Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153

Penagos-Tabares, Felipe; Sulyok, Michael; Artavia, Juan-Ignacio; Flores-Quiroz, Samanta-Irais; Garzón-Pérez, César; Castillo-Lopez, Ezequías; Zavala, Luis; Orozco, Juan-David; Faas, Johannes; Krska, Rudolf; Zebeli, Qendrim

doi:10.3390/toxins16020062

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153

by

Felipe Penagos-Tabares

^1,2,3,*

,

Michael Sulyok

⁴

,

Juan-Ignacio Artavia

⁵,

Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz

⁶,

César Garzón-Pérez

⁶,

Ezequías Castillo-Lopez

^2,7

,

Luis Zavala

⁵,

Juan-David Orozco

⁵,

Johannes Faas

⁵

,

Rudolf Krska

^4,8

and

Qendrim Zebeli

^2,7

¹

Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria

²

Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria

³

FFoQSI GmbH—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria

⁴

Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria

⁵

DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria

⁶

Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Cuautitlán, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico

⁷

Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria

⁸

Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Toxins 2024, 16(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020062

Submission received: 2 January 2024 / Accepted: 3 January 2024 / Published: 23 January 2024

Download Versions Notes

Error in Table

In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Table 3 as published. A section of Table 3 (Fusarium-Metabolites) was unintentionally deleted during the edition process. The corrected Table 3 appears below.

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. The original publication has also been updated.

Reference

Penagos-Tabares, F.; Sulyok, M.; Artavia, J.-I.; Flores-Quiroz, S.-I.; Garzón-Pérez, C.; Castillo-Lopez, E.; Zavala, L.; Orozco, J.-D.; Faas, J.; Krska, R.; et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Table 3. Occurrences and concentrations of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites detected in whole-plant corn silages and total mixed rations of Mexican dairy farms.

