World Electric Vehicle Journal

204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Global Philosophy of EV Charging

by Charles W. Botsford and Andrea Edwards

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 495-500; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020495 - 30 Jun 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 956

Electric Vehicle (EV) charging methods have evolved over the past two decades to reflect the radical evolution of EVs. In some cases these methods have been of varying usefulness to the EV driver. DC fast charging, which made a brief appearance in the [...] Read more.

Electric Vehicle (EV) charging methods have evolved over the past two decades to reflect the radical evolution of EVs. In some cases these methods have been of varying usefulness to the EV driver. DC fast charging, which made a brief appearance in the late 90s, is now a valuable EV market enabler, but suffers from the political and technical disagreements of multiple protocols. Globally, EV charging will evolve further to meet the demands of the new consumer EVs and the demands of the EV driver. This paper proposes an integrated global philosophy to meet these demands. Full article

119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standardization

by Joseph Bablo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 576-586; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020576 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1159

Abstract

One of the most frequently asked questions that a third party safety organization is asked centers on “What standard applies to EV infrastructure products?” This paper will outline the various standardization activities for charging infrastructure for both conductive and wireless power transfer technologies. [...] Read more.

One of the most frequently asked questions that a third party safety organization is asked centers on “What standard applies to EV infrastructure products?” This paper will outline the various standardization activities for charging infrastructure for both conductive and wireless power transfer technologies. It will discuss the development status, expected publication schedules, and technology covered for various UL, SAE, and IEC standards centered on electric vehicle charging use. Further, the paper will discuss the certification aspects of these standards, such as where the standards are applicable and how certification is handled, within various global locations. Full article

798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A System-based View of the Standards and Certification Landscape for Electric Vehicles

by James M. Green, Brent Hartman and Peter F. Glowacki

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 564-575; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020564 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the Standards applicable to electric vehicles at the vehicle and system level, including the EVSE, plugs and connectors, and battery pack. Several relevant standard documents are listed, as well as areas of emerging technology for each system. [...] Read more.

This paper provides an overview of the Standards applicable to electric vehicles at the vehicle and system level, including the EVSE, plugs and connectors, and battery pack. Several relevant standard documents are listed, as well as areas of emerging technology for each system. The standards development process is discussed briefly to provide insight into where stakeholders can get involved in the process. General certification requirements for each system are reviewed. Full article

333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developments and Challenges for EV Charging Infrastructure Standardization

by Van Den Bossche Peter, Turcksin Tom, Omar Noshin and Van Mierlo Joeri

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 557-563; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020557 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1526

Abstract

Although charging infrastructure standardization has come a long way and publicly accessible infrastructure has been deployed in several countries, the standardization process is still going on and several issues remain open. This article aims to highlight current activities in the field on global [...] Read more.

Although charging infrastructure standardization has come a long way and publicly accessible infrastructure has been deployed in several countries, the standardization process is still going on and several issues remain open. This article aims to highlight current activities in the field on global and European levelnl analyzing the described projects. Full article

46 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Best Practices in Hydrogen Fueling and Maintenance Facilities for Transit Agencies

by Steven Sokolsky, Jasna Tomic and Jean-Baptiste Gallo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 553-556; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020553 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 973

Abstract

CALSTART recently completed a Best Practices in Hydrogen Fueling and Maintenance Facilities for Transit Agencies publication for the Federal Transit Administration. The objective of the project was to create a high-level resource that advances the adoption of fuel cell bus technology within the [...] Read more.

CALSTART recently completed a Best Practices in Hydrogen Fueling and Maintenance Facilities for Transit Agencies publication for the Federal Transit Administration. The objective of the project was to create a high-level resource that advances the adoption of fuel cell bus technology within the transit industry. It accomplishes this by compiling a planning and decision-making tool for the best practices in developing hydrogen fueling and maintenance facilities. This comprehensive effort is the first of its kind, and provide an easily digestible – and much needed – document for managers of transit agencies across the United States. Full article

449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Analysis of Controllable Home Appliances and EVs on Neighbourhood Level Network with Smart Control

by Di Wu, Haibo Zeng and Benoit Boulet

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 543-552; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020543 - 24 Jun 2016

Viewed by 897

Abstract

With the advance of manufacturing technologies and increasing attention on environment protection, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to see a fast development. However, large adoption of EVs may impose a high power demand on the grid and may affect the network infrastructures. Controlled [...] Read more.

