Tunable Production of Diesel Bio-Blendstock by Rhenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid from Grape Pomace Fermentation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Hydrogenation of Pure Hexanoic Acid
2.1.1. Hydrogenation with Re2O7
2.1.2. Hydrogenation with 5 wt% Re/C
2.1.3. Hydrogenation in the Presence of NbPO as the Acid Co-Catalyst
2.2. Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid
2.3. Engine Test Results
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Catalyst Characterization
3.3. Hydrogenation Procedure
3.4. Product Analysis
3.5. Engine Experimental Setup
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hexanoic Acid (g/L) | Catalyst | T (°C) | P (bar) | t (h) | Conversion (mol%) | HexOH Yield (mol%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n.a. | Re2O7 | 200 | 188 | 2 | n.a. | 93 | [16] |
46.4 | Re-Pt/TiO2 | 130 | 50 | 5 | 58 | 53 | [21] |
23.2 | Re-Pd/C | 130 | 20 | 18 | n.a. | 74 | [22] |
52.6 | ReOx-Pd/SiO2 | 140 | 80 | 24 | 100 | 99 | [11] |
14.6 | Re-Ni/TiO2 | 180 | 50 | 8 | 100 | 60 | [23] |
93 | Re2O7 | 220 | 115 | 1 | 100 | 70 | This work |
93 | Re/C | 220 | 115 | 3 | 100 | 62 | This work |
Diesel | HexOH | HexHex | |
---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 0.837 | 0.815 | 0.863 |
Cinematic Viscosity (at 40 °C—cst) | ≈2.7 | 3.64 | 2.37 |
Flash Point (°C) | 55 | 63 | 102 |
Cetane Number (CN) | >50 | 23 | 40 |
Boiling Point (°C) | 180–360 | 157 | 205 |
Lower Heating Value (MJ/Kg) | ≈43 | 39 | 35 |
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Licursi, D.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Antonetti, C.; Martinez, G.A.; Jones, E.; Bertin, L.; Di Fidio, N.; Fulignati, S.; Pasini, G.; Frigo, S. Tunable Production of Diesel Bio-Blendstock by Rhenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid from Grape Pomace Fermentation. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121550
Licursi D, Raspolli Galletti AM, Antonetti C, Martinez GA, Jones E, Bertin L, Di Fidio N, Fulignati S, Pasini G, Frigo S. Tunable Production of Diesel Bio-Blendstock by Rhenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid from Grape Pomace Fermentation. Catalysts. 2022; 12(12):1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121550
Chicago/Turabian StyleLicursi, Domenico, Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti, Claudia Antonetti, Gonzalo A. Martinez, Emma Jones, Lorenzo Bertin, Nicola Di Fidio, Sara Fulignati, Gianluca Pasini, and Stefano Frigo. 2022. "Tunable Production of Diesel Bio-Blendstock by Rhenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Crude Hexanoic Acid from Grape Pomace Fermentation" Catalysts 12, no. 12: 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121550