Hybridized Love Waves in a Guiding Layer Supporting an Array of Plates with Decorative Endings

Abstract

This study follows from Maurel et al., Phys. Rev. B 98, 134311 (2018), where we reported on direct numerical observations of out-of-plane shear surface waves propagating along an array of plates atop a guiding layer, as a model for a forest of trees. We derived closed form dispersion relations using the homogenization procedure and investigated the effect of heterogeneities at the top of the plates (the foliage of trees). Here, we extend the study to the derivation of a homogenized model accounting for heterogeneities at both endings of the plates. The derivation is presented in the time domain, which allows for an energetic analysis of the effective problem. The effect of these heterogeneous endings on the properties of the surface waves is inspected for hard heterogeneities. It is shown that top heterogeneities affect the resonances of the plates, hence modifying the cut-off frequencies of a wave mathematically similar to the so-called Spoof Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave, while the bottom heterogeneities affect the behavior of the layer, hence modifying the dispersion relation of the Love waves. The complete system simply mixes these two ingredients, resulting in hybrid surface waves accurately described by our model.

1. Introduction

The problem of waves propagating in an elastic half-space supporting an array of beams or plates is well known in seismology, where the site–city interaction aims at understanding the interaction of seismic waves with a set of buildings. Starting with the seminal work of Housner [1] (see also [2]), the site–city interaction has been intensively studied numerically [3,4,5] and analytically [6,7,8,9,10,11]. In this context, seismic shields, or metabarriers, have been considered using resonators buried in soil [12,13,14,15] or arrays of trees with a gradient in their heights [16,17,18]. More generally, this configuration is the elastic analog of a corrugated interface able to support surface waves, studied in acoustics [19] and in electromagnetism [20,21], where they are known as Spoof Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs). SPPs play a fundament role in the extraordinary transmission of long wavelength electromagnetic waves through metallic gratings [22,23] and have been studied intensively in the past twenty years for their potential applications in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy, and bio-photonics; see, e.g., [24]. Such similarities between surface waves in electromagnetism and elastodynamics fuel research in seismic metamaterials [25], as they lead to simplified models that see behind the tree that hides the forest [26].

To describe classical SPPs, the homogenization of a stratified medium is an easy and efficient tool [27,28]; the analysis is valid in the low frequency regime, namely owing to the existence of a small parameter measuring the ratio of the array spacing to the typical wavelength, and it provides, at the dominant order, the dispersion relation of SPPs. Thanks to the mathematical analogy between the problem in electromagnetism and in elasticity, this approach was applied in [18] accounting for the presence of a guiding soil layer underlain by an elastic half-space. Simple dispersion relations have been obtained from the effective model for the resulting spoof Love waves, so-called because of the characteristics they share with classical Love waves (surface waves supported by the layer on its own) and SPPs. Next, to account for the presence of heterogeneities (a foliage) at the top of the plates (trees), a hybrid model was used where the homogenization was performed locally (near the top of the plates) at the second order.

The present study generalizes and complements this study following two ways: (i) from a physical point of view, we include the effect of heterogeneities at the bottom of the plates (Figure 1), and (ii) from a technical point of view, we derive the full model at second order. This produces a significant increase in the accuracy of the theoretical prediction: in the reported examples, the model at order two is accurate up to a 1–2% error margin, while the model previously used in [18], at order one, would be accurate up to 10–30%. The second order model (see Equations (2) and (3)) provides a one-dimensional problem along the z-direction with a succession of homogeneous layers: the substrate occupying a half-space, the guiding layer, and an effective anisotropic layer replacing the region of the plates (see Figure 2). The effect of the heterogeneities at the bottom is encapsulated in transmission conditions, which tell us that the displacement and the normal stress are not continuous; this holds for plates without ending heterogeneities, a fact that was disregarded in [18]. The effect of the heterogeneities at the top is encapsulated in a boundary condition that differs from the usual stress free condition, as in [18]. We recover that for most of the frequencies, the plates do not interact efficiently with the layer; in the present case, it results that the surface wave resembles that of the layer only, hence a wave of the Love type. However, the resonances of the plates produce cut-off frequencies around which the dispersion relations are deeply affected. For simple plates, this can already produce drastic modifications in the dispersion relations (hybridization of the Love branches, avoided crossings at the cut-off frequencies of the plates). When heterogeneities at the endings of the plates are accounted for, additional changes happen. The heterogeneities at the bottom of the plates modify the behavior of the layer on its own, resulting in modified Love waves. The heterogeneities at the top of the plates modify the resonances of the plates, hence the cut-off frequencies. These two simple ingredients allow us to interpret qualitatively the various dispersion relations obtained in the configuration of the plates decorated at both ends. Next, the dispersion relations are accurately recovered by our homogenized model.

The paper is organized as follow. Section 2 summarizes the main results of the analysis: the effective model, Equations (2) and (3), and the resulting equation of energy conservation, Equation (10). The full derivation of the effective model is detailed in the Appendix A and Appendix B. In Section 3, we inspect the characteristics of waves guided by an array of decorated plates. The dispersion relations of these waves are exhibited numerically and compared to the closed forms provided by the effective model, Equations (21)–(23). The heterogeneities have the form of an additional thin hard layer at the bottom of the plates and a thin hard cap on the top. These simple shapes of heterogeneities allow us to discuss the Love waves modified by the bottom heterogeneity only and the resonances of a plate modified by the top heterogeneity.

Throughout the paper, we use the following notations:

-

Material properties: mass density $\rho$ and shear modulus $\mu$, with subscripts “S” for the substrate, “L” for the guiding Layer, “P” for the Plates, and “b,t” for the heterogeneities at the bottom and at the top of the plates.

-

Geometrical parameters: the layer has a total height $H_{\mathrm{L}}=h_{\mathrm{L}}+h_{\mathrm{b}}$ with $h_{\mathrm{b}}$ occupied by the heterogeneities. The array of plates is periodic with spacing ℓ, with plate thickness ${\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}$ and total height $H_{\mathrm{P}}=h_{\mathrm{P}}+h_{\mathrm{t}}$ ($h_{\mathrm{t}}$ occupied by the heterogeneities). The heterogeneities at the bottom and top of the plates have surfaces ${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathrm{b}}={\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}{h}_{\mathrm{b}}$ and ${\mathcal{S}}_{\mathrm{t}}={\phi }_{\mathrm{t}}{h}_{\mathrm{t}}$.

