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Article

Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Sustainable Waste Management †

by
Deniz Yalçıntaş
1,*,
Suzan Oğuz
1,
Eda Yaşa Özeltürkay
2,* and
Murat Gülmez
2
1
Department of International Trade and Logistics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Çağ University, 33800 Mersin, Turkey
2
Department of International Business Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Çağ University, 33800 Mersin, Turkey
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This manuscript has been previously presented in XI National Logistics and Supply Chain Congress at 12 May 2022 and published as abstract proceed in an electronic.
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021414
Submission received: 28 November 2022 / Revised: 4 January 2023 / Accepted: 9 January 2023 / Published: 11 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Environmental Footprint Family: Methodological Advancements, Synergies, and Case Studies)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Environmental issues have spread around the world as a result of rapidly evolving technology, industrialization, urbanization, and population expansion. Alongside this, wastes are produced as a result of rising manufacturing activities, the use of natural resources, and brisk consumption. Thus, waste management poses a great danger to both our environment and future generations and is one of the most important environmental problems of our age. Sustainable waste management should be implemented effectively in order to protect rapidly depleted natural resources within the scope of sustainable waste management, prevent the negative effects of waste on the environment and human health, and to ensure their participation as an economic input. The aim of this study is to examine the studies on sustainable waste management between the years 2010–2021 with the visual mapping method. In this context, SSCI, SCI and ESCI indexes were selected in the Web of Science database, and a search was conducted with the concept of “sustainable waste management”. There were 599 publications found with the phrase “sustainable waste management” in the title. Later, these publications were visualized and interpreted through the VOSviewer mapping method. The most frequently used keyword in the findings was “sustainable waste management”. The author with the most publications was “Yong Sik Ok”, while the most cited author was “Daniel C.W. Tsang”. It was observed that the highest number of publications among the countries was in China. China was also identified as the country with the highest number of citations. The findings of the study can be graphically visualized to obtain the most relevant information to be applied in firms. Additionally, because doing a literature review requires a lot of time, it is believed that the researchers will find the findings of this study that compiles the literature useful. For policy makers can bring new perspectives about incorporating strategies in wastes and waste management.

