Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Anthropometrics
2.5. Place of Residence
2.6. Assessment of Covariates
2.7. Statistical Analysis
- BMI-SDS
- Food Group Dietary Intake (Grains, Vegetables, Fruits, Meat, Sweets, Dairy, SSB)
- Macronutrient Intake (Energy, Protein, Fat and Sugar).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Afshin, A.; Sur, P.J.; Fay, K.A.; Cornaby, L.; Ferrara, G.; Salama, J.S.; Mullany, E.C.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abebe, Z.; et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2019, 393, 1958–1972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qiao, J.; Lin, X.; Wu, Y.; Huang, X.; Pan, X.; Xu, J.; Wu, J.; Ren, Y.; Shan, P. Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in 1990–2019. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2022, 35, 202–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dekker, L.H.; Rijnks, R.H.; Strijker, D.; Navis, G.J. A spatial analysis of dietary patterns in a large representative population in the north of The Netherlands—The Lifelines cohort study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Block, J.P.; Scribner, R.A.; Desalvo, K.B. Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: A geographic analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 27, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morland, K.; Wing, S.; Roux, A.D.; Poole, C. Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2002, 22, 23–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Norris, S.A.; Frongillo, E.A.; Black, M.M.; Dong, Y.; Fall, C.; Lampl, M.; Liese, A.D.; Naguib, M.; Prentice, A.; Rochat, T.; et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet 2022, 399, 172–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicklaus, S. Development of food variety in children. Appetite 2009, 52, 253–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schafft, K.A.; Jensen, E.B.; Hinrichs, C.C. Food Deserts and Overweight Schoolchildren: Evidence from Pennsylvania. Rural Sociol. 2009, 74, 153–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunton, G.F.; Kaplan, J.; Wolch, J.; Jerrett, M.; Reynolds, K.D. Physical environmental correlates of childhood obesity: A systematic review. Obes. Rev. 2009, 10, 393–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooksey-Stowers, K.; Schwartz, M.B.; Brownell, K.D. Food swamps predict obesity rates better than food deserts in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glanz, K.; Sallis, J.F.; Saelens, B.E.; Frank, L.D. Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores (NEMS-S). Development and Evaluation. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32, 282–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McInerney, M.; Csizmadi, I.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Uribe, F.A.; Nettel-Aguirre, A.; McLaren, L.; Potestio, M.; Sandalack, B.; McCormack, G.R. Associations between the neighbourhood food environment, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, and diet quality: An observational study. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, H.J. Food deserts: Towards the development of a classification. Geogr. Ann. Ser. B 2006, 88, 231–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaulac, J.; Kristjansson, E.; Cummins, S. A Systematic Review of Food Deserts, 1966–2007. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2009, 6, A105. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hager, E.R.; Cockerham, A.; O’Reilly, N.; Harrington, D.; Harding, J.; Hurley, K.M.; Black, M.M. Food swamps and food deserts in Baltimore City, MD, USA: Associations with dietary behaviours among urban adolescent girls. Public Health Nutr. 2017, 20, 2598–2607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mason, K.E.; Pearce, N.; Cummins, S. Do neighbourhood characteristics act together to influence BMI? A cross-sectional study of urban parks and takeaway/fast-food stores as modifiers of the effect of physical activity facilities. Soc. Sci. Med. 2020, 261, 113242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Bont, J.; Márquez, S.; Fernández-Barrés, S.; Warembourg, C.; Koch, S.; Persavento, C.; Fochs, S.; Pey, N.; de Castro, M.; Fossati, S.; et al. Urban environment and obesity and weight-related behaviours in primary school children. Environ. Int. 2021, 155, 106700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, P.; Li, R.; Liu, K. The Neighborhood Food Environment and the Onset of Child-Hood Obesity: A Retrospective Time-Trend Study in a Mid-sized City in China. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 688767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Erpecum, C.P.L.; van Zon, S.K.R.; Bültmann, U.; Smidt, N. The association between the presence of fast-food outlets and BMI: The role of neighbourhood socio-economic status, healthy food outlets, and dietary factors. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 1432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prados, M.J.; Nicosia, N.; Datar, A. Impact of built, social, and economic environments on adolescent obesity and related health behaviors. Obesity 2023, 31, 1085–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wasserman, J.A.; Suminski, R.; Xi, J.; Mayfield, C.; Glaros, A.; Magie, R. A multi-level analysis showing associations between school neighborhood and child body mass index. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, 912–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atanasova, P.; Kusuma, D.; Pineda, E.; Frost, G.; Sassi, F.; Miraldo, M. The impact of the consumer and neighbourhood food environment on dietary intake and obesity-related outcomes: A systematic review of causal impact studies. Soc. Sci. Med. 2022, 299, 114879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Augustin, H. Stadt, Ernährung und Soziale Ungleichheit; Artec Forschungszentrum Nachhaltigkeit: Bremen, Germany, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Kühn, G.; Junker, R. Nahversorgung in Großstädten; Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik: Berlin, Germany, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Lexis, C. Nahversorgung durch City-Märkte des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels—Ein neues Konzept zur Stärkung wohnnaher Versorgung in Städten? Berichte Arbeitskreises Geogr. Handel. 2012, 32, 34–38. [Google Scholar]
- Hoffmann, S. Lebensmitteleinkauf der Generation 50plus. Analyse von Angebot und Nachfrage im Stadtgebiet Würzburg. Berichte Arbeitskreises Geogr. Handel. 2008, 23, 5–9. [Google Scholar]
- Boeing, H.; Bechthold, A.; Bub, A.; Ellinger, S.; Haller, D.; Kroke, A.; Leschik-Bonnet, E.; Müller, M.J.; Oberritter, H.; Schulze, M.; et al. Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur. J. Nutr. 2012, 51, 637–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mellendick, K.; Shanahan, L.; Wideman, L.; Calkins, S.; Keane, S.; Lovelady, C. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adolescents. Nutrients 2018, 10, 136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nyanchoka, M.A.; van Stuijvenberg, M.E.; Tambe, A.B.; Zuma, M.K.; Mbhenyane, X.G. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Patterns and Risk of Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle among University Students in Kenya. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macknin, M.; Stegmeier, N.; Thomas, A.; Worley, S.; Li, L.; Hazen, S.L.; Tang, W.H.W. Three Healthy Eating Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers in 9 to 18 Year Olds with Body Mass Index >95%: A Randomized Trial. Clin. Pediatr. 2021, 60, 474–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malik, V.S.; Hu, F.B. The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2022, 18, 205–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alcaraz, A.; Pichon-Riviere, A.; Palacios, A.; Bardach, A.; Balan, D.J.; Perelli, L.; Augustovski, F.; Ciapponi, A. Sugar sweetened beverages attributable disease burden and the potential impact of policy interventions: A systematic review of epidemiological and decision models. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroke, A.; Manz, F.; Kersting, M.; Remer, T.; Sichert-Hellert, W.; Alexy, U.; Lentze, M.J. The DONALD Study: History, current status and future perspectives. Eur. J. Nutr. 2004, 43, 45–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kromeyer-Hauschild, K.; Wabitsch, M.; Kunze, D.; Geller, F.; Geiß, H.C.; Hesse, V.; von Hippel, A.; Jaeger, U.; Johnsen, D.; Korte, W.; et al. Perzentile für den Body-mass-Index für das Kindes- und Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkd. 2001, 149, 807–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Federal Employment Agency. Unemployment Benefit II/Social Assistance; Federal Employment Agency: Nuremberg, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Dortmund. Statistikatlas Stadt Dortmund; Stabsstelle Dortmunder Statistik: Dortmund, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Westerterp, K.R. Exercise, energy balance and body composition. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018, 72, 1246–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Darmon, N.; Drewnowski, A. Does social class predict diet quality? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 1107–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kersting, M.; Sichert-Hellert, W.; Lausen, B.; Alexy, U.; Manz, F.; Schöch, G. Energy intake of 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents. Z. Ernährungswiss 1998, 37, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Booth, M.L.; Okely, A.D.; Chey, T.; Bauman, A. The reliability and validity of the Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1986, 34, 1986–1995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lampert, T.; Müters, S.; Stolzenberg, H.; Kroll, L.E. Messung des sozioökonomischen Status in der KiGGS-Studie: Erste Folgebefragung (KiGGS Welle 1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014, 57, 762–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rose, D.; Bodor, J.N.; Swalm, C.M.; Rice, J.C.; Farley, T.A.; Hutchinson, P.L. Deserts in New Orleans? Illustrations of Urban Food Access and Implications for Policy; University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Cummins, S.C.J. The Local Food Environment and Health: Some Reflections from the United Kingdom. Am. J. Public Health 2003, 93, 521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuntz, B.; Waldhauer, J.; Zeiher, J.; Finger, J.D.; Lampert, T. Soziale Unterschiede im Gesundheitsverhalten von Kindern und Jugend lichen in Deutschland—Querschnittergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2. J. Health Monit. 2018, 3, 45–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mader, S.; Rubach, M.; Schaecke, W.; Röger, C.; Feldhoffer, I.; Thalmeier, E.-M. Healthy nutrition in Germany: A survey analysis of social causes, obesity and socioeconomic status. Public Health Nutr. 2020, 23, 2109–2123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stadt Dortmund. Stadt Dortmund Bericht zur Sozialen Lage in Dortmund 2018; Dezernat für Arbeit, Gesundheit, Soziales, Sport und Freizeit: Dortmund, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mensink, G.; Schienkiewitz, A.; Rabenberg, M.; Borrmann, A.; Richter, A.; Haftenberger, M. Konsum zuckerhaltiger Erfrischungsgetränke bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland-Querschnittergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2 und Trends. J. Health Monit. 2018, 3, 32–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, S.; Mata, J.; Kadel, P. Relations between sweetened beverage consumption and individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors: A 6-year longitudinal study in German children and adolescents. Int. J. Public Health 2020, 65, 559–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WBAE—Wissenschaftlicher Beirat für Agrarpolitik Ernährung und Gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz beim BMEL. Politik für eine Nachhaltigere Ernährung: Eine Integrierte Ernährungspolitik Entwickeln und Faire Ernährungsumgebungen Gestalten; BMEL (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft): Berlin, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Franco, M.; Diez Roux, A.V.; Glass, T.A.; Caballero, B.; Brancati, F.L. Neighborhood Characteristics and Availability of Healthy Foods in Baltimore. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008, 35, 561–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Powell, L.M.; Slater, S.; Mirtcheva, D.; Bao, Y.; Chaloupka, F.J. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev. Med. 2007, 44, 189–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morland, K.; Filomena, S. Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutr. 2007, 10, 1481–1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Block, D.; Kouba, J. A comparison of the availability and affordability of a market basket in two communities in the Chicago area. Public Health Nutr. 2006, 9, 837–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gwozdz, W.; Sousa-Poza, A.; Reisch, L.A.; Bammann, K.; Eiben, G.; Kourides, Y.; Kovács, E.; Lauria, F.; Konstabel, K.; Santaliestra-Pasias, A.M.; et al. Peer Effects on Obesity in a Sample of European Children; Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit: Bonn, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Kalavana, T.V.; Maes, S.; De Gucht, V. Interpersonal and Self-regulation Determinants of Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Behavior in Adolescents. J. Health Psychol. 2010, 15, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finnerty, T.; Reeves, S.; Dabinett, J.; Jeanes, Y.M.; Vögele, C. Effects of peer influence on dietary intake and physical activity in schoolchildren. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 376–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruening, M.; Eisenberg, M.; MacLehose, R.; Nanney, M.S.; Story, M.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Relationship between Adolescents’ and Their Friends’ Eating Behaviors: Breakfast, Fruit, Vegetable, Whole-Grain, and Dairy Intake. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2012, 112, 1608–1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrison, K.T.; Nelson, T.A.; Ostry, A.S. Mapping spatial variation in food consumption. Appl. Geogr. 2011, 31, 1262–1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alemu, T.G.; Techane, M.A.; Wubneh, C.A.; Assimamaw, N.T.; Belay, G.M.; Tamir, T.T.; Muhye, A.B.; Kassie, D.G.; Wondim, A.; Terefe, B.; et al. Spatial variation and determinates of dietary diversity among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analysis using Ethiopian Demography Health Survey (EDHS) 2019. Arch. Public Health 2022, 80, 152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Inagami, S.; Cohen, D.A.; Finch, B.K.; Asch, S.M. You Are Where You Shop. Grocery Store Locations, Weight, and Neighborhoods. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 31, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hendrickson, D.; Smith, C.; Eikenberry, N. Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota. Agric. Hum. Values 2006, 23, 371–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, R.E.; Keane, C.R.; Burke, J.G. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature. Health Place 2010, 16, 876–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, C.; Morton, L.W. Rural Food Deserts: Low-income Perspectives on Food Access in Minnesota and Iowa. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2009, 41, 176–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Food Group | Components |
---|---|
Meat and Fish |
|
Dairy |
|
Fruits |
|
Vegetables |
|
Sweets |
|
Grain |
|
SSB |
|
Place of Residence: | North | South | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n participants | 52 | (14.4) | 308 | (85.6) | |
nanthropometry a | 184 | (14.5) | 1083 | (85.5) | |
n3-day-dietary-records a | 149 | (15.9) | 786 | (84.1) | |
n female participants (%) | 27 | (51.9) | 134 | (43.5) | |
Age (in years) | 14 | (9.8; 16.5) | 11 | (7.6; 15.1) | |
SES b | |||||
Household SES | 9.4 | (7.8; 10.8) | 10.3 | (9.1, 11.3) | |
Anthropometry | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.8 | (16.7; 23.4) | 17.4 | (15.5; 20.4) | |
BMI-SDS | 0.4 | (−0.6; 1.2) | −0.2 | (−0.8; 0.4) | |
Height (cm) | 164.9 | (139.6; 172.9) | 148.7 | (129.1; 168.0) | |
Weight (kg) | 52.3 | (33.7; 67.9) | 38.1 | (26.8; 57.9) | |
Macronutrients c | |||||
TEI (kcal/day) | 1795.2 | (1519.8; 2057.8) | 1694.6 | (1481.4; 1978.0) | |
Carbohydrates (%E) | 50.6 | (47.5; 53.2) | 51.1 | (47.5; 54.2) | |
Fat (%E) | 33.6 | (32.2; 37.7) | 34.4 | (31.9; 37.7) | |
Protein (%E) | 13.2 | (12.5; 14.8) | 13.4 | (11.8; 14.9) | |
Sugar (%E) | 23.8 | (20.1; 26.3) | 22 | (18.8; 26.0) | |
Food Group c | |||||
Dairy (g/1000 kcal) | 136.1 | (102.6; 188.5) | 124.4 | (88.5; 182.6) | |
Fruit (g/1000 kcal) | 59.7 | (25.9; 92.5) | 61.1 | (37.7; 97.6) | |
Grains (g/1000 kcal) | 85.4 | (67.2; 96.9) | 83.7 | (64.4; 103.1) | |
Meat and Fish (g/1000 kcal) | 55.9 | (42.2; 72.0) | 46.1 | (31.8; 69.2) | |
SSB (g/1000 kcal) | 68.5 | (17.4; 158.3) | 39.5 | (6.5; 80.8) | |
Sweets (g/1000 kcal) | 29.1 | (23.1; 42.2) | 33.3 | (19.7; 47.1) | |
Vegetables (g/1000 kcal) | 64.1 | (38.0; 83.1) | 56.3 | (33.5; 84.2) | |
Physical Activity d | |||||
MET Minutes | 967.8 | (560.9; 1304.1) | 1014 | (708.4; 1427.0) |
β | p-Value | Lower CI | Upper CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | SDS | Model A | −0.489 | 0.005 | −0.827 | −0.151 |
Model B | −0.425 | 0.016 | −0.769 | −0.081 | ||
Model B* | −0.417 | 0.017 | −0.759 | −0.075 | ||
Food Groups | SSB | Model A | −47.661 | 0.039 | −92.821 | −2.501 |
Model B | −47.000 | 0.044 | −92.642 | −1.359 | ||
Vegetables | Model A | 12.133 | 0.027 | 1.377 | 22.889 | |
Model B | 11.129 | 0.043 | 0.351 | 21.906 | ||
Fruit | Model A | 7.829 | 0.302 | −7.030 | 22.688 | |
Model B | 9.876 | 0.196 | −5.094 | 24.847 | ||
Meat | Model A | −4.468 | 0.252 | −12.122 | 3.185 | |
Model B | −4.746 | 0.239 | −12.640 | 3.148 | ||
Sweets | Model A | 1.602 | 0.545 | −3.592 | 6.796 | |
Model B | 2.327 | 0.397 | −3.057 | 7.712 | ||
Grain | Model A | 3.905 | 0.277 | −3.141 | 10.952 | |
Model B | 1.646 | 0.637 | −5.200 | 8.492 | ||
Dairy | Model A | −8.138 | 0.465 | −29.946 | 13.671 | |
Model B | −6.237 | 0.565 | −27.492 | 15.017 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Klemm, J.; Perrar, I.; Borgemeister, C.; Alexy, U.; Nöthlings, U. Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010046
Klemm J, Perrar I, Borgemeister C, Alexy U, Nöthlings U. Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010046
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlemm, Janosch, Ines Perrar, Christian Borgemeister, Ute Alexy, and Ute Nöthlings. 2024. "Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 1: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010046