2. Summary of the Main Results

In the actual problem, the Navier equations for shear waves simplify to a wave equation for the antiplane displacement $u=u_y(\mathbf{x},t)$ and the stress vector $\mathit{\sigma }(\mathbf{x},t)$, of the form [29]:

$$\mathit{\sigma }(\mathbf{x},t)=\mu \left(\mathbf{x}\right)\nabla u(\mathbf{x},t),\rho \left(\mathbf{x}\right)\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial t^2}(\mathbf{x},t)=div\mathit{\sigma }(\mathbf{x},t),$$

(1)

with $\mathbf{x}=(x,z)$ and t the time. The mass density $\rho \left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ and the shear modulus $\mu \left(\mathbf{x}\right)$ are piecewise constant in the different materials, substrate/layer/plate/heterogeneities; see Figure 1. At each boundary between the elastic materials, the continuity of the displacement u and of the normal stress $\mathit{\sigma }·\mathit{n}$ holds (with $\mathit{n}$ the local normal vector). Eventually, at the boundaries separating elastic media and air, the stress-free boundary condition $\mathit{\sigma }·\mathit{n}=0$ applies. In this section, we present the effective model deduced from the asymptotic analysis developed in Appendix A.

2.1. Effective Model

In the effective homogenized model, the regions of the substrate $z\in (-\infty ,-H_{\mathrm{L}})$ and of the guiding layer $z\in (-H_{\mathrm{L}},-h_{\mathrm{b}})$ are kept as in the actual problem, while the region of the plates $z\in (0,h_{\mathrm{P}})$ is replaced by an equivalent homogeneous region of the same height. In this region, the medium is highly anisotropic, with propagation being allowed in the vertical direction z only; this calculation follows from [18] and applies almost identically in the acoustic case for arrays of Helmholtz resonators [30]. The boundary condition at the top of the effective medium, $z=h_{\mathrm{P}}$, is a condition of the Robin type for the normal stress. The transmission conditions at the bottom of the effective medium apply across the actual region of the heterogeneity, and they involve four parameters depending on the geometry of the heterogeneity and of the plates. Specifically, the homogenized model reads as:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{for}z\in (-\infty ,-H_{\mathrm{L}}),\hfill & {\displaystyle \mathit{\sigma }={\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}\nabla u,{\rho }_{\mathrm{S}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial t^2}=\mathrm{div}\mathit{\sigma },}\hfill \\ \mathrm{for}z\in (-H_{\mathrm{L}},-h_{\mathrm{b}}),\hfill & {\displaystyle \mathit{\sigma }={\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}\nabla u,{\rho }_{\mathrm{L}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial t^2}=\mathrm{div}\mathit{\sigma },}\hfill \\ \mathrm{for}z\in (0,h_{\mathrm{P}}),\hfill & {\displaystyle \mathit{\sigma }={\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)\nabla u,{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial t^2}=\mathrm{div}\mathit{\sigma },}\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(2)

along with the continuity of u and $\mathit{\sigma }·n$ at $z=-H_{\mathrm{L}}$ and the dynamic effective conditions:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{across} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{region} (-h_{\mathrm{b}},0),\hfill & {\displaystyle ⟦u⟧=\frac{{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\overline{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}}+l_{\mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial x},⟦{\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}⟧=l_{\mathrm{b}}\frac{\partial \overline{{\sigma }_z}}{\partial x}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}\frac{{\partial }^2\overline{u}}{\partial x^2}+h_{\mathrm{b}}{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}\frac{{\partial }^2\overline{u}}{\partial t^2},}\hfill \\ \mathrm{at} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{top} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{the} \mathrm{plates} z=h_{\mathrm{P}},\hfill & {\displaystyle {\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}(x,h_{\mathrm{P}},t)=-L_{\mathrm{t}}\frac{\partial {\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}}{\partial z}(x,h_{\mathrm{P}},t).}\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(3)

The transmission conditions involve $⟦u⟧=u(x,0,t)-u(x,-h_{\mathrm{b}},t)$ and $\overline{u}=\frac{1}{2}\left(u(x,0,t)+u(x,-h_{\mathrm{b}},t)\right)$, being the jump of u across the bottom heterogeneity and its mean value, respectively, and the same for ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}$.

Among the five effective parameters $({\ell }_{\mathrm{b}},l_{\mathrm{b}},L_{\mathrm{b}},{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}},L_{\mathrm{t}})$ entering in the effective conditions, two are known explicitly, while three are defined by elementary problems on $(V_1,V_2)$ that satisfy static problems set in non-dimensional coordinate $\mathit{\chi }=(\chi ,\zeta )=(x/\ell ,z/\ell )$ in the vicinity of $z=0$ (see Figure A3 in Appendix A.3). These problems read as:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}{\displaystyle \mathrm{div}\left(\frac{\mu }{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\nabla V_1\right)=0,}\hfill & {\displaystyle \underset{\zeta \to -\infty }{lim}\nabla V_1={\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{z}},}\hfill & {\displaystyle \underset{\zeta \to +\infty }{lim}\nabla V_1=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}}{\mathit{e}}_{\mathrm{z}},}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle \mathrm{div}\left(\frac{\mu }{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\nabla \left(V_2+\chi \right)\right)=0,}\hfill & {\displaystyle \underset{\zeta \to -\infty }{lim}\nabla V_2=\mathbf{0},}\hfill & {\displaystyle \underset{\zeta \to +\infty }{lim}\nabla V_2=-{\mathit{e}}_x,}\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(4)

with $V_1$, $\mu \nabla V_1·\mathit{n}$ continuous at each interface between two elastic media and $\nabla V_1·\mathit{n}=0$ at the boundaries with the air and $V_1$ and $\mu \nabla V_1$ one periodic with respect to $\chi$ for $\zeta <0$ (the same for $V_2$ and $\mu \nabla \left(V_2+\chi \right)$). Then, we have:

$$\mathrm{Effective}\mathrm{parameters}\mathrm{in}(3)\left\{\begin{array}{c}{\displaystyle {\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}=\ell \underset{\zeta \to +\infty }{lim}\left(V_1-\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}}\zeta \right)+h_{\mathrm{b}},}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle l_{\mathrm{b}}=\ell \underset{\zeta \to +\infty }{lim}(V_2+\chi ),}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm{b}}=\ell {\int }_{{\mathcal{Y}}_{\mathrm{P}}}\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\frac{\partial }{\partial \chi }(V_2+\chi )d\mathit{\chi }+\ell {\int }_{{\mathcal{Y}}_{\mathrm{b}}}\frac{\mu }{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\frac{\partial }{\partial \chi }{V}_{2}d\mathit{\chi }+\frac{h_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}\left[{\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}+(1-{\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}){\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}\right],}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle {\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}={\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}+(1-{\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}){\rho }_{\mathrm{L}},}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm{t}}=h_{\mathrm{t}}\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{t}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}}.}\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(5)

It is worth noting that the homogenized problem is set in a domain where the regions $(-h_{\mathrm{b}},0)$ and $(h_{\mathrm{P}},H_{\mathrm{P}})$ occupied by the heterogeneities have disappeared. It should be possible to extend the anisotropic region to $(0,H_{\mathrm{P}})$ as done in [18]; this would lead to a different, but as accurate effective model, with slightly different boundary condition at $z=H_{\mathrm{P}}$ (specifically, a different value of $L_{\mathrm{t}}$). However, this is not suitable from an energetic point of view (see Section 2.2). Similarly, the transmission conditions involve jumps of the displacement and of the normal stress across a non-zero interface. It should be possible to express the transmission conditions across a zero thickness interface located say at $z=0$. Again, this would lead to a different and as accurate effective model, with slightly different transmission conditions (with different values of ${\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{b}}$); again, our choice guaranties good properties of the energy in the effective problem.

2.2. Effective Energy

The solution $(u,\mathit{\sigma })$ of the homogeneous problem is expected to approximate the, say numerical, solution $(u_{\mathrm{num}},{\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{num}})$ of the actual problem. Hence, we expect that the actual elastic energy is also correctly approximated in the effective problem. In the actual problem, the elastic energy simply reads as [29]:

$${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{num}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{num}}}\left(\frac{1}{\mu }{\left|{\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{num}}\right|}^2+\rho {\left(\frac{\partial u_{\mathrm{num}}}{\partial t}\right)}^2\right)\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}.$$

(6)

We shall now interrogate the equation of energy conservation in the homogenized problem where the effective boundary and jump conditions in (3) make additional energies appear. These terms appear primarily as fluxes within the bounded region $\mathcal{D}$ (see Figure 3), but they can be written as the time derivative of effective energies supported by the surface $\gamma$ at the top of the plates and across the heterogeneities at the bottom of the plates (${\Gamma }^{\pm }$).

By simple manipulation of the equations in (2), the equation of energy conservation in the homogenized problem is found to be of the form:

$$\frac{d}{d\mathrm{t}}\left({\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{S}}+{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{L}}+{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)+\Phi =0,$$

(7)

with:

$${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}}\left(\frac{{\left|\mathit{\sigma }\right|}^2}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}}+{\rho }_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}{\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)}^2\right)\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x},{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{P}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{P}}}\left(\frac{|{\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}{|}^2}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}}+{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)}^2\right)\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x},$$

(8)

and:

$$\Phi ={\int }_{\partial \mathcal{D}}\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}\mathit{\sigma }·\mathit{n}\mathrm{d}l$$

(9)

(here, $\Phi$ is a line integral). The flux $\Phi$ has a contribution on $\Sigma$ and two contributions that do not cancel even if the region $\mathcal{D}$ is bounded, that is if $\Sigma$ is associated with Neumann or Dirichlet boundary conditions. Specifically, $\Phi ={\Phi }_{\Sigma }+{\Phi }_{\mathrm{b}}+{\Phi }_{\mathrm{t}}$ with:

$$\begin{array}{c}{\displaystyle {\Phi }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}=\frac{d}{dt}{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{and},}\\ {\displaystyle {\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{\Gamma }\left[{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}{\left(\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial x}\right)}^2+h_{\mathrm{b}}{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}{\left(\frac{\partial \overline{u}}{\partial t}\right)}^2+\frac{{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{\overline{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}}}^2\right]\mathrm{d}x,{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{t}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{\gamma }{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}{\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}\right)}^2\mathrm{d}x,}\end{array}$$

(10)

where $\mathit{n}$ is the normal interior and ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L},\mathrm{P}}$ the parts of $\mathcal{D}$ occupied by the substrate, the layer, and the plates, respectively. We have used that ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}=-L_{\mathrm{t}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\partial }_{tt}u$ on $\gamma$ from (2) and (3). We also have that ${\Phi }_{\mathrm{b}}={\int }_{\Gamma }\left({\partial }_t\overline{u}⟦{\sigma }_z⟧+{\partial }_t⟦u⟧\overline{{\sigma }_z}\right)dx$; hence, ${\Phi }_{\mathrm{b}}={\int }_{\Gamma }\left(\left[l_{\mathrm{b}}{\partial }_x\overline{{\sigma }_z}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}{\partial }_{xx}\overline{u}+h_{\mathrm{b}}{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}{\partial }_{tt}\overline{u}\right]{\partial }_t\overline{u}+\left[\frac{{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{\partial }_t\overline{{\sigma }_z}+l_{\mathrm{b}}{\partial }_{xt}\overline{u}\right]\overline{{\sigma }_z}\right)dx$. The two terms in $l_{\mathrm{b}}$ cancel after integration by parts of one of them, and we integrate also by parts the term in $L_{\mathrm{b}}$. It is worth noting that the integrations by parts make boundary terms (b.t.) appear. These terms can be interpreted as concentrated forces at the ending points of ${\Gamma }^{\pm }$ along x; they are disregarded in the present study. Next, ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}$ in (10) are energies since they are definite positive quadratic forms. Indeed, $L_{\mathrm{t}}>0$ from (5) and ${\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}>0$ from (5), and it is shown in Appendix B that ${\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{b}}$ are positive as well. It is also worth mentioning that choosing a different position for $\gamma$ would produce a different and possibly negative value of $L_{\mathrm{t}}$. Similarly, expressing the transmission conditions across a zero thickness interface would produce a possibly negative value of $L_{\mathrm{b}}$. Discussions on the effective energies can be found in [31,32].

