Cu@Ni/TiN | Reactor—Labsolar 6 A system (Beijing Perfectlight Technology Co., Ltd.); Reactant—10 mL ultrapure water and saturated CO2; Light source—300 W Xe lamp, 600 mW cm−2. | Ethanol yield of 21.3 μmol g−1 h−1 and an ethanol selectivity of 79%. | [75] |
Ag-based catalysts | Ag@AgBr/CNT | Reactor—stainless steel vessel; Reactant—100 mL 0.2 M KHCO3 solution, pure CO2 (99.99%) with a pressure of 7.5 MPa; Light source—A 150 W Xe lamp (Shanghai Aojia Lighting Appliance Co. Ltd.) with UV cutoff filter (λ > 420 nm). | Ethanol yield of 5.0 μmol g−1 h−1. | [81] |
Au-based catalysts | Au/ZIF-67 | Reactor—horizontal-glass-type photoreactor; Reactant—10 mL of aqueous solution with 10 wt % triethanolamine, 67 mg NaHCO3, purged with CO2; Light source—Abet 103 with light intensity fixed at 150 mW cm−2. | Ethanol yield of 0.5 mmol g−1 h−1. | [83] |
Plasmonic alloy-based catalysts | AuCu/g-C3N4 | Reactor—high-temperature and-high pressure CEL-HPR reactor with a volume of 250 mL (Beijing Zhongjiao Jinyuan Technology Co., Ltd.); Reactant—100 mL ultrapure water, high-purity CO2 (99.999%), 0.8 MPa; Light source—300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm), Temperature—80–160 °C. | An ethanol yield and selectivity of 0.9 mmol g−1 h−1 and 93.1%, respectively. | [27] |
Co-based catalysts | Na-Co@C | Reactor—quartz cell reactor; Reactant—CO2, N2, and H2 of 20, 20, and 100 cm3 at standard conditions, with a final pressure of ~2.8 bar; Light source—Xe lamp (1000 W) coupled with an AM1.5 filter; Temperature—235 °C. | ~6% selectivity towards ethanol. | [88] |
Pd-based catalysts | PdIn@N3-COF | Reactor—double-walled 80 mL quartz photoreactor; Reactant—10 mL ultrapure water with saturated CO2; Light source—300 W Xe lamp (CEL-HXF300, CEAULICHT) with a 400 nm filter. | A total yield toward alcohols of 33.3 μmol g−1 h−1 and a selectivity to ethanol of 26%. | [90] |
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Li, D.; Hao, C.; Liu, H.; Zhang, R.; Li, Y.; Guo, J.; Vilancuo, C.C.; Guo, J. Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Ethanol: A Concise Review. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121549
Li D, Hao C, Liu H, Zhang R, Li Y, Guo J, Vilancuo CC, Guo J. Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Ethanol: A Concise Review. Catalysts. 2022; 12(12):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121549
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Dezheng, Chunnan Hao, Huimin Liu, Ruiqi Zhang, Yuqiao Li, Jiawen Guo, Clesio Calebe Vilancuo, and Jiapeng Guo. 2022. "Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Ethanol: A Concise Review" Catalysts 12, no. 12: 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121549