1. Introduction

Both future generations and other living things in the ecosystem are at risk because of how quickly and carelessly humans use resources and live a consumption-oriented lifestyle. A waste left by a living thing in nature has been reintroduced to nature by other living things. However, it has often been difficult and time-consuming to reintroduce the wastes that people leave to nature [1]. Recent years have seen a rise in the complexity of waste management issues, which are necessarily brought on by human activity. It is more challenging for waste management to accomplish its objectives of protecting people, the environment, and resources the higher the material turnover and the more complex and diverse the materials produced. On the other hand, a sustainable waste management system must take into account the growing amount of waste, legislation that has been established in the area of waste management, administrative concerns, economic effects, and social awareness [2].
The aim of sustainable development, which entered our lives with the report “Our Common Future” published in 1987 [3], is “to meet the needs of today’s generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (p. 16). At the Sustainable Development Conference held by the United Nations (UN) in 2015, 17 goals and 169 sub-targets were determined. These goals are aimed to be achieved by the member states of the United Nations by the end of 2030. Waste management is one of the important sub-targets among the goals and objectives. The achievement of 17 goals depends increasingly on the development of a comprehensive and efficient waste management system. Regarding the environment, the welfare of society, and the economy, it is crucial to address waste management in the scope of sustainable development goals [4,5]. In addition, in 2017, a new waste management philosophy called ‘Zero Waste’ was introduced in order to leave a sustainable, clean and livable world to future generations [1]. Environmental sustainability policies are also a critical issue for industrialization. After the production process is completed, it is important that the waste is disposed of in such a way that it is fed back into the production of natural resources [6]. With a focus on spatially combining solid waste management, wastewater treatment, energy production, and food production facilities, Wilson et al. [7] argued for a holistic and systems approach to “integrated and sustainable solid waste management” addressing all three aspects of the triple bottom line interpretation of sustainability (environmental, social, and economic).
Sustainable waste management emerged in the late 1930s. This interest continued until 1945, but not many publications in this field were observed until the mid-1980s. The popularity of this topic, which reached its peak in the 2000s, dropped abruptly as the 2010s approached, and rose again in the late 2010s, despite some minor fluctuations [5]. In terms of sustainability, wastes indicate the level of effective and efficient use of resources. In addition, wastes should be disposed of in an environmentally and economically sensitive manner [8]. Sustainable waste management aims to use the resources cyclically and to reuse the post-consumer wastes in a beneficial way. In this context, a four-stage decision process is required [9]:
  • Avoiding waste generation as much as possible,
  • Recycling of waste when waste generation is inevitable,
  • Ensuring energy production from waste in cases where recycling cannot be realized
  • After these stages, it is the development and implementation of the most suitable environmental option for waste disposal.
Issues with waste management are connected to the idea of a circular economy and taken into account in its framework [10]. Effective waste management and how waste is treated as a possible future resource are key components of achieving environmental sustainability and making the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy [11]. By extending and completing material cycles that take into account waste input-output to generate economic flow inventories, waste management is the foundation of a circular economy to accomplish more efficient waste prevention and better resource management [12,13]. Poor waste management practices or non-implementation of waste management can negatively affect human health, the environment and the economy in many ways [4]. With a sustainable waste management system, some recyclable wastes can be collected separately and recycled without mixing with household waste. Thus, the amount of stored waste can be reduced. Some wastes can be re-evaluated and brought back into the economy as raw materials [14]. In this context, the first step of transitioning to a sustainable waste management model is for local governments to develop appropriate strategies for each type of waste by applying the waste hierarchy according to the existing waste composition in cities [15]. The European Union waste management directives aim to promote the prevention of waste and the implementation of a waste management hierarchy [16]. In waste management, it is essential to prevent waste generation and to protect resources in this context. Waste is not garbage that needs to be disposed of, but resources gained by recycling [17]. The hierarchy of waste management states that some waste should not be produced, some waste should be reused, some waste should be recycled or composted, and some waste should be incinerated and buried [18]. The circular economy aims to close the supply chain loops as much as possible in order to create a sustainable and zero-waste environment, with a focus on the waste hierarchy from waste prevention at the top to disposal at the bottom [11]. According to the hierarchy in Figure 1, the source reduction and reuse of wastes should be the most preferred, while the least and last preferred should be waste disposal [19] (p. 5).
Waste management and the idea of sustainable development are closely intertwined because each has an impact on both the social and ecological aspects of life. Focusing on waste management can positively impact both urban communities and the ecosystem, as the number of city residents is constantly increasing and with them, consumption is increasing [20]. For waste management to be sustainable, it must protect human health and the environment, be economically reasonable, and be socially acceptable [21]. There are important factors such as education, technical equipment, active participation of the public and financial support at each step of this decision process. In addition, in this process, management, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and individuals in the society have responsibilities [8].
There are several bibliometric studies on waste management in the literature. On the other hand, no bibliometric research on the topic of sustainable waste management has been discovered. Thus, this study aims to examine the studies on sustainable waste management in the Web of Science (WoS) database between 2010–2021 within the scope of bibliometric analysis and to create visual maps. In this context, answers to the following questions were sought:
  • What is the distribution of publications on sustainable waste management in the WoS database between 2010–2021?
  • What are the keywords frequently used in publications on sustainable waste management in the WoS database?
  • Which countries have the most publications on sustainable waste management in the WoS database?
  • Who are the researchers with the most co-authorship on sustainable waste management in the WoS database?
  • Researchers with the most publications on sustainable waste management in the WoS database
  • Which countries and publications are most cited on sustainable waste management in the WoS database?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Collection and Processing

The Web of Science (WoS) database is one of the most frequently used databases in terms of including journals in the field of social sciences [22]. For this reason, this database was preferred to examine publications on sustainable waste management. The aim of this study is to examine the studies on sustainable waste management between 2010–2021 with visual mapping method. In this context, studies with sustainable waste management in the title were searched from the WoS database on 10 February 2022. One of the most comprehensive databases in the world, the WoS database contains many high-quality publications that can represent research points and boundaries in the field [23] (p. 16). 890 publications were reached as a result of the first search. Since the number of publications per year before 2010 was less than 10, this period was not included in the analysis. Then, SSCI, SCI and ESCI indexes were selected and the bibliometric search in this study included 599 publications between 2010–2021. The distribution of these publications according to document types and indices is as shown, respectively (Table 1).

2.2. Analytical Method

Pritchard introduced the term “bibliometrics” in 1969, which is described as the “application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication”. However, its use and practice date as far back as the 1890s. It had either no title at all or the name “statistical bibliography” before to 1969 [24]. The data obtained within the scope of the research were analyzed by the bibliometric analysis method. Bibliometric analysis studies use secondary data and examine data from a quantitative and objective perspective [25]. Consequently, it can establish a methodical, transparent, and repeatable review process, which then improves the review’s dependability and quality [26].The bibliometric analysis uses statistical and mathematical techniques to examine the formal characteristics of knowledge domains [27] (p. 4). The quantity of articles published in a journal and the number of citations it receives are indicators of that publication’s influence in a specific academic field [26] (p. 791). Thus, the most productive studies, researchers and countries on the subject related to the bibliometric method are revealed, and thus these studies guide future studies in the context of interactions between researchers and countries [28].