We further stress that the homogenized problem is set on $\mathcal{D}$, which differs from ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{num}}$; the regions ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ for $z\in (-h_{\mathrm{b}},0)$ and ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ for $z\in (h_{\mathrm{P}},H_{\mathrm{P}})$ are missing. Intuitively, we expect that the effective energies ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}$ represent the elastic energies in ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ and ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ in the actual problem; specifically, we expect that:

$${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}\simeq \frac{1}{2}{\int }_{{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}}\left(\frac{1}{\mu }{\left|{\mathit{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{num}}\right|}^2+\rho {\left(\frac{\partial u_{\mathrm{num}}}{\partial t}\right)}^2\right)\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}.$$

(11)

We shall illustrate in Section 3.4 that these intuitive relations are indeed legitimate.

3. Hybrid Love Waves in a Guiding Layer Supporting Decorated Plates

In this section, we inspect the ability of the effective problem (2) and (3) to reproduce the scattering properties of an actual array. We consider the geometry of Figure 4: $\ell =1$ in arbitrary unit length, ${\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}={\phi }_{\mathrm{t}}=0.5$ and ${\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}=1$. The total heights $H_{\mathrm{P}}=h_{\mathrm{P}}+h_{\mathrm{t}}=12$, $H_{\mathrm{L}}=h_{\mathrm{L}}+h_{\mathrm{b}}=8$ are fixed. When the heterogeneities are considered, we set $h_{\mathrm{t}}=1$ (hence, $h_{\mathrm{P}}=11$) and/or $h_{\mathrm{b}}=1$ (hence, $h_{\mathrm{L}}=7$). We give in the tables below the material properties and the values of the effective parameters entering in the effective conditions (3).

We consider the time-harmonic regime with a time dependence $e^{-i\omega \mathrm{t}}$, which is omitted in the following, and inspect the solution of a scattering problem for a wave coming from $z=-\infty$ with a wavenumber $\beta$ along x, resulting in a reflected wave with a complex reflection coefficient R. This scattering problem allows us to cover the case of an incoming propagating wave, with $\left|R\right|=1$ for $\beta \le \omega /c_{\mathrm{S}}$, and the case of guided waves, when $\left|R\right|=\infty$ for $\beta >\omega /c_{\mathrm{S}}$. The actual problem has to be solved numerically, and this was done using classical multimodal calculations.

In the rest of this section, we shall use for $\beta$ the component of the wavenumber along x and make use of the following quantities:

$$k_{\mathrm{P}}=\frac{\omega }{c_{\mathrm{P}}},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}=\sqrt{\frac{{\omega }^2}{c_{\mathrm{L}}^2}-{\beta }^2},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}=\sqrt{\frac{{\omega }^2}{c_{\mathrm{S}}^2}-{\beta }^2},$$

(12)

($c_{\mathrm{a}}=\sqrt{{\mu }_{\mathrm{a}}/{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}}$ for a = P, L, S).

3.1. Two Reference Solutions

To begin with, we establish two families of reference solutions that will be useful to analyze our problem. The first is that of Love waves supported by a guiding layer on the top of a substrate with $c_{\mathrm{L}}<c_{\mathrm{S}}$, which can be affected by the presence of the bottom heterogeneities. The second family is that of the Spoof Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) in the plates, which can be affected by the presence of heterogeneities at the bottom of the plates.

3.1.1. Love Waves and Modified Love Waves

If we remove the array (Figure 5), the problem is reduced to a guiding layer sandwiched between air and the semi-infinite substrate (classical Love wave), and its modified version when a thin hard layer is added. The exact solutions of these problems are easily obtained. For classical Love waves, the solution of the scattering problem reads as:

$$u(x,z)=e^{i\beta x}\times \left\{\begin{array}{cc}Acos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}z\right),\hfill & z\in (-h_{\mathrm{L}},0),\hfill \\ e^{i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+h_{\mathrm{L}})}+R_{\mathrm{Love}}{e}^{-i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+h_{\mathrm{L}})},\hfill & z\in (-\infty ,-h_{\mathrm{L}}),\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(13)

and using the continuity of the displacement and of the normal stress provides $(A,R_{\mathrm{Love}})$, in particular:

$$R_{\mathrm{Love}}=-\frac{tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)-iY}{tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)+iY},\mathrm{with}Y=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}.$$

(14)

We recover the usual dispersion relation of Love waves for Y imaginary (${\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}$ imaginary with a positive imaginary part) and $|R_{\mathrm{Love}}|=\infty$, which guaranties a family of Love wave dispersion branches in $\omega /c_{\mathrm{S}}<\beta <\omega /c_{\mathrm{L}}$; see Figure 5.

If we add a layer of thickness $h_{\mathrm{b}}$ in the guiding layer, the exact solution reads as:

$$u(x,z)=e^{i\beta x}\times \left\{\begin{array}{cc}Acos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{b}}z\right),\hfill & z\in (-h_{\mathrm{b}},0),\hfill \\ Bcos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}z\right)+Csin\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}z\right),\hfill & z\in (-h_{\mathrm{L}},-h_{\mathrm{b}}),\hfill \\ e^{i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+h_{\mathrm{L}})}+R_{\mathrm{Love}}^{\mathrm{b}}{e}^{-i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+h_{\mathrm{L}})},\hfill & z\in (-\infty ,-h_{\mathrm{L}}).\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(15)

Again, applying the continuity of the displacement and of the normal stress at $z=-h_{\mathrm{L}}$, $-h_{\mathrm{b}}$ provides $(A,B,C,R_{\mathrm{Love}}^{\mathrm{b}})$ and, in particular:

$$R_{\mathrm{Love}}^{\mathrm{b}}=-\frac{tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}+{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}\right)-iY}{tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}+{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}\right)+iY},{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}={tan}^{-1}\left(\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{b}}{h}_{\mathrm{b}}\right)\right),$$

(16)

where we have defined ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{b}}=\sqrt{\frac{{\omega }^2}{c_{\mathrm{b}}^2}-{\beta }^2}$, $c_{\mathrm{b}}=\sqrt{{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}/{\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}}$. Surface waves in this configuration have a dispersion relation $tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}+{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}\right)+iY=0$, which can differ significantly from the dispersion relation of the classical Love waves; see Figure 5.

