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Article

Potential Application of Invasive Plant Species Datura innoxia for the Scopolamine Extracts of the Plant Organs and Analysis Using UV–VIS Spectrophotometry

by
Georgiana Mardare (Balusescu)
1,
Liliana Lazar
2,* and
Teodor Malutan
1,*
1
Natural and Synthetic Polymers Department, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 73 D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
2
Chemical Engineering Department, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iași, 73 D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2022, 13(10), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101555
Submission received: 6 September 2022 / Revised: 18 September 2022 / Accepted: 19 September 2022 / Published: 23 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare, Non-native and Invasive Plant Species: Structure, Properties and Potential Applications)
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Abstract

:
Downy thorn-apple Datura innoxia (Solanaceae) is an invasive plant species which can be introduced either accidentally or deliberately and have the ability to acclimatize in new environmental conditions. Scopolamine is a natural alkaloid which occur in several Datura species, including Datura innoxia. Occurrence of alkaloid in all plant organs is crucially important from the viewpoint of medical use, but also as a risk of toxicity for humans and animals, this paper presents the influence of alcoholic solvents on the separation ability of tropane alkaloids using a conventional extraction method (Soxhlet extraction) in order to investigate the content of scopolamine from Datura innoxia dry biomass from Romania at the maturity stage. Two solvents were selected, investigated and compared, including ethanol (96%) and 1-butanol (99.6%). The results showed that 1-butanol was most suitable for the extraction of scopolamine from Datura innoxia areal parts (leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and root) then ethanol because of the high degree of lipophilicity of this alkaloid. The quantitative analysis was performed using UV–VIS spectrophotometry technique. The calibration curve for the analyte under the optimum conditions was obtained with a proper correlation coefficient of 0.9930. Scopolamine was identified in all vegetative organs with higher concentration in 1-butanol and the total content (µg g−1) was 186.87 in leaves, 150.89 in flowers, 63.27 in seeds, 42.50 in stem and 58.10 in root. These studies provide new insights into the potential use of invasive plant species Datura innoxia for extraction of the content of tropane alkaloids, especially scopolamine using different solvents regarding the toxicity and therapeutic potential of this plant alkaloid.