With the advance of manufacturing technologies and increasing attention on environment protection, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to see a fast development. However, large adoption of EVs may impose a high power demand on the grid and may affect the network infrastructures. Controlled power consumption for EV charging and home appliances could help to reduce such pressures on power systems. This paper aims at analyzing the impacts of integration control for EV charging, controllable home appliances, vehicle-to-home (V2H) and home based batteries on neighbourhood level network. Simulation results are presented for Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model S. Full article

1185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residential Smart-Charging Pilot Program in Toronto: Results of a Utility Controlled Charging Pilot

by J. Bauman, M.B. Stevens, S. Hacikyan, L. Tremblay, E. Mallia and C.J. Mendes

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 531-542; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020531 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1844

Abstract

Thirty plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) owners in Toronto participated in the 15-month ChargeTO program, which actively curtailed their vehicles during charging. The intent was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the smart-charging system and evaluate its limitations, quantify the real-world curtailment availability of [...] Read more.

Thirty plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) owners in Toronto participated in the 15-month ChargeTO program, which actively curtailed their vehicles during charging. The intent was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the smart-charging system and evaluate its limitations, quantify the real-world curtailment availability of the PEVs, and to capture the participant’s impressions and response to various incentive structures. A key feature of this program was the use of vehicle-side data, namely battery state-of-charge (SOC), to ensure that charge curtailments did not negatively affect the participants. This paper summarizes the findings from the ChargeTO program. Full article

643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Charge Management Optimization for Future TOU Rates

by Jiucai Zhang and Tony Markel

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 521-530; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020521 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1116

Abstract

The effectiveness of future time of use (TOU) rates to enable managed charging depends on the vehicle’s flexibility and the benefits to owners. This paper adopts opportunity, delayed, and smart charging methods to quantify these impacts, flexibilities, and benefits. Simulation results show that [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of future time of use (TOU) rates to enable managed charging depends on the vehicle’s flexibility and the benefits to owners. This paper adopts opportunity, delayed, and smart charging methods to quantify these impacts, flexibilities, and benefits. Simulation results show that delayed and smart charging methods can shift most charging events to lower TOU rate periods without compromising the charged energy and individual driver mobility needs. Full article

2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DynamicWireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles to Simplify Ground Facilities - Real-time Power Control and Efficiency Maximization -

by Katsuhiro Hata, Daita Kobayashi, Takehiro Imura and Yoichi Hori

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 511-520; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020511 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1355

Abstract

This paper focuses on dynamic wireless power transfer for electric vehicles and proposes a vehicle-side control method for real-time power control and efficiency maximization. The proposed control strategy and controller design are presented based on a real-time estimation of the mutual inductance between [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on dynamic wireless power transfer for electric vehicles and proposes a vehicle-side control method for real-time power control and efficiency maximization. The proposed control strategy and controller design are presented based on a real-time estimation of the mutual inductance between a transmitter and a receiver. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve the maximum efficiency and the desired power simultaneously. Full article

1054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Leakage Field Study of a 7 kW Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

by D. Kuerschner, G. Ombach, L. Percebon and S. Mathar

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 501-510; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020501 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1284

Abstract

This paper presents a study of the magnetic leakage field of a 7 kW wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) system. The leakage field was measured in different test configurations and environments. Typical system parameters, such as coil offset and air gap were evaluated [...] Read more.

This paper presents a study of the magnetic leakage field of a 7 kW wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) system. The leakage field was measured in different test configurations and environments. Typical system parameters, such as coil offset and air gap were evaluated in order to determine their influence on the leakage field distribution. All measured results were then validated by magnetic field simulations. Based on the results of this study, a magnetic leakage field assessment method based on simulation is proposed. Full article

1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving-Scenario Oriented Optimal Design of an Axial- Flux Permanent-Magnet Motor for an Electric Vehicle

by Guan-Yu Shih and Yee-Pien Yang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 483-494; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020483 - 24 Jun 2016