3.1.2. SPPs and Modified SPPs

The dispersion relation of spoof plasmons was derived using approximate methods [19,21] including classical homogenization [27,28]. However, the asymptotes at the cutoff frequencies can be straightforwardly calculated since they correspond to resonances of the plates associated with Dirichlet–Neumann boundary conditions at the bottom-top of the plate. For the classical SPPs, with $k_{\mathrm{P}}=\omega /c_{\mathrm{P}}$, the solution simply reads as $u(x,z)=Acos\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}(z-H_{\mathrm{P}})\right)e^{i\beta x}$ for $z\in (0,H_{\mathrm{P}})$, where we have anticipated the Neumann boundary condition (stress-free condition) at the top of the plate. At resonance, the Dirichlet boundary condition applies at $z=0$ (the plate is clamped to the layer or to the substrate), resulting in the resonance frequency defining the asymptotes for:

$$\mathrm{Asymptotes}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{SPPs}:\cot \mathrm{an}\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{H}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)=0,\mathrm{hence}{\omega }_n^{\mathrm{SPP}}=(2n+1)\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{c_{\mathrm{P}}}{H_{\mathrm{P}}}.$$

(17)

When the plate is terminated by a cap of the same thickness ${\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}$ and height $h_{\mathrm{t}}$ (with $k_{\mathrm{t}}=\omega /c_{\mathrm{t}}$), the solution reads as $u(x,z)=\left(Bcos\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}z\right)+Csin\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}z\right)\right)e^{i\beta x}$ for $z\in (0,h_{\mathrm{P}})$ and $u(x,z)=Acos\left(k_{\mathrm{t}}(z-H_{\mathrm{P}})\right)e^{i\beta x}$ for $z\in (h_{\mathrm{P}},H_{\mathrm{P}})$. Still at resonance, the Dirichlet boundary condition at $z=0$ imposes $B=0$; then applying the continuity of the displacement and normal stress at $z=h_{\mathrm{P}}$ provides two relations on $(A,C)$, which are compatible if:

$$\mathrm{Asymptotes}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{modified}\mathrm{SPPs}:\cot \mathrm{an}\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}}tan\left(k_{\mathrm{t}}{h}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)\simeq k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}},$$

(18)

and the last equality holds in the case where $k_{\mathrm{t}}{h}_{\mathrm{t}}\ll 1$ with $L_{\mathrm{t}}$ defined in (5) (and $L_{\mathrm{t}}=0$ for $h_{\mathrm{t}}=0$). In our geometry, with $L_{\mathrm{t}}=10$, $H_{\mathrm{P}}=12$, and $c_{\mathrm{P}}=240$, the first three asymptotes of the classical SPPs are obtained for ${\omega }_n^{\mathrm{SPP}}/\left(2\pi \right)=3,15,25$. In the presence of the caps of thickness $h_{\mathrm{t}}=1$ (hence, $h_{\mathrm{P}}=11$), solving the implicit relation $\cot \mathrm{an}X=\frac{10}{11}X$, with $X=\omega h_{\mathrm{P}}/c_{\mathrm{P}}$, provides the first three modified asymptotes at ${\omega }_n^{\mathrm{SPP},\mathrm{t}}/\left(2\pi \right)=3.1,12.0,22.4$; see Figure 6.

3.2. Dispersion Relation of Hybridized Love Waves

We shall see that the properties of the hybridized Love waves can be understood in light of the two ingredients studied in the previous section. On the one hand, for weak coupling between the plates and the guiding layer, our surface waves resemble Love waves, which are affected by the presence of heterogeneities. On the other hand, their dispersion relation is deeply modified in the vicinity of the SPPs asymptotes at cut-off frequencies (the coupling is maximum at those frequencies); the cut-off frequencies are dictated by the characteristics of the plates, hence sensitive to the presence of heterogeneities at their tops.

For the geometry of Figure 4, the solution of the scattering problem reads as:

$$u(x,z)=e^{i\beta x}\times \left\{\begin{array}{cc}A\left[cos\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}(z-h_{\mathrm{P}})\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}sin\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}(z-h_{\mathrm{P}})\right)\right],\hfill & z\in (0,h_{\mathrm{P}}),\hfill \\ Bcos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}(z+h_{\mathrm{b}})\right)+Csin\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}(z+h_{\mathrm{b}})\right),\hfill & z\in (-H_{\mathrm{L}},-h_{\mathrm{b}}),\hfill \\ e^{i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+H_{\mathrm{L}})}+R{e}^{-i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+H_{\mathrm{L}})},\hfill & z\in (-\infty ,-H_{\mathrm{L}}).\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(19)

We have accounted for the boundary condition ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}=-L_{\mathrm{t}}{\partial }_{\mathrm{z}}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}$ at $z=h_{\mathrm{P}}$ (from (3)). Next, accounting for the continuities of the displacement and of the normal stress at $x=-H_{\mathrm{L}}$ and for the effective transmission conditions in (3) between $x=-h_{\mathrm{b}}$ and $x=0$ provides the four relations needed to deduce $(A,B,C,R)$. This leaves us with:

$$R=-\frac{D^{*}(\omega ,\beta )}{D(\omega ,\beta )},$$

(20)

where:

$$\begin{array}{cc}{\displaystyle D(\omega ,\beta )=}\hfill & {\displaystyle \left[\frac{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}\left(tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)+{\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)\right)\right]\left(1-iYtan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)\right)}\hfill \\ & {\displaystyle +\left[1-k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)-\frac{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}\left(tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)\right]\left(tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)+iY\right),}\hfill \end{array}$$

