Trend of Correlations between Psychological Symptoms and Socioeconomic Inequalities among Italian Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study from 2006 to 2018 in Tuscany Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Sample
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2006, n (%) | 2010, n (%) | 2014, n (%) | 2018, n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | |||||
Family affluence scale | Low | 305 (16.9) | 128 (8.1) | 230 (17.5) | 231 (14.6) |
Medium | 1092 (60.5) | 869 (54.7) | 785 (59.7) | 989 (62.5) | |
High | 408 (22.6) | 592 (37.3) | 300 (22.8) | 362 (22.9) | |
Boys | |||||
Family affluence scale | Low | 239 (13.6) | 134 (7.9) | 206 (17.2) | 243 (15.2) |
Medium | 1024 (58.2) | 853 (50.1) | 716 (59.9) | 944 (58.9) | |
High | 496 (28.2) | 715 (42.0) | 274 (22.9) | 415 (25.9) |
Family Affluence Scale | 2006 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2010 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2014 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2018 Predicted Score (95% CI) | Difference 2018–2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls | ||||||
Low | 7.09 (7.00, 7.17) | 6.85 (6.73, 6.97) | 6.82 (6.73, 6.91) | 7.37 (7.29, 7.47) | 0.29 (0.17, 0.41) | |
Medium | 6.27 (6.23, 6.31) | 6.39 (6.35, 6.44) | 6.79 (6.75, 6.84) | 7.70 (7.66, 7.74) | 1.43 (1.37, 1.48) | |
High | 6.43 (6.37, 6.49) | 6.62 (6.57, 6.67) | 7.12 (7.05, 7.19) | 7.86 (7.79, 7.92) | 1.43 (1.34, 1.52) | |
Boys | ||||||
Low | 5.60 (5.51, 5.69) | 5.49 (5.38, 5.59) | 5.13 (5.03, 5.22) | 5.74 (5.65, 5.84) | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) | |
Medium | 5.20 (5.16, 5.24) | 5.22 (5.18, 5.27) | 5.03 (4.99, 5.08) | 5.91 (5.87, 5.96) | 0.71 (0.65, 0.77) | |
High | 5.29 (5.24, 5.35) | 5.35 (5.30, 5.39) | 5.75 (5.68, 5.83) | 5.60 (5.53, 5.67) | 0.31 (0.22, 0.39) |
Regression Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Girl | Reference | |||
Boy | −1.40 | −2.07, −0.73 | <0.001 | |
Family affluence scale | ||||
Low | Reference | |||
Medium | −0.67 | −1.18, −0.17 | 0.009 | |
High | −0.47 | −1.05, 0.12 | 0.12 | |
Year of survey | ||||
2006 | Reference | |||
2010 | 0.91 | −0.72, 0.91 | 0.83 | |
2014 | −0.18 | −0.86, 0.50 | 0.60 | |
2018 | 0.34 | −0.34, 1.03 | 0.32 | |
Age (in years) | 0.39 | 0.35, 0.43 | <0.001 | |
Gender/Family affluence scale | ||||
Boy/Medium | 0.31 | −0.45, 1.06 | 0.42 | |
Boy/High | 0.17 | −0.68, 1.02 | 0.69 | |
Gender/Year | ||||
Boy/2010 | 0.14 | −1.02, 1.31 | 0.81 | |
Boy/2014 | −0.26 | −1.26, 0.74 | 0.62 | |
Boy/2018 | −0.27 | −1.26, 0.72 | 0.59 | |
Family affluence scale/Year | ||||
Medium/2010 | 0.15 | −0.74, 1.03 | 0.75 | |
High/2010 | 0.13 | −0.83, 1.08 | 0.79 | |
Medium/2014 | 0.67 | −0.10, 1.44 | 0.09 | |
High/2014 | 0.70 | −0.20, 1.60 | 0.13 | |
Medium/2018 | 0.98 | 0.22, 1.74 | 0.01 | |
High/2018 | 0.90 | 0.01, 1.78 | 0.05 | |
Gender/Family affluence scale/Year | ||||
Boy/Medium/2010 | −0.23 | −1.50, 1.04 | 0.73 | |
Boy/High/2010 | −0.17 | −1.52, 1.17 | 0.80 | |
Boy/Medium/2014 | −0.46 | −1.58, 0.67 | 0.43 | |
Boy/High/2014 | 0.16 | −1.14, 1.46 | 0.81 | |
Boy/Medium/2018 | 0.56 | −1.56, 0.65 | 0.42 | |
Boy/High/2018 | −0.75 | −2.00, 0.50 | 0.24 |
Family Affluence Scale | 2006 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2010 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2014 Predicted Score (95% CI) | 2018 Predicted Score (95% CI) | Difference 2018–2006 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GIRLS | ||||||
Depressed | Low | 0.66 (0.65, 0.66) | 0.64 (0.63, 0.65) | 0.61 (0.60, 0.62) | 0.58 (0.57, 0.59) | −0.08 (−0.09, −0.06) |
Medium | 0.60 (0.59, 0.60) | 0.59 (0.58, 0.59) | 0.61 (0.61, 0.62) | 0.62 (0.62, 0.63) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | |
High | 0.61 (0.60, 0.61) | 0.57 (0.56, 0.57) | 0.58 (0.57, 0.59) | 0.61 (0.60, 0.62) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | |
GIRLS | ||||||
Irritable | Low | 0.60 (0.59, 0.61) | 0.52 (0.51, 0.54) | 0.53 (0.52, 0.54) | 0.59 (0.58, 0.60) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
Medium | 0.53 (0.52, 0.53) | 0.52 (0.51, 0.53) | 0.55 (0.54, 0.56) | 0.64 (0.63, 0.64) | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | |
High | 0.54 (0.53, 0.55) | 0.56 (0.56, 0.57) | 0.56 (0.55, 0.57) | 0.65 (0.64, 0.66) | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | |
GIRLS | ||||||
Nervous | Low | 0.64 (0.63, 0.65) | 0.59 (0.58, 0.61) | 0.61 (0.60, 0.62) | 0.65 (0.64, 0.66) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) |
Medium | 0.61 (0.61, 0.62) | 0.59 (0.58, 0.59) | 0.62 (0.62, 0.63) | 0.68 (0.67, 0.68) | 0.06 (0.06, 0.07) | |
High | 0.58 (0.57, 0.59) | 0.63 (0.63, 0.64) | 0.62 (0.62, 0.63) | 0.69 (0.68, 0.69) | 0.10 (0.09, 0.11) | |
GIRLS | ||||||
Sleep difficulties | Low | 0.29 (0.29, 0.29) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.31) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.31) | 0.42 (0.42, 0.42) | 0.13 (0.13, 0.13) |
Medium | 0.23 (0.23, 0.23) | 0.28 (0.28, 0.28) | 0.29 (0.29, 0.29) | 0.40 (0.40, 0.40) | 0.17 (0.17, 0.17) | |
High | 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) | 0.31 (0.31, 0.31) | 0.37 (0.37, 0.37) | 0.40 (0.40, 0.40) | 0.15 (0.15, 0.15) | |
BOYS | ||||||
Depressed | Low | 0.46 (0.45, 0.47) | 0.48 (0.47, 0.49) | 0.41 (0.40, 0.42) | 0.44 (0.43, 0.45) | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) |
Medium | 0.41 (0.40, 0.41) | 0.43 (0.42, 0.43) | 0.41 (0.40, 0.41) | 0.46 (0.45, 0.46) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | |
High | 0.43 (0.42, 0.44) | 0.42 (0.42, 0.43) | 0.46 (0.45, 0.47) | 0.39 (0.38, 0.40) | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) | |
BOYS | ||||||
Irritable | Low | 0.43 (0.42, 0.44) | 0.39 (0.37, 0.40) | 0.43 (0.42, 0.44) | 0.43 (0.42, 0.45) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) |
Medium | 0.46 (0.46, 0.47) | 0.43 (0.43, 0.44) | 0.41 (0.40, 0.41) | 0.49 (0.49, 0.50) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | |
High | 0.44 (0.43, 0.45) | 0.45 (0.44, 0.46) | 0.46 (0.45, 0.47) | 0.49 (0.48, 0.50) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | |
BOYS | ||||||
Nervous | Low | 0.54 (0.53, 0.55) | 0.54 (0.53, 0.56) | 0.44 (0.43, 0.45) | 0.52 (0.51, 0.53) | 0.01 (−0.03, −0.00) |
Medium | 0.50 (0.50, 0.51) | 0.50 (0.50, 0.51) | 0.46 (0.45, 0.46) | 0.56 (0.56, 0.57) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) | |
High | 0.49 (0.48, 0.50) | 0.55 (0.54, 0.56) | 0.52 (0.52, 0.53) | 0.56 (0.55, 0.57) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | |
BOYS | ||||||
Sleep difficulties | Low | 0.23 (0.23, 0.23) | 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) | 0.24 (0.24, 0.24) | 0.30 (0.30, 0.30) | 0.07 (0.07, 0.07) |
Medium | 0.20 (0.20, 0.20) | 0.23 (0.23, 0.23) | 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) | 0.32 (0.32, 0.32) | 0.13 (0.13, 0.13) | |
High | 0.19 (0.19, 0.19) | 0.24 (0.24, 0.24) | 0.32 (0.32, 0.32) | 0.28 (0.28, 0.28) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.09) |
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Lipari, D.; Bocci, B.M.; Rivieri, C.; Frongillo, E.; Miserendino, A.; Pammolli, A.; Trombetta, C.M.; Manini, I.; Simi, R.; Lazzeri, G. Trend of Correlations between Psychological Symptoms and Socioeconomic Inequalities among Italian Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study from 2006 to 2018 in Tuscany Region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156473
Lipari D, Bocci BM, Rivieri C, Frongillo E, Miserendino A, Pammolli A, Trombetta CM, Manini I, Simi R, Lazzeri G. Trend of Correlations between Psychological Symptoms and Socioeconomic Inequalities among Italian Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study from 2006 to 2018 in Tuscany Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(15):6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156473
Chicago/Turabian StyleLipari, Dario, Bianca Maria Bocci, Cesare Rivieri, Elena Frongillo, Antonella Miserendino, Andrea Pammolli, Claudia Maria Trombetta, Ilaria Manini, Rita Simi, and Giacomo Lazzeri. 2023. "Trend of Correlations between Psychological Symptoms and Socioeconomic Inequalities among Italian Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study from 2006 to 2018 in Tuscany Region" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 15: 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156473