Viewed by 854

Abstract

This paper proposes a driving-scenario oriented optimal design of an axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motor for an electric vehicle. The target torque and speed (TN) curve is defined as three operation zones— constant torque, maximum direct current, and maximum voltage—based on the driving scenario. [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a driving-scenario oriented optimal design of an axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motor for an electric vehicle. The target torque and speed (TN) curve is defined as three operation zones— constant torque, maximum direct current, and maximum voltage—based on the driving scenario. The AFPM motor is designed to minimize energy consumption based on the motor weight and the frequent operating points of a driving cycle. The final result shows that the electric vehicle driven by the proposed AFPM motor consumes about 15% less energy than motors designed using traditional methods. Full article

733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mathematical and FEM Design of Novel Axial Field Switched Reluctance Motor for Electrical Vehicle (EV) Application

by Nikunj R Patel, Varsha A Shah and Makarand M Lokhande

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 473-482; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020473 - 24 Jun 2016

Viewed by 1027

Abstract

Switch reluctance (SR) motors attract attention as a motor that does not use permanent magnet material. So it is a strong candidate for electrical vehicle (EV) application. In EV application axial flux machines are preferred over radial flux machines due to high power [...] Read more.

Switch reluctance (SR) motors attract attention as a motor that does not use permanent magnet material. So it is a strong candidate for electrical vehicle (EV) application. In EV application axial flux machines are preferred over radial flux machines due to high power density. In this Article novel axial field switched reluctance motor (AFSRM) design is presented which intend to improve the output torque by single flux path distribution in C- core stator. Unlike conventional radial field SRMs, the windings of the C-core stator can be individually wound without complex winding equipment. This topology has an 8/6 pole dual air gap single rotor and single C-core stator configuration without overlapping winding arrangement. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is used to calculate the phase inductance and average torque for a novel AFSRM topology. The two and three-dimensional Finite element (FE) analyses is carried out to validate obtained CAD results. Full article

849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Overview of the Hybrid and Electric Systems R&D at the U.S.–DOE (FY 2015–2016)

by Steven Boyd and David Howell

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 461-472; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020461 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1441

Abstract

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through its Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), often in close partnership with industry, has supported the development/deployment of cleaner, more efficient automotive technologies with electric drive systems. This paper provides an overview of efforts to promote market adoption [...] Read more.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through its Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO), often in close partnership with industry, has supported the development/deployment of cleaner, more efficient automotive technologies with electric drive systems. This paper provides an overview of efforts to promote market adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in the U.S. and the associated VTO R&D and Deployment initiatives for accelerating this adoption. It also highlights the many significant research breakthroughs resulting from R&D in the hybrid vehicle systems areas of research (with particular emphasis on advanced electric drive technologies) funded directly by or in collaboration with VTO. Full article

775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Stator Segmentation and Manufacturing Degradation on the Performance of IPM Machines, Using iCARe® Electrical Steels

by Jan Rens, Sigrid Jacobs, Lode Vandenbossche and Emmanuel Attrazic

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 450-460; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020450 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1241

Abstract

In order to increase the performance of permanent magnet electrical machines and/or reduce cost, improved manufacturing techniques are continuously being searched for by machine designers. Segmenting the stator core offers the possibility to simplify the winding process, to increase slot fill factor or [...] Read more.

In order to increase the performance of permanent magnet electrical machines and/or reduce cost, improved manufacturing techniques are continuously being searched for by machine designers. Segmenting the stator core offers the possibility to simplify the winding process, to increase slot fill factor or to minimise wastage of electrical steel. This paper investigates some of the benefits that can be gained from stator segmentation, and highlights the effect of magnetic degradation due to the increased requirement on punching, through a series of finite element models. Full article

4660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of New Motor for Compact-Class Hybrid Vehicles

by Shinya Sano, Takahisa Yashiro, Keiji Takizawa and Tatsuhiko Mizutani

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 443-449; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020443 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

To exceed the top-level fuel efficiency of the 2009 Prius, a new motor was developed for installation in compact class hybrid vehicles including the new Prius. For the stator, segment coil stator with distributed winding was developed and achieved weight reduction and copper [...] Read more.