(21)

and:

$$Y=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}},{\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}=\frac{h_{\mathrm{b}}{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}{\omega }^2-{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}{\beta }^2}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}.$$

(22)

In (20), $D^{*}$ is deduced from D by substituting $iY$ by $-iY$. It results that for waves propagating in the substrate (${\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}$ and ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}$ real for $\beta <\omega /c_{\mathrm{S}}<\omega /c_{\mathrm{L}}$), $D^{*}$ is the complex conjugate of D, and $\left|R\right|=1$, as expected. Next, surface waves correspond to ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}$ imaginary with a positive imaginary part, and $\left|R\right|=\infty$; hence, we deduce that:

$$\mathrm{Dispersion}\mathrm{relation}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{guided}\mathrm{waves}:D(\omega ,\beta )=0,-i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}\mathrm{real}>0.$$

(23)

It is worth noting that we recover the exact dispersion relations of the classical and modified Love waves for $H_{\mathrm{P}}=0$, whence $h_{\mathrm{P}}=h_{\mathrm{t}}=0$ and $L_{\mathrm{t}}=0$ in (5). We still have to determine ${\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ in (22), and to do so, we have to adapt the elementary problem for $V_2$ to find $L_{\mathrm{b}}$ in (5). This can be done easily by setting $\langle {\sigma }_{\mathrm{z}}^0\rangle (x,0,t)=0$ in (A30) and replacing the limit to $+\infty$ by a boundary condition on $\chi =0$; it results that the limit at $+\infty$ of $V_2$ in (4) is replaced by $\nabla V_2=-{\mathit{e}}_x$ at $\zeta =0$, and the integral over ${\mathcal{Y}}_{\mathrm{P}}$ cancels in (5); the problem is simpler, but still non-trivial. However, in the case where the heterogeneity in the bottom is a thin layer (${\phi }_{\mathrm{b}}=1$), the integral over ${\mathcal{Y}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ cancels as well by periodicity, and $L_{\mathrm{b}}=h_{\mathrm{b}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}/{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$. Thus, we get ${\displaystyle D(\omega ,\beta )={\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-iY\left(tan{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)\right)+\left(tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)+iY\right)}$, with ${\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{b}}^2{h}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}\simeq tan{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}$. Expectedly, we recover the exact dispersion relation of Love waves for $h_{\mathrm{b}}=0$ (${\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}=0$) and that of the modified Love waves in the limit of small $h_{\mathrm{b}}$.

3.3. Validation of the Homogenized Solution

Figure 7 shows the main results of the present study; we report the dispersion relations in four cases from the undecorated plates to the plates decorated at both endings; see the Table 3. They are visible by means of a large (diverging) reflection coefficient in $R_{\mathrm{num}}$ computed in the direct numerics and from the explicit homogenized R value in (20)–(22).

The exact dispersion relations of the classical, (14), and modified, (16), Love waves are given for comparison. As previously said, the interaction of the plates with the layer is weak except in the vicinity of the cut-off frequencies. However, for the relatively tall plates that we have considered, these cut-off frequencies are sufficiently close to each other to modify the dispersion relation of our guided waves deeply.

This is already visible for the undecorated plates (Case 1); the guided waves tend to resemble the classical Love waves, but they experience several hybridizations at the cut-off frequencies of the SPPs in (17), accompanied by avoided crossings (sometimes not so pronounced). In the presence of the caps on the top of the plates, the same scenario is observed, with now cut-off frequencies given by the modified SPPs in (18). Eventually, Cases 3 and 4 with the thin hard bottom layer reproduce the same sequence as Cases 1 and 2 with the guided waves, which tend to resemble the modified Love waves.

The ability of our homogenized solution to reproduce the actual dispersion relations accurately is excellent, less than 2% on average in the reported ranges of $\omega$ and $\beta$, once $\left|R\right|$-values larger than 10 have been saturated. This is particularly visible in the zooms of Figure 8 in the vicinity of avoided crossings for the decorated plates (AC1 and AC2 in Figure 7). In particular, we stress that in the absence of heterogeneity, we have a stress-free condition since $L_{\mathrm{t}}=0$ in (5), but we do not have the continuity of the displacement and normal stress across $z=0$ since ${\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}$ and $L_{\mathrm{b}}$ do not vanish (see

Table 1. Elastic material properties (in arbitrary units).

Substrate	Layer	Plate	Bottom	Top
${\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}$ = 2000	${\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$ = 72	${\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}$ = 14.4	${\mu }_{\mathrm{b}}$ = 1600	${\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}$ = 1600
${\rho }_{\mathrm{S}}$ = 2000	${\rho }_{\mathrm{L}}$ = 1800	${\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}$ = 250	${\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}$ = 2500	${\rho }_{\mathrm{t}}$ = 2500
$c_{\mathrm{S}}$ = 1000	$c_{\mathrm{L}}$ = 200	$c_{\mathrm{P}}$ = 240	$c_{\mathrm{b}}$ = 800	$c_{\mathrm{t}}$ = 800

). In comparison, the homogenized model (see

Table 2. Homogenized coefficients entering in the effective conditions (3) in (5).

Coeff. in (5)	${\mathit{L}}_{\mathbf{t}}$	${\widehat{\mathit{\rho }}}_{\mathbf{b}}$		${\mathit{\ell }}_{\mathbf{b}}$	${\mathit{L}}_{\mathbf{b}}$	${\mathit{l}}_{\mathbf{b}}$
$h_{\mathrm{t}}=0$	0	2500	$h_{\mathrm{b}}=0$	0.1324	0.0120	0
$h_{\mathrm{t}}=1$	10	2500	$h_{\mathrm{b}}=1$	0.0511	22.2357	0

for homogenized coefficients) at the leading order provides the usual stress-free condition and continuity relations regardless of the presence of heterogeneities. Thus, it misses the effects of the heterogeneities and provides the same prediction for Cases 1 to 4. The resulting error is significantly higher, about 10% for Cases 1 and 2, and about 30% for Cases 3 and 4.