Group of Metabolites	Metabolite	Positive Samples ¹ (%)	Whole-Plant Corn Silages (n = 19)			Positive Samples ¹ (%)	Total Mixed Rations (n = 19)			Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test
			Concentration (µg/kg DM) ²				Concentration (µg/kg DM) ²			p-Value *
			Average ± SD	Median	Range		Average ± SD	Median	Range	p-Value *
Ergot alkaloids	Festuclavine ⁺	5	–	–	2.41	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Dihydroergosine ⁺	26	1.35 ± 1.17	1.29	0.13–3.2	21	0.83 ± 0.97	0.44	0.18–2.28	0.0625
	Chanoclavine ⁺	5	–	–	2.04	5	–	–	12.5	>0.9999
Alternaria spp.	Altenuisol ⁺	32	2.5 ± 0	2.5	2.5–2.5	37	3.14 ± 1.7	2.5	2.5–6.99	0.7656
	Alternariol ⁺	5	–	–	5.5	11	9.77 ± 6.04	9.77	5.5–14	0.75
	Alternariolmethylether ⁺	47	9.89 ± 7.59	5.5	5.5–27.4	42	6.39 ± 2.51	5.5	5.5–12.6	0.25
	Altersetin ⁺	26	6.76 ± 4.5	5.16	1.25–12.7	42	15.7 ± 9.86	12.3	4.18–34.3	0.0488
	Infectopyron	21	97 ± 64	94	23.9–176	16	34.2 ± 3.38	36.1	30.3–36.2	0.1875
	Macrosporin ⁺	16	3.75 ± 0	3.75	3.75–3.75	11	3.75 ± 0	3.75	3.75–3.75	>0.9999
	Tentoxin ⁺	42	7.71 ± 4.86	6.38	3.1–16	79	6.91 ± 2.87	6.41	2.48–11.3	0.0932
	Tenuazonic acid ⁺	32	40.2 ± 10.4	37.5	30.1–60.4	53	49.4 ± 16.8	41.8	30.3–82.8	0.064
Aspergillus spp.	Averufin ⁺	42	3.6 ± 1.9	3.0	3.0–8.4	26	2.95 ± 0	2.95	2.95–2.95	0.125
	Deoxygerfelin	0	–	–	–	11	2.41 ± 1.33	2.41	1.47–3.35	0.5
	Flavoglaucin ⁺	11	2.8 ± 0.97	2.8	2.11–3.49	100	40.7 ± 29.6	41.6	3.63–111	<0.0001
	Fumigaclavine C ⁺	5	–	–	47.2	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Fumiquinazolin D ⁺	0	–	–	–	11	11.8 ± 5.34	11.8	8.01–15.6	0.5
	Kojic acid ⁺	11	877 ± 130	877	785–69	5	–	–	145	0.5
	Kotanin A	11	2.5 ± 0	2.5	2.5–2.5	5	–	–	2.50	>0.9999
	Methylsulochrin	5	–	–	4.5	11	4.5 ± 0	4.5	4.5–4.5	>0.9999
	Phenopyrrozin	84	56.1 ± 28.1	53.1	16.2–132	79	12.4 ± 5.14	10.7	7.16–24.1	<0.0001
	seco-Sterigmatocystin ⁺	16	2.72 ± 1.8	3.58	0.65–3.91	42	0.9 ± 0.46	0.65	0.65–1.71	>0.9999
	Sterigmatocystin ⁺	0	–		–	11	2.65 ± 0	2.65	2.65–2.65	0.5
	Versicolorin C	16	6.05 ± 3.98	3.75	3.75–10.6	0	–	–	–	0.25
Fusarium spp.	15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ⁺	11	142 ± 46.7	142	109–175	0	–	–	–	0.5
	15-Hydroxyculmorin ⁺	32	2090 ± 1510	1580	464–4410	26	1270 ± 195	1280	993–1510	0.1563
	Acuminatum B ⁺	32	151 ± 89.6	142	58.3–290	26	52.2 ± 21.8	55.8	27.6–83.2	0.1094
	Antibiotic Y	5	–	–	9.5	5	–	–	9.5	>0.9999
	Apicidin ⁺	16	7.14 ± 2.32	7.23	4.78–9.41	5	–	–	9.04	0.5
	Aurofusarin ⁺	68	168 ± 386	48.8	3–1420	84	83.4 ± 67.3	67.1	11.4–224	0.2247
	Beauvericin ⁺	100	57.8 ± 74.7	32.3	5.46–330	100	33.1 ± 24.3	29.1	3.84–84.2	0.2266
	Beauvericin A ⁺	89	0.96 ± 1.55	0.45	0.45–6.87	84	0.55 ± 0.27	0.45	0.45–1.42	0.0204
	Bikaverin ⁺	95	224 ± 253	99.4	15.3–879	100	115 ± 95.6	94.7	18.1–308	0.0204
	Chrysogin ⁺	0	–	–	–	5	–	–	8.03	>0.9999
	Culmorin ⁺	58	865 ± 695	634	150–2090	58	505 ± 427	402	150–1420	0.0234
	Deoxyfusapyron	11	22 ± 12	22	13.5–30.5	16	591 ± 603	521	26.2–1230	0.375
	Deoxynivalenol ⁺	53	1500 ± 1080	1370	323–3350	84	615 ± 491	376	78–1670	0.1928
	DON-3-glucoside ⁺	26	74 ± 95.5	19.5	19.5–240	37	60.3 ± 23.5	65	19.5–86.6	0.3984
	Enniatin A ⁺	11	1.02 ± 1.15	1.02	0.2–1.83	37	0.45 ± 0.37	0.2	0.2–1.19	0.3438
	Enniatin A1 ⁺	11	0.4 ± 0	0.4	0.4–0.4	79	1.03 ± 0.82	0.4	0.4–2.6	0.0002