To exceed the top-level fuel efficiency of the 2009 Prius, a new motor was developed for installation in compact class hybrid vehicles including the new Prius. For the stator, segment coil stator with distributed winding was developed and achieved weight reduction and copper loss reduction. As for the rotor, highspeed, low-loss rotor was developed and achieved size reduction and volume of magnet used was reduced. Also, the motor cooling system was newly designed to improve the motor cooling performance. This paper describes the features of the new motor for the compact class hybrid vehicles including the new Prius. Full article

911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economics of a New High Throughput Process for Proton Exchange Membranes Manufacturing

by Mathieu Toupin, Kourosh Malek and Asmae Mokrini

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 431-442; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020431 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

NRC developed an innovative process for efficiently producing one of the PEMFC key components; the polymeric electrolyte. The process developed is based on the use of bifunctional additives and highthroughput melt-processing technologies. This work demonstrates the Techno-economic Cost Modeling (TCM) methodology to model [...] Read more.

NRC developed an innovative process for efficiently producing one of the PEMFC key components; the polymeric electrolyte. The process developed is based on the use of bifunctional additives and highthroughput melt-processing technologies. This work demonstrates the Techno-economic Cost Modeling (TCM) methodology to model the economics of production scale-up of NRC technology, and to analyze the feasibility of commercialization for different Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) annual production scenarios. Results were compared with the SOTA process used to manufacture e-PTFE reinforced composite perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes based on solution-casting. Full article

570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurements of GDL Properties for Quality Control in Fuel Cell Mass Production Line

by Xiao-Zi Yuan, Hui Li, Elton Gu, Weimin Qian, Francois Girard, Qianpu Wang, Taryn Biggs and Matthew Jaeggle

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 422-430; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020422 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

National Research Council Canada (NRC) has been reorienting its fuel cell activities towards manufacturing challenges. Some challenges in industrialization of fuel cell manufacturing concern quality control, supplier development and process development. As the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) [...] Read more.

National Research Council Canada (NRC) has been reorienting its fuel cell activities towards manufacturing challenges. Some challenges in industrialization of fuel cell manufacturing concern quality control, supplier development and process development. As the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell plays a critical role in cell performance, NRC has been working closely with Vancouver-based fuel cell companies to develop and validate quality assurance methods to characterize GDL attributes and properties, which strongly correlate with PEM fuel cell performances. Full article

1025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Estimator Li-ion Cells Internal Resistance for Electric Vehicle Application

by Alexandre O. Tessier, Maxime R. Dubois and João P. Trovão

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 410-421; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020410 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Battery Management Systems (BMS) were introduced into Li-ion battery packs to serve several purposes, among which assertion of the small variations of the cells state of charge and increase of their life cycle. This paper offers a complete real-time working model for the [...] Read more.

Battery Management Systems (BMS) were introduced into Li-ion battery packs to serve several purposes, among which assertion of the small variations of the cells state of charge and increase of their life cycle. This paper offers a complete real-time working model for the on-line measurement of the cells internal resistance, which requires very low computation time and enough precision for electric vehicle applications. Some electric models used for the determination electrical parameters have a huge complexity and are not implementable in automotive processing units. Among many solutions, the proposed approach uses cell modeled as a source-resistance with low complexity, without loss measurement precision, or increase the computation capabilities. Full article

6003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Li-air Battery Technology for Automotive Applications through the Development of a Multi-Electrode Solid-State Prototype

by A. Laforgue, M. Toupin, A. Mokrini, M. Gauthier, C. Bock, M. Ionescu, B. Luan, X.Z. Yuan, W. Qu and J.Y. Huot

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 398-409; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020398 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1000

Abstract

This report highlights the results of a project carried out at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), with the overall objective to address the major issues of the Li-air battery technology and assemble a multi-electrode pilot-scale prototype. Several innovative ideas and technologies [...] Read more.