3. Results

In this section, the visual maps that emerged after the bibliometric analysis of 599 article studies and their interpretations are given.

3.1. An Overview of the Publication Years

The bibliometric search in this study included 599 articles. Figure 1 shows the number of articles published annually from 2010–2021.
Figure 2 displays the total number of publications that include the concept of sustainable waste management as well as their distribution by year. A closer look at the graph reveals that 2021 was the year with the most publications being released. It is evident that there were fewer than 50 publications up to 2017, and that number increased in the years that followed. When compared to other years, it can be noted that there is a notable growth in 2020 and 2021.

3.2. The Distribution of the Keywords

The primary material of the study topics is represented by keywords [29]. A total of 1410 keywords were used in the publications included in the analysis. The following figure shows keywords and keyword clusters.
In Figure 3, the distribution of the keywords included in the studies titled sustainable waste management is shown. The size of the nodes in the image shows the frequency of the word in the publications. “Sustainable waste management” was the most frequently used keyword, appearing 112 times. The second most often used keyword is “waste management”, which is mentioned 86 times. The term “urban solid waste” (also known as municipal solid waste), which has been used 60 times, comes in third. The keywords are divided into clusters of 14 different colors, where each color represents a cluster. Terms with a strong relationship are in the same cluster and have the same color. The small distance between the terms indicates that they are close to each other, meaning that words tend to be in the same article abstracts and titles. In addition, the terms in the center of the network graph have a wider range of terms compared to those around the graph [30].

3.3. Countries with the Most Publications

As a result of the bibliometric analysis, the countries with the most publications under the title of sustainable waste management were revealed. A total of 92 countries were included in the publications examined within the scope of the analysis and shown in Figure 4.
For the visual map to be interpreted better, it was stipulated that the number of publications should be at least three. It has been observed that there are 56 countries with at least three publications among 92 countries. Among these countries, it can be noted that China produces the majority of publications with the phrase “sustainable waste management” in the title (103 publications). China is followed by South Korea (65 publications), India (64 publications), the UK (61 publications), and the USA (57 publications). It has been observed that the number of publications in Turkey is 17.

3.4. An Overview of the Co-Authorship Analysis

The literature’s interrelationships and scientific collaboration between authors are the focus of co-authorship analysis [31]. Within the scope of the analysis, it was seen that there were 2265 researchers in total. When the condition that these researchers have at least three publications and citations, 77 researchers were obtained. Figure 5 shows the researchers with the most co-authorship on sustainable waste management.
Figure 5’s density visualization illustrates how the hue of the field with the researchers’ names varies depending on the number of co-authorships. Names with intense blue color indicate a small number of co-authorships. Authors with a dominant yellow color have more co-authorships. In this context, it is clear that Yong Sik Ok is the researcher with the highest co-authorship (52 publications). Daniel C.W. Tsang (33 publications) is in second place and Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake (10 publications) is in third place.

3.5. An Overview of the Top Publishing Researchers

The researchers with the highest number of publications shown below. 15 researchers with at least five articles each were chosen from this group of researchers. The figure also shows the researcher groupings and the relationships among them.
In Figure 6, while the researcher who made the most productive author Yong Sik Ok (52 publications), and and it is followed by Daniel C.W. Tsang (33 publications). On the other hand Daniel C.W. Tsang was cited more frequently than other authors (935 citations). Venkata Raghava Mohan is also other authors who have made significant contributions to the field. The number of publications and citations of other researchers is as presented in Table 2.

3.6. Most Cited Countries & Publications

The bibliometric analysis’s findings indicate that 45 countries, out of a total of 92, have at least five publications and citations, making them the nations with the most citations.
In Figure 7, it is seen that the most cited country is China (1998). China is followed by England (1756 citations), USA (1537 citations), India (1481 citations), South Korea (1394 citations) and Malaysia (1064 citations). There are also clusters and links between countries. For example; It is seen that China, Finland, Sri Lanka and Singapore are in the same cluster. This shows that China frequently broadcasts jointly with these countries.
Being referenced in other published material demonstrates influence in the topic of research. In Figure 8, 354 publications with at least five citations were reached from a total of 599 publications with the highest number of citations. The size of the nodes indicates the frequency with which the author’s name is mentioned in publications. According to the figure, the most cited publication belongs to Brunner (2015) with 236 citations. Brunner [32] contributed to sustainable waste management by examining the transformation of waste into energy in this study. This publication is followed by Wilson (2012) with 215 citations). In Wilson’s [7] article, how cities in developing countries deal with solid waste problems are examined within the scope of sustainable waste management. The line between the authors shows the relationship of these authors with each other, that is, the thick line shows that those authors often work together.