Figure 7. Dispersion relations of guided waves in four configurations of plates from direct numerics and from the homogenized solution (20)–(22); the dispersion relations are revealed by large $\left|R\right|$ values. The exact reference dispersion relations of classical and modified Love waves are given in the top panel for comparison. Dotted lines are a guide for the eye showing light lines for Love waves and asymptotes for SPPs. AC1 and AC2 are avoided crossings magnified in Figure 8. Details of homogenized coefficients and geometrical parameters are given in Table 2 and

Table 3. Geometries of the four configurations, whose dispersion relations are given in Figure 7.

	${\mathit{h}}_{\mathbf{L}}$	${\mathit{h}}_{\mathbf{b}}$	${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{L}}$	${\mathit{h}}_{\mathbf{P}}$	${\mathit{h}}_{\mathbf{t}}$	${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{P}}$
Love	8	0	8	0	0	0
Modified Love	7	1	8	0	0	0
Case 1	8	0	8	12	0	12
Case 2	8	0	8	11	1	12
Case 3	7	1	8	12	0	12
Case 4	7	1	8	11	1	12

.

Figure 7. Dispersion relations of guided waves in four configurations of plates from direct numerics and from the homogenized solution (20)–(22); the dispersion relations are revealed by large $\left|R\right|$ values. The exact reference dispersion relations of classical and modified Love waves are given in the top panel for comparison. Dotted lines are a guide for the eye showing light lines for Love waves and asymptotes for SPPs. AC1 and AC2 are avoided crossings magnified in Figure 8. Details of homogenized coefficients and geometrical parameters are given in Table 2 and Table 3.

Eventually, we report in Figure 9 examples of the displacement fields of the guided wave at $\omega /\left(2\pi \right)=24$ for the arrays of undecorated plates and of decorated plates. Both in the numerics and in the homogenized problem (19), the whole solutions were divided by $R_{\mathrm{num}}$ and R respectively in order to produce an evanescent wave in the substrate of the form $e^{i\beta x}{e}^{|{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}|(x+H_{\mathrm{L}})}$ that has the unitary amplitude at $z=-H_{\mathrm{L}}$. This allows for quantitative comparison between the direct numerics and the homogenized solution without any adjustable parameter, see Table 2. The agreement in the strengths of the resonances and in the repartition of the amplitudes in the substrate, in the layer, and in the plates is again excellent. At the reported frequency, the wave is evanescent in the substrate as soon as $\beta >0.15$, and it becomes evanescent in the layer for $\beta >0.75$; this is visible for the undecorated plates for the guided waves with ${\beta }_2=0.77$, which is supported by the array only.

3.4. Energies in the Actual/Homogenized Problems

In this section, we inspect the intuitive relations announced in (11), namely that the effective energies ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}$ coincide with the elastic energies stored in the regions of the heterogeneities.

In the actual problem, we define ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{num}}=\{x\in (0,1),z\in (-H^{*},0)\}\cup \{x\in (0,{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}),z\in (0,H_{\mathrm{P}})\}$. The energies in the actual problem are the usual elastic energies, which read, in the succession of regions, substrate, layer, bottom, plate, and top, as:

$$\begin{array}{c}{\displaystyle {\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{num},\mathrm{A}}=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{{\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{A}}}\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{num},\mathrm{A}}|\nabla u_{\mathrm{num}}{|}^2+{\rho }_{\mathrm{num},\mathrm{A}}{\omega }^2{\left|u_{\mathrm{num}}\right|}^2\right)\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x},}\hfill \end{array}$$

(24)

where A = S, L, b, P, t and ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{S}}=\{x\in (0,1),z\in (-H^{*},-h_{\mathrm{L}})\}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{L}}=\{x\in (0,1),z\in (-h_{\mathrm{L}},-h_{\mathrm{b}})\}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{b}}=\{x\in (0,1),z\in (-h_{\mathrm{b}},0)\}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{P}}=\{x\in (0,{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}),z\in (0,h_{\mathrm{P}})\}$, ${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathrm{t}}=\{x\in (0,{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}),z\in (h_{\mathrm{P}},H_{\mathrm{P}})\}$.

In the effective problem, the energies are obtained explicitly owing to the solution in (19), which provides the fields in the substrate, layer, and effective region accounting for the plates. We denote $u(x,z)=f_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{P},\mathrm{L}}\left(z\right)e^{i\beta x}$ in (19); hence, $f_{\mathrm{S}}\left(z\right)=e^{i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+H_{\mathrm{L}})}+R{e}^{-i{\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}(z+H_{\mathrm{L}})}$, $f_{\mathrm{L}}=Bcos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}(z+h_{\mathrm{b}})\right)+Csin\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}(z+h_{\mathrm{b}})\right)$, and $f_{\mathrm{P}}\left(z\right)=A\left[cos\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}(z-h_{\mathrm{P}})\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}sin\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}(z-h_{\mathrm{P}})\right)\right]$, R given by (20)–(22), and:

$$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{\displaystyle A=\frac{2iY}{D(\omega ,\beta )cos\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)cos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)},}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle B=\frac{2iY}{D(\omega ,\beta )cos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)}\left[1-k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}tan{k}_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}-\frac{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}(tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}})\right],}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle C=\frac{2iY}{D(\omega ,\beta )cos\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}\right)}\left[\frac{{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}}\left(tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)+{\mathcal{C}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-k_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}tan\left(k_{\mathrm{P}}{h}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)\right)\right].}\hfill \end{array}\right.$$

(25)