1. Introduction

Nature is an extraordinary reservoir of new molecules in which so far more than 100,000 secondary metabolites have been identified from about 300,000 plant species [1]. Among them, approximative 21,000 alkaloids, 8000 phenolic compounds, and more than 22,000 terpenoids have been reported from higher plants [2]. This secondary metabolite plays a significant role in the survival of the plant in its environment [3].
Invasive species are widespread all over the world introduced intentionally or unintentionally into a new environment without their natural controls and may displace or otherwise adversely affect native plant species and can be destructive to the biodiversity and ecosystem [4,5,6,7,8]. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) defines Invasive Species as “an alien species which becomes established in natural or semi-natural ecosystems or habitat, an agent of change and threatens native biological diversity” [4,5,9].
From scientific point of view, a species introduced into a new area can either be beneficial, harmful or neutral [7]. As compare to native plants, invasive plants are characterized by their fast growth, higher leaf area, shorter life cycle, more seed production, higher seed germination percentage, ability to adapt in new environmental conditions [8]. Moreover, climate condition, species type and habitat environmental conditions can also influence the growth form of invaders and thus the length of flowering phenology of invasive species and facilitates the spread and establishment of many alien species and creates new opportunities for them to become invasive [10,11]. Annuals plants are better adapted to rapid changes and disturbance conditions of this type of habitat (e.g., Datura stramonium [12]. Also, beside other impacts of this species such as alternation of soil chemistry, increased risks of wild fires, allergic reactions [8], these have a significant socio-economic effect as they decrease the economic gain from the forest [9] and other found grown in cultivated lands along with crops [8].
Despite some of Invasive plant species being toxic to both humans and animals it is interesting that very few study associate these with positive impacts which include a wide range of potential uses, in food and medicine like anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological uses [8], as well as functional uses such as building materials, poles, rafters, firewood and sleighs [10,13]. Moreover, can become an ecosystem to human well-being; they can be used to produce various products, for example, wooden crafts, animal feed, medicinal products, and also raw material for firewood, biochar, biogas, etc. [14]. These important characteristics of Invasive species are enabled by certain molecules that help plants to adapt and grow normally; they belong to a certain category of compounds called “specialized metabolites” or secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, alkaloids and terpenes) [14]. Therefore, it is very important to research and investigate these Invasive plant species to evaluate both qualitatively and quantitatively their chemical composition and evaluate their pharmacological potential.
The key plant family in the present paper is Solanaceae, which is rich in alien Datura plants and it concludes the top-10 of the families most represented in the global naturalized alien flora [15,16].
This plant family has been reported to becoming or are invasive alien plant species in many regions of countries in the world, especially in Pakistan (Datura innoxia) [17]; Boluvampatti forest range in Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, India (Datura metel) [5,8]; Corsica, France (Datura wrightii) [18]; tropical origin in Spain (Datura stramonium) [12]; the Indian Himalayan region dominated by Datura species [9,19]; Lesotho, South Africa (Datura stramonium and Datura ferox) [10]; Pingtan Island, the largest island in Fujian Province and the fifth largest island in China (Datura stramonium) [11]; Tanzania, (Datura stramonium) [4]; Žumberak mountain massif in Croatia (Datura stramonium) [14]; Rwanda (Datura stramonium) [20]; Kyrgyzstan (Datura stramonium and Datura innoxia) [15]; Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve, Malawi (Datura innoxia) [13]; Rampur District (U.P.), India (Datura metel) [21]; north-eastern Terai region at the foot hills of Central Himalayas, a forest ecosystems, north-eastern Uttar Pradesh, northern India (Datura innoxia, Datura metel and Datura stramonium) [22]; Etiopia (Datura stramonium) [23]; Tanzania (Datura stramonium) [24]. In Romania, have been reported as frequent in agricultural crops in Oltenia and also in natural protected area [25,26,27].