3.7. Most Published Journals

The number of papers published in a journal and the number of citations it receives are indicators of that publication’s influence in a particular research field [26,33,34]. With bibliometric analysis, this determined the top 10 most important journals in sustainable waste management research.
Table 3 shows the 10 journals with the most publications. With 54 publications of the Journal of Cleaner Production, it became the journal with the highest number of publications on sustainable waste management. It is followed by Waste Management with 41 publications and Sustainability with 35 publications.

4. Conclusions and Implications

Sustainable waste management has a great role in both the use of natural resources, the protection of the environment and human health, and its contribution to the economy. Most importantly, it is an important factor in providing a sustainable and more livable environment for future generations. The sustainable management of waste, which has become a global problem, is on the agenda of the whole world. Parallel to this, the ideas of sustainability and waste management are becoming more important, and research in this area are growing. In this study, 599 articles on sustainable waste management accessed from the WoS database between 2010–2021 were visualized and interpreted through the VOSviewer mapping method. The study is important in terms of giving information about the current status and development process of the international literature on sustainable waste management. The findings obtained after the analysis are summarized below:
It has been observed that most publications were made in 2021 with 139 articles by the years considered. Since 2017, the number of publications on this subject has increased and it has almost tripled today. The reason for this is that waste and waste management have become a global issue. By 2050, the World Bank predicts that global waste would have increased by 70%. Waste production rises when more people relocate from rural areas and small cities to urban areas. In the next 30 years, it is anticipated that the 2.01 billion tons of waste currently produced worldwide would rise to 3.4 billion. If not properly managed, the 23% of plastic waste produced worldwide that comes from Asia could cause natural disasters [35]. In addition, it can be considered that the Sustainable Development Goals outlined in 2015 contributed to it. Developing an effective and efficient waste management system is an important step toward 17 goals. While the most used keyword is “sustainable waste management”, which is used 112 times, “waste management” is used 86 times in the second place. It is seen that China is the country with the highest number of publications on sustainable waste management with 103 publications. China is followed by South Korea with 65 publications and India with 64 publications, respectively. Additionally, it is seen that the most cited country is China with 1998 citations. China is followed by the UK and the USA, respectively. In China, where production and consumption are intense, wastes pose a great threat to both China and the world. Therefore, various studies are carried out, especially within the scope of sustainable waste management, which is one of the most important problems in the country. The majority of the body of research has shown how industrial production and CO2 emissions, which are the main source of environmental damage, have a positive relationship. The use of panel data by Alam, et al. [36] revealed, for instance, that there is a considerable positive correlation between energy use and pollution emissions. In parallel to this Fei et al. [37], a 1% rise in per capita consumption in China alone would result in a 50% increase in energy consumption and a 43% increase in CO2 emissions. According to Merli et al. [38] it has been revealed that studies on the Circular Economy are concentrated in China and Europe. According to Zhang et al. [39], a new managerial way of thinking is required to make the transition to a “zero-waste circular economy.” Due to the specifics of the country’s economy, they point out that this is particularly true for China. Yong Sik Ok was found to be the researcher with the most publications and the most co-authorships with 52 publications. Arrow is also the most cited researcher with 616 citations. It was seen that the most cited publication was Brunner with 236 citations. Finally, it has been observed that the Journal of Cleaner Production is the journal with the most publications on sustainable waste management with 54 publications.
The closest previous research to this study is “Waste Management within Context of Urban Sustainable Development: Bibliometric Analysis” by Veckalne and Tambovceva [5] In their research Veckalne and Tambovceva searched the Scopus database between the years 1995 and 2020 with the keywords “sustainable development”, “waste management”, “waste management systems” and “sustainability factors” and came up with 168 related studies in their bibliometric analysis. As a result of the analysis of the study, the most frequently used keywords were sustainable development and waste management. While the number of publications was quite high in 2014, it decreased by almost half in 2016. Since 2016, the number of publications that have been increasing gradually has reached the highest level in 2020. While the countries with the highest publication rate are Australia and China, it has been seen that almost half of the studies on this subject are in the field of environmental sciences. Although it is known that waste management has a significant impact on the level of sustainability, it has been observed that this theme has not been studied sufficiently. In addition, while many scientists consider waste management only as an environmental issue, it has been shown that in practice it also affects social and economic aspects.
One of the primary issues facing civilization is the generation and use of waste. One way to address this problem is through achieving the objectives of the sustainable development concept. Scientific data and indicators are crucial in resolving these problems since sustainable waste management is impossible without measurements and without evaluating adherence to economic, environmental, and social requirements. The theoretical contribution of this study is to list the scientific literature on sustainable waste management and offer preliminary criteria for developing a framework for sustainable waste management as a long-term competitive advantage in waste management. Recognizing influential articles, identifying the most prominent journals in this field, and highlighting potential international collaborators are all useful for the managers, scientific community and journal editors. With this study, the sustainable waste management literature has been reviewed and summarized, and the trends in this field have been revealed. It is thought that the results will form a basis for academicians and professionals for future research.
The results are anticipated to have a variety of advantageous consequences on scientific and institutional activity. Researchers and managers can focus on reviewing the literature with the database of bibliographic references of different sizes that comes up with the VOSviewer tool. The findings of the study can be graphically visualized to obtain the most relevant information to be applied in firms. Additionally, because doing a literature review requires a lot of time, it is believed that the researchers will find the findings of this study that compiles the literature useful. For policy makers can bring new perspectives about incorporating strategies in wastes and waste management.
Due to the dearth of bibliometric studies on sustainable waste management in the literature, this study is anticipated to advance knowledge and provide researchers with direction. Authors who will research sustainable waste management can have an idea about the relevant literature based on this study. However, this study also has some limitations. The main limitation of this research is the examination of articles with SSCI, SCI and ESCI indexes and accessed via the WoS database. It is recommended that future studies include studies with other indices in addition to these indices. In addition, VOSviewer visual mapping method can be applied to databases such as SCOPUS, JSTOR, EBSCO Host as well as WoS database. In future studies, analyses and comparisons can be made with different visual mapping programs such as Citespace, Pajek and Rstudio.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.Y. and S.O.; Methodology, D.Y. and S.O.; Formal analysis, S.O.; Writing—review & editing, E.Y.Ö. and M.G.; Supervision, M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