	Enniatin B ⁺	0	–	–	–	68	4.63 ± 5.62	1.4	1.4–18.8	0.0002
	Enniatin B1 ⁺	11	1.45 ± 0	1.45	1.45–1.45	89	3.99 ± 3.78	1.45	1.45–12.2	<0.0001
	Enniatin B2 ⁺	0	–	–	–	16	0.29 ± 0.05	0.29	0.24–0.34	0.25
	Epiequisetin ⁺	16	3.37 ± 1.6	3.78	1.6–4.72	5	–	–	1.6	0.375
	Equisetin ⁺	32	6.3 ± 6.27	3.05	1.6–14.7	42	5.19 ± 2.46	4.17	2.36–9.58	0.6836
	Fumonisin A1 precursor ⁺	16	63.2 ± 40.5	61.2	23.7–105	58	14.3 ± 14.1	9.16	3.55–48.9	0.3096
	Fumonisin A2 ⁺	11	43 ± 3.91	43	40.2–45.8	5	–	–	18	0.5
	Fumonisin B1 ⁺	47	723 ± 1050	124	26.5–2700	84	218 ± 244	126	26.5–1010	0.2288
	Fumonisin B2 ⁺	42	301 ± 371	72.6	18–987	68	103 ± 100	61.5	18–395	0.7722
	Fumonisin B3 ⁺	16	276 ± 145	297	121–409	32	57.1 ± 41.8	40	26.5–131	>0.9999
	Fumonisin B4 ⁺	16	78.3 ± 70.5	61	18–156	32	26.1 ± 20	18	18–66.9	0.5625
Fusarium spp.	Fungerin	0	–	–	–	5	–	–	26.5	>0.9999
	Fusaproliferin ⁺	37	403 ± 628	166	61.5–1820	58	280 ± 252	226	60.8–989	0.3054
	Fusapyron ⁺	5	–	–	1.5	5	–	–	5.46–5.46	>0.9999
	Fusaric acid ⁺	89	1210 ± 840	1130	260–3220	74	562 ± 235	503	298–1190	<0.0001
	Hydrolysed Fumonisin B1 ⁺	16	37 ± 49.1	10	7.29–93.7	5	–	–	30.4	0.75
	Moniliformin ⁺	89	88.9 ± 76.9	48	9–263	100	101 ± 67	78.8	27.6–247	0.1956
	Nivalenol ⁺	42	269 ± 184	209	103–614	68	872 ± 853	385	88.5–2600	0.0061
	Sambutoxin ⁺	37	0.37 ± 0.19	0.3	0.3–0.79	5	–	–	0.3	0.0625
	Siccanol ⁺	89	4620 ± 3530	3960	525–12,350	95	2510 ± 1650	2370	409–6130	0.0028
	W493	79	171 ± 190	80.7	3.55–694	74	86.6 ± 65.4	101	3.55–190	0.0256
	Zearalenone ⁺	68	58.7 ± 79.4	21.5	4.6–278	100	38.7 ± 57.2	17.8	4.6–246	0.9297
	Total enniatins	47	5.96 ± 7.24	1.60	0.60–19	89	11.2 ± 9.8	7.11	1.85–37	0.0144
	Total fumonisins	47	1150 ± 1570	203	26.5–4410	89	325 ± 396	155	3.6–1670	0.3867
	Total Type B trichothecenes	53	2000 ± 1230	1790	323–4230	89	1940 ± 1760	1156	78.0–5510	0.0505
Penicillium spp.	7-Hydroxypestalotin	53	17.3 ± 9.99	14.9	7.3–41.9	47	9.74 ± 4.87	9.74	2.6–16.7	0.0186
	Asterric acid	5	–	–	12.5	5	–	–	12.5	N/A
	Bilaid A	100	20.3 ± 22.9	11.4	5.78–87.6	95	8.53 ± 7.04	6.77	3.49–27.3	<0.0001
	Citreoviridin ⁺	0	–	–	–	21	42.9 ± 12.2	41.3	31.1–58	0.125
	Citrinin ⁺	0	–	–	–	5	–	–	77.9	>0.9999
	Cycloaspeptide A	0	–	–	–	5	–	–	13.4	>0.9999
	Cyclopenin	5	–	–	2.85	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Mycophenolic acid ⁺	11	90.2 ± 118	90.2	7–173	42	32 ± 42.9	11.4	7–127	0.1094
	Mycophenolic acid IV ⁺	5	–	–	2.53	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	NP 1243	5	–	–	34.1	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Oxaline	16	68.9 ± 61.2	81.2	2.55–123	16	20.1 ± 14.9	12.9	10–37.2	0.5
	Pestalotin	53	29.2 ± 13.5	28.7	8.61–59.2	58	12.4 ± 6.93	11.2	3.3–24.5	0.0282
	PF 1163A	5	–	–	3.32	5	–	–	0.75	>0.9999
	Questiomycin	5	–	–	1.5	89	8.71 ± 7.72	8.6	0.6–23	<0.0001
	Questiomycin Derivate	95	184 ± 111	164	34.9–407	95	118 ± 64.2	106	18.1–238	0.0002
	Quinolactacin A	11	1.2 ± 0	1.2	1.2–1.2	21	1.2 ± 0	1.2	1.2–1.2	0.5
Other fungi	Ascochlorin	21	11.9 ± 10.2	8.43	3.75–26.9	21	6.24 ± 4.99	3.75	3.75–13.7	0.625
	Ascofuranone	21	2.26 ± 1.82	1.35	1.35–4.98	5	–	–	1.35	0.3125
	Bassianolide	37	3.17 ± 1.25	2.7	2.7–6	32	2.7 ± 0	2.7	2.7–2.7	0.5
	Beauveriolide I_III	26	1.5 ± 0	1.5	1.5–1.5	16	4.22 ± 3.01	3.71	1.5–7.45	0.6563
	Cercosporin	58	40.8 ± 25.6	36.5	13.2–87.9	79	72.2 ± 79.7	42.5	15.1–325	0.0479
