Biogasoline Obtained Using Catalytic Pyrolysis of Desmodesmus sp. Microalgae: Comparison between Dry Biomass and n-Hexane Extract
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Thermogravimetry
2.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.3. Pyrolysis of the Microalgae Biomass and n-Hexane Extract
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Cultivation of the Microalgae
3.3. Thermogravimetric Analyses of Biomass
3.4. Elementary Characterisation (CHN)
3.5. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of n-Hexane Extract
3.6. Pyrolysis and Product Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Atmosphere | Event I up to 200 °C (%) | Event II 200–450 °C (%) | Event III above 450 °C (%) | Ash + Char (%) | % C | % H | % N | % Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic air | 8 | 48 | 33 | 11 | 43.0 | 13.8 | 6.4 | 36.8 |
Nitrogen | 10 | 22 | 17 | 55 |
Alumina | % C5–C12 Products in the Whole Pyrogram | % C5–C12 Hydrocarbons in the Whole Pyrogram | % Nitrogenated Compounds in the C5–C12 Fraction | % Oxygenated Compounds in the C5–C12 Fraction | % Other C5–C12 Products in the Whole Pyrogram | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry biomass | no | 18.5 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 4.8 |
Dry biomass | yes | 48.7 | 40.4 | 6.4 | 0.2 | 8.3 |
Extract | no | 24.9 | 24.4 | b.d.l. * | b.d.l. * | 0.5 |
Extract | yes | 44.6 | 33.5 | b.d.l. * | 2.6 | 11.1 |
Sample (Desmodesmus sp.) | Alumina Catalyst | Type of Molecules (% Area) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Linear | Cyclic and Alkylated | Aromatics | ||
Dry biomass | no | 9.4 | 1.3 | 3.1 |
Dry biomass | yes | 25.3 | 2.4 | 14.6 |
Extract | no | 15.5 | 8.5 | 1.3 |
Extract | yes | 20.7 | 4.9 | 2.8 |
Sample (Desmodesmus sp.) | Alumina Catalyst | Mean Low Heating Value (MJ/kg) |
---|---|---|
Dry biomass | no | 44 |
Dry biomass | yes | 43 |
Extract | no | 44 |
Extract | yes | 43 |
Type of Hydrocarbon | Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|
Alkane | 7.3 |
Alkene | 2.7 |
Aromatic | 2.1 |
General average | 5.7 |
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Fonseca, N.; Fréty, R.; Sales, E.A. Biogasoline Obtained Using Catalytic Pyrolysis of Desmodesmus sp. Microalgae: Comparison between Dry Biomass and n-Hexane Extract. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121517
Fonseca N, Fréty R, Sales EA. Biogasoline Obtained Using Catalytic Pyrolysis of Desmodesmus sp. Microalgae: Comparison between Dry Biomass and n-Hexane Extract. Catalysts. 2022; 12(12):1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121517
Chicago/Turabian StyleFonseca, Noyala, Roger Fréty, and Emerson Andrade Sales. 2022. "Biogasoline Obtained Using Catalytic Pyrolysis of Desmodesmus sp. Microalgae: Comparison between Dry Biomass and n-Hexane Extract" Catalysts 12, no. 12: 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121517