According to the data access policies, the data used to support the findings of this study are available from the Web of Sciences database.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the participants of the research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sustainability 15 01414 g001 550
Figure 1. Waste management hierarchy.
Figure 1. Waste management hierarchy.
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Figure 2. Publication years.
Figure 2. Publication years.
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Figure 3. Most Used Keywords.
Figure 3. Most Used Keywords.
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Figure 4. Countries with the Most Publications.
Figure 4. Countries with the Most Publications.
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Figure 5. Researchers with the Most Co-Authorization.
Figure 5. Researchers with the Most Co-Authorization.
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Figure 6. Top Publishing Researchers.
Figure 6. Top Publishing Researchers.
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Figure 7. Most Cited Countries.
Figure 7. Most Cited Countries.
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Figure 8. Most Cited Publications.
Figure 8. Most Cited Publications.
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Table
Table 1. Distribution of publications types and indexes.
Table 1. Distribution of publications types and indexes.
Documant Types
Article461
Review Article75
Editorial Material40
Proceeding Paper7
Early Access5
Book Review4
Correction3
Meeting Abstract3
Book Chapters1
Web of Science Index
SCI—Expanded371
SCI123
ESCI105
Table
Table 2. Authors and Number of Publications.
Table 2. Authors and Number of Publications.
NoAuthor NameNumber of PublicationsNumber of Citations
1Yong Sik Ok52616
2Daniel C.W. Tsang33935
3Venkata Raghava Mohan18650
4Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake10132
5Yuqing Sun10386
6Chi Hwa Wang8126
7Deyi Hou7177
8Jin Eric Shang6109
9Lei Wang6139
10Xiangzhou Yuan624
11Avanthi Deshani Igalavithana5113
12Bong Ki Lee5111
13Binoy Sarkar5134
14Y.V. Swamy5207
15Terry L. Tudor541
Table
Table 3. Most published journals.
Table 3. Most published journals.
Journal NameNumber of Publications
Journal of Cleaner Production54
Waste Management41
Sustainability35
Waste Management and Research30
Bioresource Technology18
Resources Conservation and Recycling Advances18
Science of the Total Environment14
Journal of Hazardous Materials13
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management10
Environmental Science and Pollution Research10
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yalçıntaş, D.; Oğuz, S.; Yaşa Özeltürkay, E.; Gülmez, M. Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Sustainable Waste Management. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021414

AMA Style

Yalçıntaş D, Oğuz S, Yaşa Özeltürkay E, Gülmez M. Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Sustainable Waste Management. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021414

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yalçıntaş, Deniz, Suzan Oğuz, Eda Yaşa Özeltürkay, and Murat Gülmez. 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Sustainable Waste Management" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1414. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021414

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