	Cytochalasin J	0	–	–	–	11	136 ± 26.5	136	117–155	0.5
	Destruxin B ⁺	0	–	–	–	21	1.25 ± 0.68	1.1	0.7–2.09	0.125
	Ilicicolin A	5	–	–	6.23	37	1.83 ± 0.61	1.6	1.6–3.21	0.2813
	Ilicicolin B	79	18.9 ± 20.7	4.45	4.45–69.4	89	14.1 ± 9.96	13	4.45–28.9	0.6848
	Ilicicolin E	5	–	–	1.7	11	1.7 ± 0	1.7	1.7–1.7	>0.9999
	Monocerin	89	115 ± 237	37.4	2.1–990	74	85.9 ± 133	37.2	2.1–502	0.0024
	Mycousnine	0	–	–	–	11	0.75 ± 0	0.75	0.75–0.75	0.5
	Myriocin ⁺	16	67.9 ± 52.1	48.1	28.6–127	32	44.6 ± 26.2	41.1	15.7–92.6	0.5625
	Phomalone	5	–	–	6.14	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Sporidesmolide II	84	7.9 ± 13.2	2.92	0.75–44.7	74	4.4 ± 5.07	2.54	0.75–17.2	0.0643
	Sporidesmolide III	5	0.75	0.75	0.75	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
Unspecific metabolites	3-Nitropropionic acid	21	63 ± 60.9	43	18.5–147	21	18.5 ± 0	18.5	18.5–18.5	0.5
	Asperglaucide	5	–	–	5.99	100	27.3 ± 33.6	10.8	2.05–142	<0.0001
	Asperphenamate	5	–	–	4.89	79	5.98 ± 7.37	3.35	1.93–31.4	<0.0001
	Brevianamid F	89	171 ± 77.8	166	61–408	89	116 ± 40.6	112	49.2–228	0.0021
	Chrysophanol	47	226 ± 111	231	62.5–367	32	176 ± 65.1	205	62.5–226	0.0195
	Citreorosein	53	24.1 ± 12.4	19.1	14.7–54.4	37	19.1 ± 6.67	15.8	12.5–30.1	0.123
	Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)	100	4680 ± 2300	4570	926–8970	100	2180 ± 1110	1890	589–5360	0.0006
	Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)	100	14,760 ± 3820	13,450	6890–2200	100	7080 ± 2300	6790	2160–11,570	<0.0001
	Emodin	95	9.62 ± 5.31	9.22	3.5–23.1	95	46.9 ± 102	8.49	3.5–422	0.2312
	Fellutanine A	95	128 ± 51.8	127	48.8–260	89	94.3 ± 38.7	86.7	34.8–199	0.0053
	Iso-Rhodoptilometrin	58	1.58 ± 0.59	1.4	1.4–3.35	53	1.4 ± 0	1.4	1.4–1.4	0.5
	N-Benzoyl-Phenylalanine	0	–	–	–	21	12.2 ± 2.47	12.1	9.56–15	0.125
	Neoechinulin A	0	–	–	–	100	133 ± 78.4	102	29.6–304	<0.0001
	Norlichexanthone	5	–	–	1.9	47	1.9 ± 0	1.9	1.9	0.0078
	Rugulusovine	100	355 ± 153	373	137–681	100	204 ± 93.8	197	53.5–407	<0.0001
	Skyrin	68	2.06 ± 1.07	1.85	0.55–3.96	89	4.42 ± 6.13	2.48	0.55–27	0.0097
	Ternatin	5	–	–	6.32	0	–	–	–	>0.9999
	Tryptophol	42	258 ± 126	170	170–456	32	963 ± 817	642	170–2100	0.5508
Phytoestrogens	Biochanin	5	–	–	147	79	36.3 ± 13	34.5	20.2–61.6	0.0081
	Coumestrol	26	56 ± 104	8	8–241	89	157 ± 126	109	45.5–479	0.0011
	Daidzein	37	263 ± 351	89	89–1020	100	12,700 ± 6710	10,710	3820–27,620	<0.0001
	Daidzin	68	428 ± 719	191	91–2730	100	63,690 ± 40,170	65,640	9350–125,770	<0.0001
	Genistein	58	153 ± 272	47	47–947	100	11,760 ± 6170	11,190	3990–26,530	<0.0001
	Genistin	63	1000 ± 1850	362	110–6700	100	118,150 ± 75,850	113,270	157,180–249,320	<0.0001
	Glycitein	5	–	–	324	89	4790 ± 1840	4450	2220–8220	<0.0001
	Glycitin	11	364 ± 292	364	158–570	100	13,340 ± 7920	12,070	1080–27,390	<0.0001
	Ononin	5	–	–	46	100	176 ± 28	153.3	46–512	<0.0001
Other plant metabolites	Abscisic acid	42	1610 ± 2860	574	273–8670	100	1660 ± 636	1620	411–3270	0.0012
	Anisodamine	16	514 ± 373	470	164–907	16	137.2 ± 101	141	34.5–236	0.375
	Atropine	16	318 ± 85	360	219–374	11	69.1 ± 22.4	69.1	53.3–84.9	0.25
	Hyoscine	16	427 ± 391	473	15–794	11	215.7 ± 93.1	216	150–282	0.375
Bacterial	Nonactin	16	1 ± 0	1	1–1	26	1.3 ± 1.2	0.8	0.6–3.3	0.3906