Datura innoxia Mill. Species, Genus D. innoxia (Figure 1) belong to Solanaceae family, Solanales Order and is well-known in Romania as the angel’s trumpet; is a perennial, dicotyledonous and woody plant that grows in the form of bushes reaching a height of approximative 2 m [28] and is distributed worldwide in warm climates (Figure 2) [29,30,31].
In the native distribution area (Central America), it is found in dry open forests and shrublands and in the secondary distribution area (North and South America, Europe, Africa, Southern Asia, Australia) it is found in private garden, cultivated lands, roadsides, public areas, waste ground, frequent near water holes or in areas of impeded drainage, ruderal places [15,23], but the most vulnerable predicted areas to plant invasion are paved roads, railway tracks, edges of dams, riverbeds and farming lands [17,32].
Datura innoxia has been classified by various workers as most noxious invasive plant species [22], competes aggressively with native plants and crops, forming dense monospecific stands, cause delay in seedling growth of native plants and it is toxic to people (hallucinogenic properties) and animals [8,33,34,35]. The entire plant is toxic and consumption of any part of Datura plant may lead to the severe anticholinergic effect that may cause toxicity [36]. From literature rewired it is well known that this plant contains certain biologically active tropane alkaloids, like scopolamine and hyoscyamine which are the most well-known alkaloids [29,37].
However, this species could benefit the region’s economy and have ramifications for medicinal plant markets because can adapt to various environmental gradients [17]. Moreover, is recognize for its importance as a source of drugs in medicine and pharmacology properties [33,34]. Datura innoxia contains a set of family marker classes such as tropane alkaloids (secondary metabolites), especially scopolamine (Figure 3) which is an extremely important tropinic derivative or tropane alkaloid and naturally occurs in several species of the Solanaceae family, especially in Datura, Duboisia, Anisodus, Anthocercis, Atropa, Brugmansia, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora and Scopolia [38,39,40,41]. It is used as an analgesic and a relaxant for the muscle pain (antimuscarinic agent) and also is widely used in the treatment of motion sickness, gastrointestinal spasms, and in preoperative medication as an anesthetic (antispasmodic agent) [29,41,42]. Moreover, is acting on the parasympathetic nervous system (used as an anticholinergic agent) [29,40,43], and exhibits inhibitory activity on acetylcholine esterase and protease with the muscarine receptor [44].
Characterization and identification of these secondary metabolites in a complex matrix requires analytical techniques which must offer good selectivity, sensitivity and structural information on phytocompound of interest [3,45]. Several methods for the determination of tropane alkaloids in genus Datura have been reported, such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [46,47], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [48,49], gas chromatography (GC) [28,46], planar electrochromatography or ETLC [37,50], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [46,50], infrared (IR) and fluorescence spectroscopy [37,51] and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [37,52]. Moreover, also hyphenated techniques such as gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [37,53], liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC–MS) [37,54] and high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) have been reported [28,37]. One of the most used analytical techniques is UV–Visible Spectrophotometry (UV–VIS) because is one of the simplest, rapid, sensitive and most commonly applied methods of quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites in solution [55].
But only few reports are available regarding determination of tropane alkaloids studies, especially scopolamine, on UV–VIS spectrophotometry from vegetative organs of genus Datura. With this background, the present work was aimed to explore the entire spectrophotometric fingerprint profiles of Datura innoxia entire plant. This is a study where the first time is made a complete characterization of Datura innoxia (as far as we know) cultivated in pedoclimatic conditions specific to the soil in Romania. Conventional Soxhlet extraction technique is applied for the extraction of chemical compounds, especially scopolamine from vegetative organs of the plant. Two organic solvents (1-butanol and ethanol) were optimized to improve on extraction of tropane alkaloids from different plant organs and phytochemical fingerprint was done with UV–VIS techniques.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection

Different parts of Datura innoxia such as leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and root were collected from Romania at maturity period, with mention of the following coordinates: 45°23′05.7″ N, 27°02′59.6″ E, at an altitude of 118 m, in order to investigate the tropane alkaloids content. The morphological characters of the plant biomass were established according with reviewed literature [56].

2.2. Sample Preparation

The fresh organs from plant were split by hands for study and kept in the laboratory at room temperature for drying process. After, all of the dry samples were crushed by a mechanical grinder with dimensions size < 1 mm. The moisture content of the plant material was determined using a thermobalance, model MAX 50/1. Each matrix of the Datura innoxia plant were subjected to heating at a temperature of 105 °C for 10–15 min., until the total removal of water and the moisture content of dried plant organs was <10%. The crushed samples were stored in a glass container with a tight lid before extraction process into different organic solvents.

2.3. Preparation of Standard Solution

A primary standard stock solution (1000 ppm) of scopolamine was prepared as follows: scopolamine (10 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (96%) solution, and then the solution was diluted to 10 mL in a graduated flask (10 mL) by ethanol (96%) solvent. Eight milliliters of this solution were removed to prepare an intermediate standard (800 ppm) and diluted also to 10 mL in a graduated flask by ethanol (96%) solvent.

2.4. Calibration Curve

The working solutions were prepared by accurately removed seven portions of the scopolamine solution (0.025, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625 and 0.75 mL, respectively) in seven volumetric flasks (20 mL). Using the concentration of scopolamine standard solution as abscissa and the absorbency as y-coordinate, the linear graph regression was constructed and the calibration curve is presented in Figure 4 and, moreover in Figure 5 represent UV–VIS spectra of the standard stock solution which showed the peak at 224 nm and, also, for each intermediate standard solution of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 µg mL−1.

2.5. Chemicals and Instruments

Chemical and reagents: Reference standard of scopolamine (hyoscine) (≥99%) and ethanol analytical grade solvent for calibration were procured from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). For extraction process reagent grade solvents ethanol (96%) and 1-butanol (99.6%), were procured from Chemical Company (Iasi, Romania). A Precisa XT 120A analytical balance was used to weigh the samples and a Soxhlet extractor (250 mL) was used for extraction. A vacuum rotary evaporator type 350 and sand thermostatic bath were used to concentrate the samples solution. UV–VIS spectrophotometer V-550 (JASCO) it was used for determination of all absorption spectra, wavelength scan between 190 and 900 nm at room temperature.

2.6. Solvent Extraction

The leaves, flower, seeds, stem and roots dried and powered were accurately weighed (~5, 10 and 15 g) and placed in Soxhlet extractor. Further they were extracted successively with ethanol (250 mL) and 1-butanol (250 mL) for 9 h at a temperature which not go above with the boiling point of the solvent, and after the solvent was evaporated to obtain the concentration solution. The extraction was made for 2 replicates samples for each vegetative organs, in the same conditions. The concentrated extracts were transferred in volumetric flask and dilution was made up to the mark with the extracting solvent. From these solutions a dilution was made with 10 and 50 µL. The solutions were stored for the total scopolamine UV–VIS analysis (190–900 nm). Determination of scopolamine concentration was made in four replicates.

3. Results and Discussion

Combination between pharmaceutical drug design, the principles of biomedical technology and nanotechnology represents nowadays research on investigation for route of a specific drug carrier system, like novel chemical entities (NCE) [57]. Alkaloids derived from plants are secondary metabolites which meaningful contributed to healthcare and natural product research. Due to improvements in extraction, isolation, and quantification techniques, the healthcare benefits of those alkaloids are continuously evolving [58]. Qualitative phytochemical screening, semiquantitative or quantitative by a combination of spectrophotometry, spectroscopic techniques, mass spectrometry, chromatography is considered to be an important step that can lead to the isolation of new compounds of interest [59,60,61,62].
In this study the compound of interest is scopolamine (α-(hydroxymethyl) benzene acetic acid 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo non-7-yl ester), a non-polar belladonna alkaloid with chemical formula C17H21NO4 and its structural formula is a tertiary amine L-(2)-scopolamine (Figure 3) [63] which was identified based of entire spectrophotometric fingerprint profiles of Datura innoxia dry biomass using the most patented technique for extraction of different compounds, with higher number of articles, as Soxhlet extraction, and introduced during the 18th century and represent the developed form of the digestion and decoction methods [64]. Moreover, the plant organs were subjected for phytochemical analysis using two solvents, 1-butanol and ethanol, in order to obtain high quantity and quality bioactive compounds.
For the quantitative analysis, UV technique is suitable for the detection of alkaloids with chromophore-bearing moieties such as scopolamine [65]. Tropane alkaloids are usually monitored at a wavelength of 205 nm because only a few alkaloids contain an aromatic ring which makes them detectable by UV light [65] and 210 nm, as most UV-active functionalities, carbonyl groups absorb in this region [37]. In this study scopolamine was detected in all plant organs of Datura innoxia (Table 1 and Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10).
Experimental it was possible to estimate the scopolamine concentration from Datura innoxia dry biomass (leaves, flowers, seeds, stem and root) extracted in the different organic solvents using the calibration curve response function and absorbances of the UV–VIS peak associated with scopolamine (presented in experimental part).
Integration of scopolamine-associated peaks represented in Table 1 revealed that the intensity of the absorbance varied in order of: 1-butanol extracts > ethanol extracts which may be in full agreement with chromophore-bearing moieties [65]. It is known that the positions, intensities, and shapes of the absorption bands are usually modified by solvents of deferent polarity when absorption spectra are measured. Moreover, Christian Reichardt in his book, explained that these “spectral changes arise from alteration of the chemical nature of the chromophore-containing molecules by the medium, such as proton or electron transfer between solvent and solute, solvent-dependent aggregation, ionization, complexation, or isomerization equilibria and are a result of physical intermolecular solute–solvent interaction forces (such as ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, dipole–induced dipole, hydrogen bonding, etc.), which tend to alter the energy difference between ground and excited state of the absorbing species containing the chromophore” [66]. Moreover, for each vegetative organ it was represented the entire UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution in ethanol and 1-butanol extracts (Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10). From this UV–VIS spectra of above-mentioned extracts, in addition to the alkaloid scopolamine it can also be observed other Phyto-compounds, such phenolics and polyphenols (flavonoids, tannins). The organic solvents extracts of plant organs indicate two absorption bands, the first between 279 and 288 nm indicating the presence of tannins and second in the range of 315–539 nm showing the presence of flavonoids, except for seed extracts (Table 1) [1]. Leaves and flowers from Datura innoxia contain chlorophyll, so this pigment was also extracted with ethanol and 1-butanol. The typical chlorophyll band showed absorption band at 667 nm in ethanol and 1-butanol leaves extracts (Table 1 and Figure 8) and 668 nm in 1-butanol flowers extract (Table 1 and Figure 9b) [67].
Scopolamine was identified in all plant organs of Datura innoxia. The total scopolamine content of dry biomass expressed as µg g−1, dry weight (DW) in two organic solvents extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction are represented in Table 2 and in Figure 11 is represented the concentration of scopolamine expressed as µg g−1 DW, in Datura innoxia matrix extracts in organic solvents (error bars determinate as ±2 x standard deviation (n = 4) and 95% confidence interval).
The results of quantitative analysis of this main tropane alkaloid in Datura innoxia plant tissues showed a significantly higher content of scopolamine in 1-butanol extracts versus ethanol extracts. An important factor that has an impact of affecting the separation of an interest compound from plant matrix in the selection of organic solvent. The main function of solvents is to enhance the cell wall permeability of chemical substances that result in better contact between solvent and solute [1]. Moreover, ethanol end 1-butanol was used for the evaluation of the extraction efficiency [68]. One of the solvents with high solution capacity is 1-butanol [69]. For the estimated quantities, which varied in the order of flowers > seeds > leaves > roots > stem (ethanol) and leaves > flowers > seeds > root > stem (1-butanol) it is believed that this behavior follows the expected path induced by specific processes, place of growing, solvent extraction and plant part studied [70]. Moreover, the results obtained brought clear evidence that the alkaloid scopolamine has variable concentrations from one vegetative organ to another but also depending on the stages of development of the plant, according to the suggestions made by [71].
In regard to the values in the literature, concentrations of scopolamine in various constituent parts of the Datura innoxia plant using the UV–VIS technique, it should be mentioned that they are extremely sporadic. Measurements performed using HPLC system and monochromator (detection 204 nm), on RP 18 column after application the extraction in the preparatory stage, on leaves, stem and roots of Datura innoxia grown in a greenhouse and the values are the total alkaloid content (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) in µg g−1 fresh weight (FW). The values showed 630 µg g−1 FW in roots, 640 µg g−1 FW in stem, 490 µg g−1 FW in leaf lamina [49].
Although the values are different from those obtained in this paper (Table 2), this is not extremely worrying given that a large number of environmental factors can influence the content of tropic alkaloids, including composition, fertilization and salinity of the soli, the climate and altitude, the utilization, application and fixation of growth agents and hormones for the development plants, herbivorous insects and plant health [72].
Regarding the distribution of the amount of scopolamine in various parts of the plant Datura innoxia with the highest content of scopolamine in flowers (ethanol) and leaves (1-butanol), the results of the study conducted in this paper are in agreement with those reported by [73] which reports for scopolamine contents in leaves (120–770 µg g−1 DW) and seeds (29–710 µg g−1 DW).

4. Conclusions

The results of the present study showed that Datura innoxia may be rich sources of phytoconstituents which can be isolated and further screened for different kinds of medicinal activities. Different scopolamine content of Datura innoxia varies greatly depending on the plant species, part concerned, place of growing and environment, plant age, selection, storage conditions, purity of the solvents, and, also analytical methods.
Scopolamine concentration in Datura innoxia biomass follow the order flowers > seeds > leaves > roots > stem for ethanol and leaves > flowers > seeds > roots > stem for 1-butanol. It is likely that environmental factors such as including composition, fertilization and salinity of the soil, the climate and altitude, the utilization, application and fixation of growth agents and hormones for the development plants, herbivorous insects and plant health plays an important role in the differences seen in plant contents of scopolamine.
Taking into account this information, this study on quantification of scopolamine contents using UV–VIS is important to bring to the attention of the public the importance of knowing precisely the very complex chemical composition of the Datura innoxia plant, given that it often: (a) constitutes an important resource for the extraction of scopolamine used for medical purposes, (b) is used for the purpose of obtaining drugs contain large amounts of scopolamine, or (c) come into the ethno-botanical class of drugs.
Future investigations should be carried out regarding phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of the invasive plant, especially on phenolic compounds.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, G.M., L.L. and T.M.; methodology, G.M. and L.L.; software, G.M. and L.L.; validation, L.L. and T.M.; formal analysis, G.M.; investigation, G.M. and L.L.; resources, L.L. and T.M.; data curation, G.M. and L.L.; writing—original draft preparation, G.M. and L.L.; writing—review and editing, L.L. and T.M.; visualization, L.L. and T.M.; supervision, T.M.; funding acquisition, L.L. and T.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors are gratefully acknowledged for the support received from Doctoral School of “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi (TUIASI), Romania, and, also, for technical and financial support received from Forest Journal.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Datura innoxia photographed in Romania (28 December 2018) in private garden for ornamental purpose.
Figure 1. Datura innoxia photographed in Romania (28 December 2018) in private garden for ornamental purpose.
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Figure 2. World map distribution of Daura innoxia [31].
Figure 2. World map distribution of Daura innoxia [31].
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Figure 3. Chemical structure of Scopolamine.
Figure 3. Chemical structure of Scopolamine.
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Figure 4. Calibration curve for scopolamine in ethanol (±standard deviation, n = 4).
Figure 4. Calibration curve for scopolamine in ethanol (±standard deviation, n = 4).
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Figure 5. UV–VIS spectra of different standard concentrations solutions of scopolamine.
Figure 5. UV–VIS spectra of different standard concentrations solutions of scopolamine.
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Figure 6. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia leaves matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
Figure 6. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia leaves matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
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Figure 7. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia flowers matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
Figure 7. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia flowers matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
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Figure 8. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia seeds matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
Figure 8. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia seeds matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
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Figure 9. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia stem matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
Figure 9. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia stem matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
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Figure 10. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia root matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
Figure 10. UV–VIS profile absorption spectra after deconvolution for Datura innoxia root matrix in ethanol extract (a) and 1-butanol extract (b).
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Figure 11. Concentration for scopolamine expressed as µg g−1 DW in Datura innoxia matrix extracts in ethanol and 1-butanol solvents.
Figure 11. Concentration for scopolamine expressed as µg g−1 DW in Datura innoxia matrix extracts in ethanol and 1-butanol solvents.
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Table
Table 1. UV–VIS measurement for peak values of 1-butanol and ethanol extracts of Daura innoxia dry biomass.
Table 1. UV–VIS measurement for peak values of 1-butanol and ethanol extracts of Daura innoxia dry biomass.
Datura InnoxiaLeavesFlowersSeedsStemRoot
SolventsEthanol1-ButanolEthanol1-ButanolEthanol1-ButanolEthanol1-ButanolEthanol1-Butanol
No.λAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbsλAbs
1 *2050.2222140.5602050.3632140.6612030.4842110.4842090.0962150.3972080.1312160.255
22190.0752860.0392240.1442830.0942830.0042790.0172840.0252840.1392880.0192890.081
32850.0093220.0312870.0373170.086 3150.0193170.0583200.0213260.028
44110.0074860.1073290.0264180.004
56670.0055080.005 6680.004
6 5390.005
7 6100.005
8 6670.065
* Peak values for scopolamine (λ, nm).
Table
Table 2. Total scopolamine content of dry biomass expressed as µg g−1 DW (n = 4).
Table 2. Total scopolamine content of dry biomass expressed as µg g−1 DW (n = 4).
Datura innoxia Vegetative OrgansTotal Scopolamine Content (µg g−1 DW) *
Extraction Solvents
Ethanol1-Butanol
Leaves35.57 ± 0.00186.87 ± 0.01
Flowers86.87 ± 0.01150.89 ± 0.01
Seeds57.05 ± 0.0263.27 ± 0.02
Stem11.28 ± 0.0142.50 ± 0.00
Root32.61 ± 0.0358.10 ± 0.01
* Concentrations values for scopolamine.
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Mardare, G.; Lazar, L.; Malutan, T. Potential Application of Invasive Plant Species Datura innoxia for the Scopolamine Extracts of the Plant Organs and Analysis Using UV–VIS Spectrophotometry. Forests 2022, 13, 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101555

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Mardare G, Lazar L, Malutan T. Potential Application of Invasive Plant Species Datura innoxia for the Scopolamine Extracts of the Plant Organs and Analysis Using UV–VIS Spectrophotometry. Forests. 2022; 13(10):1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101555

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Mardare (Balusescu), Georgiana, Liliana Lazar, and Teodor Malutan. 2022. "Potential Application of Invasive Plant Species Datura innoxia for the Scopolamine Extracts of the Plant Organs and Analysis Using UV–VIS Spectrophotometry" Forests 13, no. 10: 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101555

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