It follows that the effective energies in (8) read as:

$$\begin{array}{c}{\displaystyle {\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{S}}={\int }_{-H^{*}}^{-h_{\mathrm{L}}}\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}|f_{\mathrm{S}}^{\prime }{|}^2+\left({\rho }_{\mathrm{S}}{\omega }^2+{\mu }_{\mathrm{S}}{\beta }^2\right){\left|f_{\mathrm{S}}\right|}^2\right)\mathrm{d}z,{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{L}}={\int }_{-h_{\mathrm{L}}}^{-h_{\mathrm{b}}}\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}|f_{\mathrm{L}}^{\prime }{|}^2+\left({\rho }_{\mathrm{L}}{\omega }^2+{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{\beta }^2\right){\left|f_{\mathrm{L}}\right|}^2\right)\mathrm{d}z,}\hfill \\ {\displaystyle {\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{P}}={\int }_0^{h_{\mathrm{P}}}\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}|f_{\mathrm{P}}^{\prime }{|}^2+{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{\omega }^2{\left|f_{\mathrm{P}}\right|}^2\right)\mathrm{d}z,}\hfill \end{array}$$

(26)

and for the last integral, we accounted for the effective stress–displacement relations in (2). Next, from (10) along with (3), it is easy to see that:

$${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}=\frac{\ell }{2}\left[{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{L}_{\mathrm{b}}{\beta }^2|f_{\mathrm{P}}{\left(0\right)|}^2+h_{\mathrm{b}}{\widehat{\rho }}_{\mathrm{b}}{\omega }^2|f_{\mathrm{P}}{\left(0\right)|}^2+\frac{{\ell }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}}{\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{k}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)}^2{|f_{\mathrm{P}}^{\prime }\left(0\right)|}^2\right],{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{t}}=\frac{\ell }{2}{\rho }_{\mathrm{P}}{\phi }_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{t}}{\omega }^2{\left|f_{\mathrm{P}}\left(h_{\mathrm{P}}\right)\right|}^2.$$

(27)

We computed the energies in the actual problem, (24), and in the homogenized problem, (26) and (27), for an incident propagating wave (${\gamma }_{\mathrm{S}}$ real in (19)). The real part of the reflection coefficient R is reported in the left panel of Figure 10. In the case of weak coupling with the array of plates, $R\simeq R_{\mathrm{Love}}^{\mathrm{b}}$, (16); hence, $R\simeq 1$, except in the vicinity of the resonances of the layer (diverging $tan\left({\gamma }_{\mathrm{L}}{h}_{\mathrm{L}}+{\Theta }_{\mathrm{b}}\right)$) where it goes to −1; see light grey arrows. Next, strong coupling with the array occurs at the resonance of the plates, resulting in $R\simeq -1$; see the dark grey arrows. The resulting repartition of the energies is plotted against the frequency for a wave at incidence ${45}^{\circ }$ (we normalized the energies to the total energy). For $\omega /\left(2\pi \right)\in \left(030\right)$, three resonances of the plates and two resonances of the layer take place. Expectedly, the energy in the plates ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{P}}$ is small except at the resonance of the plates where almost all the energy is shared in the plates and their top heterogeneities. This is particularly visible at the first resonance where 35% of the total energy is supported by the heterogeneities. Symmetrically, at the resonances of the layer, most of the energy is supported by the layer (${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{L}}$) and the bottom heterogeneities (${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{t}}$). The ability of the homogenized solution to reproduce the solution in the substrate, in the layer, and in the plates is recovered in the energies with error margins of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 4%, respectively, in the reported case. More remarkably, the effective energies ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ and ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}$ accurately reproduce the variations of the actual elastic energies, with error margins of 0.7%, which legitimizes the intuitive relations (11).

Eventually, we report in Figure 11 the surface density of energy e computed numerically ($e=\frac{1}{2}\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{num},\mathrm{A}}|\nabla u_{\mathrm{num}}{|}^2+{\rho }_{\mathrm{num},\mathrm{A}}{\omega }^2{\left|u_{\mathrm{num}}\right|}^2\right)$ for A = S, L, b, P, t) and that of the effective problem (which varies with z only from (26)); it is worth noting that the energies ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{t},\mathrm{b}}$ do not give rise to surface density since they are defined along lines. We recover the observations of Figure 10: at a resonance of the layer ($\omega /\left(2\pi \right)=19)$, almost all the energy is stored in the layers; at a resonance of the plates ($\omega /\left(2\pi \right)=19)$, it is stored in the plates; and otherwise, it is equally distributed.

4. Concluding Remarks

We studied the problem of wave propagation in a geometry that combined two resonators, a soft layer in a substrate and an array of plates. In particular, we focused on the ability of thin heterogeneities at the endings of the plates to impact on the response of the system significantly. This was done thanks to asymptotic homogenization accounting for the boundary effects to be captured at the endings of the plates (e.g. foliages and roots for a model of trees). Such an analysis provides a simple effective model in which the region of the plates are replaced by a homogeneous highly anisotropic region and the effects of the heterogeneities were encapsulated in effective dynamic conditions. It was shown that the resulting effective model accurately predicts the dispersion relation of surface waves far beyond the quasi-static limit. These anti-plane shear waves share common features with Love waves in geophysics and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in photonics; the dispersion relation of such hybridized Love waves was obtained in a closed form that allowed us to discriminate the role of the layer and that of the plates. Besides, we showed that the presence of heterogeneities at the decorative endings of the plates may affect significantly the characteristics of the surface waves. We also showed that the variations of the actual elastic energies (in the different regions) are accurately reproduced by the effective energies identified in the actual problem. In particular, the contributions of the effective interface and of the effective surface correspond to the actual energies stored in the thin regions containing the heterogeneities, and they disappear in the effective problem.

Our approach is useful for at least two reasons. On the one hand, it provides a simpler problem for which explicit solutions are available. This was illustrated in the present study where the model was shown to be very accurate up to frequencies corresponding to a ratio of the wavelength to the spacing close to one (typically in the layer and in the plates), where the long wavelength homogenization failed. Next, numerical resolution in the time domain may become intractable due to the separation of the scales associated with the typical wavelength, the array spacing, and the possible thinner scales in the heterogeneities. Eventually, the interest in dealing with effective problems was exemplified for scalar waves in a 2D geometry; it would be all the more evident for polarized elastic waves in 3D geometries. We finally note that our approach is well adapted to handle substrates with a gradient in elastic properties such as granular media [33,34].