Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure and Texture of Rolling and Primary Recrystallization
3.2. Inhibitor Evolution during Rolling and Annealing
3.3. Microstructure and Magnetostriction Evolution during High-Temperature Annealing
4. Discussion
4.1. Favorable Inhibitor Characteristics
4.2. Matching Inhibitor Characteristics with Primary Recrystallization
5. Conclusions
- A higher quantity of nanosized NbC precipitates with a size of ~90 nm was prepared by hot rolling, first-stage cold rolling, intermediate annealing, and primary recrystallization annealing. The size of the NbC particles slowly increased to 130 nm as the temperature was increased to 900 °C in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
- Homogeneous fine grains (~10 μm) through the thickness were obtained after primary recrystallization annealing. The small grain size and narrower size distribution, as well as the strong γ fibers (concentrated on {111} <112>) and weak Goss texture in primary recrystallization, favored the rapid secondary recrystallization of the Goss texture.
- The good matching of the special inhibitor characteristics and favorable primary recrystallization texture guaranteed the rapid secondary recrystallization of the Goss texture at annealing temperatures lower than 950 °C and resulted in a magnetostriction coefficient as high as 304 ppm in the Fe81Ga19 sheet.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Clark, A.E.; Restor, J.B.; Wun-Fogle, M.; Lograsso, T.A.; Schlagel, D.L. Magnetostrictive properties of body-centered cubic Fe-Ga and Fe-Ga-Al alloys. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2000, 36, 3238–3240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guruswamy, S.; Srisukhumbowornchai, N.; Clark, A.E.; Restor, J.B.; Wun-Fogle, M. Strong, ductile, and low-field-magnetostrictive alloys based on Fe-Ga. Scr. Mater. 2000, 43, 239–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellogg, R.A.; Russell, A.M.; Lograsso, T.A.; Flatau, A.B.; Clark, A.E.; Wun-Fogle, M. Tensile properties of magnetostrictive iron-gallium alloys. Acta Mater. 2004, 52, 5043–5050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srisukhumbowornchai, N.; Guruswamy, S. Large magnetostriction in directionally solidified FeGa and FeGaAl alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 90, 5680–5688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kellogg, R.A.; Flatau, A.B.; Clark, A.E.; Wun-Fogle, M.; Lograsso, T.A. Texture and grain morphology dependencies of saturation magnetostriction in rolled polycrystalline Fe83Ga17. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 8495–8497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Domann, J.P.; Loeffler, C.M.; Martin, B.E.; Carman, G.P. High strain-rate magnetoelasticity in Galfenol. J. Appl. Phys. 2018, 118, 123904.1–123904.8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, S.M.; Flatau, A.B. Secondary recrystallization, crystallographic texture and magnetostriction in rolled Fe-Ga based alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 518–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, S.M.; Yoo, J.H.; Flatau, A.B. Abnormal (110) grain growth and magnetostriction in recrystallized galfenol with dispersed niobium carbide. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2009, 45, 4132–4135. [Google Scholar]
- He, Z.H.; Sha, Y.H.; Fu, Q.; Lei, F.; Jin, B.K.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, L. Sharp Goss texture and magnetostriction in binary Fe81Ga19 sheets. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2016, 417, 321–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, Q.; Sha, Y.H.; He, Z.H.; Lei, F.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, L. Recrystallization texture and magnetostriction in binary Fe81Ga19 sheets. Acta Metall. Sin. 2017, 53, 90–96. [Google Scholar]
- Na, S.M.; Flatau, A.B. Single grain growth and large magnetostriction in secondarily recrystallized Fe-Ga thin sheet with sharp Goss (011)[100] orientation. Scr. Mater. 2012, 66, 307–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, S.M.; Atwater, K.M.; Flatau, A.B. Particle pinning force thresholds for promoting abnormal grain growth in magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloy sheets. Scr. Mater. 2015, 100, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, C.; Li, J.H.; Zhang, W.L.; Bao, X.Q.; Gao, X.X. Sharp Goss orientation and large magnetostriction in the rolled columnar-grained Fe-Ga alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2015, 374, 459–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, C.; Li, J.H.; Zhang, W.L.; Bao, X.Q.; Gao, X.X. Secondary recrystallization behavior in the rolled columnar-grained Fe-Ga alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2015, 391, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.Y.; Li, J.H.; Mu, X.; Bao, X.Q.; Gao, X.X. Strong NbC particle pinning for promoting abnormal growth of Goss grain in Fe82Ga4.5Al13.5 rolled sheets. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2017, 444, 364–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.Y.; Li, J.H.; Gao, X.X. Influence of intermediate annealing on abnormal Goss grain growth in the rolled columnar-grained Fe-Ga-Al alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2017, 435, 194–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Z.H.; Hao, H.B.; Sha, Y.H.; Li, W.L.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, L. Sharp secondary recrystallization and large magnetostriction in Fe81Ga19 sheet induced by composite nanometer-sized inhibitors. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2019, 478, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, S.M.; Flatau, A.B. Global Goss grain growth and grain boundary characteristics in magnetostrictive galfenol sheets. Smart Mater. Struct. 2013, 22, 125026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hillert, M. On the theory of normal and abnormal grain growth. Acta Metall. 1965, 13, 227–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bunge, H.J.; Esling, C.; Muller, J. The influence of crystal and sample symmetries on the orientation distribution function of the crystallites in polycrystalline materials. Acta Cryst. A 1981, 37, 889–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hayakawa, Y.; Szpunar, J.A. The role of grain boundary character distribution in Goss texture development in electrical steels. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1996, 160, 143–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayakawa, Y.; Szpunar, J.A. A new model of Goss texture development during secondary recrystallization of electrical steel. Acta Mater. 1997, 45, 4713–4720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajmohan, N.; Szpunar, J.A.; Hayakawa, Y. A role of fractions of mobile grain boundaries in secondary recrystallization of Fe–Si steels. Acta Mater. 1999, 47, 2999–3008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, F.Y.; He, C.X.; Meng, L.; Ma, G.; Chen, X.; Mao, W.M. Effect of annealing atmosphere on secondary recrystallization in thin-gauge grain-oriented silicon steel: Evolution of inhibitors. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2017, 439, 403–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chun, H.; Na, S.M.; Mudivarthi, C.; Flatau, A.B. The role of misorientation and coincident site lattice boundaries in Goss-textured Galfenol rolled sheet. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, 07A922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, C.; Li, J.H.; Bao, X.Q.; Gao, X.X. Influence of annealing process on texture evolution and magnetostriction in rolled Fe–Ga based alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2014, 362, 154–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Z.H.; Sha, Y.H.; Fu, Q.; Lei, F.; Jin, B.K.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, L. Secondary recrystallization and magnetostriction in binary Fe81Ga19 thin sheets. J. Appl. Phys. 2016, 119, 123904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.H.; Gao, X.X.; Zhu, J.; Bao, X.Q.; Xia, T.; Zhang, M.C. Ductility, texture and large magnetostriction of Fe–Ga-based sheets. Scr. Mater. 2010, 63, 246–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakakura, A. Effects of AlN on the primary recrystallization textures in cold-rolled-(110)[001]-oriented single crystals of 3% silicon Iron. J. Appl. Phys. 1969, 40, 1534–1538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, P.; Palumbo, G.; Harase, J. Coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries and Goss texture development in Fe–3% Si alloy. Acta Metall. 1996, 44, 4677–4683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dennis, J.; Bate, P.S.; Humphreys, F.J. Abnormal grain growth in Al–3.5Cu. Acta Metall. 2009, 57, 4539–4547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Na, S.M.; Flatau, A.B. Texture evolution and probability distribution of Goss orientation in magnetostrictive Fe–Ga alloy sheets. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 7697–7706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez, A.M.; Dumont, B.M.; Acevedo-Reyes, D. Implementation of classical nucleation and growth theories for precipitation. Acta Metall. 2008, 56, 2119–2132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lei, F.; Sha, Y.; He, Z.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, L. Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles. Materials 2021, 14, 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143818
Lei F, Sha Y, He Z, Zhang F, Zuo L. Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143818
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Fan, Yuhui Sha, Zhenghua He, Fang Zhang, and Liang Zuo. 2021. "Rapid Secondary Recrystallization of the Goss Texture in Fe81Ga19 Sheets Using Nanosized NbC Particles" Materials 14, no. 14: 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143818