This report highlights the results of a project carried out at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), with the overall objective to address the major issues of the Li-air battery technology and assemble a multi-electrode pilot-scale prototype. Several innovative ideas and technologies were investigated along the core concept of a polymer-based solid-state technology. The assessment of the Li-air technology is discussed through the results of the project as well as other sources, especially concerning its readiness and perspectives for automotive applications. Full article

1032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Protocols and First Results of Calendar and/or Cycling Aging Study of Lithium-Ion Batteries – the MOBICUS Project

by Mohamed Ben-Marzouk, Agnès Chaumond, Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias, Maxime Montaru and Serge Pélissier

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 388-397; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020388 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1462

Abstract

This paper presents the MOBICUS project experiment protocols with some first results. Twelve partners from companies and research labs have joined forces to conduct a large study on lithium-ion batteries (LIB) aging under real automotive conditions. Experiments include not only calendar or cycling [...] Read more.

This paper presents the MOBICUS project experiment protocols with some first results. Twelve partners from companies and research labs have joined forces to conduct a large study on lithium-ion batteries (LIB) aging under real automotive conditions. Experiments include not only calendar or cycling aging tests, which a part of them was built using a D-optimal design, but also mixed sequences with calendar and cycling experiments. The collected data will enable to build rigorous aging laws taking into account combined calendar and cycling phases. Two different technologies of LIB are tested. Full article

2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supercapacitors State-of-Health Diagnosis for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Asmae El Mejdoubi, Hicham Chaoui, Hamid. Gualous, Amarne Oukaour, Youssef Slamani and Jalal Sabor

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 379-387; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020379 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1013

Abstract

(SoH) estimation is an important feature since aging introduces degradation in supercapacitors’ performance, which might eventually lead to their failure. The diagnosis model is based on a sliding mode observer as a well-known technique for its high nonlinear parameters estimation performance. The main [...] Read more.

(SoH) estimation is an important feature since aging introduces degradation in supercapacitors’ performance, which might eventually lead to their failure. The diagnosis model is based on a sliding mode observer as a well-known technique for its high nonlinear parameters estimation performance. The main objective of this paper is the online State-of-Health diagnosis based on supercapacitors’ aging indicators estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed online observer is shown through experimental results. Full article

873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Realising Serial Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (sHESS) by Implementing Switching Circuits on Battery Cell Level

by Max F. Horsche, Michael Sturm and Andreas Jossen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 371-378; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020371 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 957

Abstract

One approach to influence the current flow through the battery pack is to implement switching circuits. Two switching elements are necessary for each cell-stage to be bypassed or activated. This allows active load management. Thus the utilisation of the battery pack can be [...] Read more.

One approach to influence the current flow through the battery pack is to implement switching circuits. Two switching elements are necessary for each cell-stage to be bypassed or activated. This allows active load management. Thus the utilisation of the battery pack can be maximised in every situation. Adaptive control algorithms allow several kinds of operating strategies. Furthermore, dynamic output voltage can be generated to serve the best output for the downstream voltage level. A battery pack with an additional connection at its central point allows the generation of sine-shaped output voltages. As consequence of individual load management, different types of batteries or even different kinds of energy storages can be interconnected to built serial hybrid electrical energy storages. This novel approach allows precisely tailored battery packs for each application to enhance performance and energy supply. Full article

1016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring and Analysis of Nonlinear Characterization of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Multisin Excitation Signal

by Y. Firouz, N. Omar, S. Goutam, J-M. Timmermans, P. V. den Bossche and J. V. Mierlo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 362-370; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020362 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 952

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel methodology for analysis in the frequency domain. This methodology looks to the battery from a different point of view and covers aspects of the battery that is often neglected in other works and analysis battery precisely. Using periodic [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a novel methodology for analysis in the frequency domain. This methodology looks to the battery from a different point of view and covers aspects of the battery that is often neglected in other works and analysis battery precisely. Using periodic signals such as random phase multisine for system identification, allows separating noise and nonlinear distortions from the linear part of the system’s response. In addition to a shorter test time in comparison with conventional single sine EIS, by performing extra periods and different phase realizations, transients are eliminated and noise disturbance and also nonlinear distortion is detected. Full article

1333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Mechanism Detection for NMC Batteries based on Incremental Capacity Curves

by M. Berecibar, M. Dubarry, N. Omar, I. Villarreal and J. Van Mierlo

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 350-361; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020350 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

Path dependence degradation detection is getting lot of attention due to high demand of long lasting batteries for applications with sporadic usage such as electric vehicles. In this regard, this work presents a study of the degradation mechanism of NMC/Graphite cells cycled under [...] Read more.