¹ Samples with values > limit of detection (LOD). ² Excluding data < LOD. In case values > LOD and < limit of quantification (LOQ), LOQ/2 was used for calculation. * Significant differences between each set of matched pairs presented p-value < 0.05. SD = Standard deviation; DM = Dry matter; ⁺ = metabolites classified as mycotoxins.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Penagos-Tabares, F.; Sulyok, M.; Artavia, J.-I.; Flores-Quiroz, S.-I.; Garzón-Pérez, C.; Castillo-Lopez, E.; Zavala, L.; Orozco, J.-D.; Faas, J.; Krska, R.; et al. Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153. Toxins 2024, 16, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020062

AMA Style

Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Artavia J-I, Flores-Quiroz S-I, Garzón-Pérez C, Castillo-Lopez E, Zavala L, Orozco J-D, Faas J, Krska R, et al. Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153. Toxins. 2024; 16(2):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020062

Chicago/Turabian Style

Penagos-Tabares, Felipe, Michael Sulyok, Juan-Ignacio Artavia, Samanta-Irais Flores-Quiroz, César Garzón-Pérez, Ezequías Castillo-Lopez, Luis Zavala, Juan-David Orozco, Johannes Faas, Rudolf Krska, and et al. 2024. "Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153" Toxins 16, no. 2: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020062

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Correction: Penagos-Tabares et al. Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico. Toxins 2023, 15, 153

Error in Table

Reference

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI