Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AA8090-T87 Aluminum Alloy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Investigation of Mechanical Properties
3.1. Analysis on Hardness of the Weld
3.2. Corrosion Analysis
4. X-ray Diffraction Analysis on Corroded Specimens
Effect of Corrosion on Surface Roughness and Hardness of the Joint
5. Conclusions
- The recrystallization behavior, grain boundary strengthening and precipitate formation in the grain boundaries were observed in the stir zone of the weld joint.
- The hardness variation in the weld stir zone was analyzed before and after corrosion and minor change in the hardness is noticed after corrosion. The hardness before corrosion for the 900-90 joint is 73.3% of the base metal and 54.5% of the base metal for 900-110 joint. The hardness increase has been observed after corrosion which was 2.79% for 900-90 joint and 27.3% for 900-110. This hardness variation is the indication of evolution of Al-Cu precipitates in the grain and in the grain boundaries.
- Corrosion analysis has been performed and found that higher density of pits was formed in the 900-110 joint than in the 900-90 joint which is due to the presence of increased wt.% of Cu in 900-110 joint and hydroxides formed during corrosion mechanism. The mass loss % per year is 0.2% for 900-90 joint and 0.8% for 900-110 joint. This confirms the fact that more no. of Cu containing precipitates were formed in 900-110 joint.
- From EDS spectrum before corrosion and after corrosion, it was observed that the alloying elements Al, Cu, Mg, Fe contributed to corrosion behavior.
- Surface roughness analysis has been carried out to analyze the irregularity in the surface after corrosion and found that the surface roughness values escalated to 24.5% and 116% for 900-90 and 900-110 joints after corrosion.
- The traverse speed variation had led to severe corrosion which further led to the deviation in the surface roughness and also hardness of the weld joint. The underlying phenomenon for all these variations was precipitate formation and grain boundary strengthening.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sl. No. | Rotating Speed | Traverse Speed | Description of Joint |
---|---|---|---|
1. | 900 RPM | 90 mm/min. | 900-90 |
2. | 900 RPM | 110 mm/min. | 900-110 |
Elements | Al | Li | Cu | Mg | Si | Zr | Cr | Mn | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 95.2 | 2.35 | 1.29 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.0004 | 0.004 | 0.0.038 |
Elements | Fe | Cr | Mo | Si | V | C | Ni | Cu | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
wt.% | 90 | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.4 |
Sl. No. | Description | Spacing mm | Side | Hardness Difference, VHN | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Hardness profile for 900-90 joint | Between 10 mm and 15 mm | AS | 38.1 | The slope increases from 10 mm | Figure 3 |
2. | Hardness profile for 900-90 joint | Between 10 mm and 15 mm | RS | 23.5 | The slope increases from 10 mm | Figure 3 |
3. | Hardness profile for 900-110 joint | Between 15 mm and 20 mm | AS | 28.2 | The slope increases from 15 mm (Deviation observed) | Figure 4 |
4. | Hardness profile for 900-110 joint | Between 10 mm and 15 mm | RS | 23.3 | The slope increases from 10 mm. | Figure 4 |
Sl. No. | Joint Description | Al (wt.%) | Cu (wt.%) | Mg (wt.%) | Fe (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Base metal | 40.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
2. | 900-90 Joint | 47.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | - |
3. | 900-110 Joint | 42.5 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
Sl. No. | Joint Description | Al (wt.%) | Cu (wt.%) | Mg (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 900-90 | 84.9 | 1.1 | 2.0 |
2. | 900-110 | 88.3 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Alloy | Cu | Mg | Li | Cu/Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|
AA8090 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 1.75 |
Sl. No. | Joint Desc. | Ra before Corrosion (µm) | Ra after Corrosion (µm) | Hardness before Corrosion (VHN) | Hardness after Corrosion (VHN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 900-90 | 4.067 | 5.064 | 121.8 | 125.2 |
2. | 900-110 | 0.566 | 1.223 | 92.3 | 117.5 |
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Shyamlal, C.; Shanmugavel, R.; Jappes, J.T.W.; Nair, A.; Ravichandran, M.; Abuthakeer, S.S.; Prakash, C.; Dixit, S.; Vatin, N.I. Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AA8090-T87 Aluminum Alloy. Materials 2022, 15, 5165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155165
Shyamlal C, Shanmugavel R, Jappes JTW, Nair A, Ravichandran M, Abuthakeer SS, Prakash C, Dixit S, Vatin NI. Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AA8090-T87 Aluminum Alloy. Materials. 2022; 15(15):5165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155165
Chicago/Turabian StyleShyamlal, Chandrasekaran, Rajesh Shanmugavel, J. T. Winowlin Jappes, Anish Nair, M. Ravichandran, S. Syath Abuthakeer, Chander Prakash, Saurav Dixit, and N. I. Vatin. 2022. "Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AA8090-T87 Aluminum Alloy" Materials 15, no. 15: 5165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155165