Path dependence degradation detection is getting lot of attention due to high demand of long lasting batteries for applications with sporadic usage such as electric vehicles. In this regard, this work presents a study of the degradation mechanism of NMC/Graphite cells cycled under different depth of discharges. Analysis will be based on the study of incremental capacity curves. The trends observed on experimental curves will be compared to simulations in order to exemplify the differences and highlight the path dependence of the degradation. Full article

979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capacity Fade of Lithium-Ion Batteries upon Mixed Calendar/Cycling Aging Protocol

by Sébastien Grolleau, Issam Baghdadi, Philippe Gyan, Mohamed Ben-Marzouk and François Duclaud

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 339-349; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020339 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1722

Abstract

Energy and power fade of lithium-ion batteries over time is a cause of complaints from Electric and Hybrid vehicles customers. Car manufacturers strive to improve accuracy of battery performance degradation predictions, in order to reduce warranty costs. Currently, these predictions are mainly based [...] Read more.

Energy and power fade of lithium-ion batteries over time is a cause of complaints from Electric and Hybrid vehicles customers. Car manufacturers strive to improve accuracy of battery performance degradation predictions, in order to reduce warranty costs. Currently, these predictions are mainly based on accelerated aging tests in cycling mode or on calendar tests. However, testing protocols with combination of calendar and cycling modes representing the usage of a vehicle in real life application are not much used. In this paper, a mixed aging protocol combining cycling and calendar repetitive phases is elaborated. Experimental results obtained on a LIB technology are presented and discussed in comparison with conventional accelerated cycling tests at the same conditions. Full article

3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining a Representative Vibration Durability Test for Electric Vehicle (EV) Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS)

by J.M. Hooper and J Marco

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 327-338; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020327 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 1396

Abstract

This study defines a process to devise random power spectral density (PSD) profiles that are representative of 100,000 miles of UK customer electric vehicle (EV) usage utilising vibration measurements from three contemporary EV’s, for undertaking vibration durability evaluations of underfloor mounted rechargeable energy [...] Read more.

This study defines a process to devise random power spectral density (PSD) profiles that are representative of 100,000 miles of UK customer electric vehicle (EV) usage utilising vibration measurements from three contemporary EV’s, for undertaking vibration durability evaluations of underfloor mounted rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS). This paper also presents a critical assessment of current random vibration test procedures available to engineers for validating the mechanical performance of EV RESS via comparing the shock response spectrum (SRS) and fatigue damage spectrum (FDS) of these standards to the SRS and FDS of 100,000 miles UK durability. Full article

816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Optimal Operation of Hybrid Battery Systems and Comparison to a Single-Cell Reference System for Electric Vehicles Including the Aged State of High Energy Cells

by Raphael Wegmann, Volker D¨oge and Dirk Uwe Sauer

World Electr. Veh. J. 2016, 8(2), 315-326; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj8020315 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1335

Abstract

In battery electric vehicles the battery system has to satisfy demanding requirements. On the one hand, high power capabilility has to be provided for varying states of charge and temperature. On the other hand, the battery system should achieve a maximum service life, [...] Read more.

In battery electric vehicles the battery system has to satisfy demanding requirements. On the one hand, high power capabilility has to be provided for varying states of charge and temperature. On the other hand, the battery system should achieve a maximum service life, optimal energy efficiency and a high overall driving range. This paper compares a conventional single-cell battery system with two hybrid battery system topologies that aim at improving the mentioned aspects of the conventional system. The hybrid battery systems each comprise two battery parts connected via a dc-to-dc converter, one part including lithium-ion battery cells optimized for high energy density and the other part equipped with high power density type lithium-ion cells. An optimal control problem is formulated and solved with Dynamic Programming. The mentioned topologies are then compared in terms of energy efficiency, power capability and current distribution. A real life driving cycle power demand is used for this comparison. It can be shown that the hybrid battery system reduces the occurrence of high current rates on the high energy battery part and shows better energy efficiency when operated with aged high energy battery cells. Furthermore the hybrid battery system’s potential to obtain a high power capability in low state of charge regions is shown. Full article

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World Electr. Veh. J., Volume 8, Issue 2 (June 2016) – 27 articles , Pages 315-586

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