Predictors of the Quality of Life of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. WHOQOL-BREF scores and their reliability
3.3. The Relationship between Sociodemographic Variables and QOL: Multivariant Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Health Domain | Psychological Health Domain | Social Relationships Domain | Environmental Health Domain | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) / Average ± SD | Average ± SD / Correlation Coefficient | Average ± SD / Correlation Coefficient | Average ± SD / Correlation Coefficient | Average ± SD / Correlation Coefficient | |
Age | 22.84 ± 7.51 | −0.112 * | −0.084 ** | −0.014 | −0.138 * |
Under 21 | 525 (60.5%) | 77.48 ± 13.15 | 67.09 ± 16.18 | 74.29 ± 19.00 | 75.40 ± 13.77 |
Between 21 and 29 | 231 (26.6%) | 72.82 ± 14.37 | 6315 ± 14.97 | 70.21 ± 18.09 | 70.73 ± 12.54 |
30 or older | 112 (12.9%) | 76.25 ± 17.13 * | 66.13 ± 15.03 * | 69.19 ± 25.53 * | 72.44 ± 11.98 * |
Degree in health sciences | 532 (61.3%) | 75.77 ± 12.90 | 65.83 ± 15.33 | 73.55 ± 19.57 | 73.65 ± 13.66 |
Other degrees | 336 (38.7%) | 76.57 ± 15.99 | 66.07 ± 16.52 | 70.96 ± 20.16 | 73.97 ± 12.92 |
First-year students | 456 (52.5%) | 76.071 ± 3.73 | 67.79 ± 13.90 | 74.32 ± 20.36 | 74.85 ± 12.46 |
Other years | 412 (47.5%) | 76.09 ± 14.67 | 63.85 ± 17.45 * | 70.59 ± 19.06 * | 72.58 ± 14.24 ** |
Male | 189 (21.8%) | 80.41 ± 13.55 | 71.11 ± 12.77 | 73.41 ± 19.82 | 77.44 ± 13.76 |
Female | 679 (78.2%) | 74.88 ± 14.12 * | 64.47 ± 16.26 * | 72.31 ± 19.84 | 72.75 ± 13.10 * |
BMI | 22.20 ± 3.18 | 0.032 | −0.052 | −0.191 * | −0.077 ** |
Low body weight (<18.5) | 84 (9.7%) | 70.42 ± 17.09 | 65.67 ± 20.59 | 77.58 ± 16.03 | 70.00 ± 14.66 |
Healthy body weight (18.5–24.9) | 672 (77.4%) | 77.40 ± 13.67 | 67.23 ± 14.95 | 73.00 ± 19.38 | 75.40 ± 12.98 |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 70 (8.1%) | 73.30 ± 12.13 | 56.90 ± 12.22 | 64.40 ± 18.73 | 66.30 ± 13.16 |
obese (≥30) | 42 (4.8%) | 71.00 ± 14.81 * | 60.50 ± 17.78 | 68.83 ± 29.56 | 67.83 ± 9.85 * |
Lives alone | 42 (4.8%) | 84.50 ± 14.19 | 61.67 ± 13.75 | 72.00 ± 27.42 | 76.00 ± 15.19 |
Lives with flat mates | 224 (25.8%) | 73.16 ± 14.69 | 69.25 ± 15.52 | 73.81 ± 22.19 | 72.19 ± 13.18 |
Lives with parents/family members | 602 (69.4%) | 76.58 ± 13.70 * | 64.98 ± 15.86 * | 72.12 ± 18.24 | 74.21 ± 13.28 |
Single | 476 (54.8%) | 75.43 ± 14.38 | 64.15 ± 16.63 | 67.78 ± 19.76 | 72.81 ± 14.40 |
In a stable relationship | 392 (45.2%) | 76.88 ± 13.89 | 68.07 ± 14.47 * | 78.34 ± 18.34 * | 74.95 ± 11.93 ** |
Satisfaction with academic performance (min. 1–max. 5) | 3.35 ± 0.86 | 0.140 * | 0.243 * | 0.033 | 0.078 ** |
Low levels of physical activity | 231 (26.6%) | 74.33 ± 15.94 | 64.70 ± 15.90 | 74.27 ± 21.53 | 73.82 ± 14.58 |
Moderate levels of physical activity | 371 (42.7%) | 77.81 ± 13.74 | 65.77 ± 15.86 | 72.43 ± 18.72 | 71.62 ± 13.55 |
High levels of physical activity | 266 (30.6%) | 75.18 ± 12.86 * | 67.18 ± 15.59 | 71.21 ± 19.76 | 76.74 ± 11.38 * |
Screen time (not work/school related) | 3.40 ± 1.72 | 0.055 | −0.005 | 0.037 | 0.062 |
Screen time < 3 h per day | 329 (37.9%) | 76.28 ± 15.96 | 65.91 ± 16.66 | 70.34 ± 19.92 | 73.66 ± 12.83 |
Screen time ≥ 3 h per day | 539 (62.1%) | 75.96 ± 12.97 | 65.92 ± 15.27 | 73.90 ± 19.67 ** | 73.84 ± 13.71 |
Nonsmoker | 588 (67.7%) | 76.54 ± 14.97 | 66.36 ± 16.85 | 70.05 ± 19.50 | 73.56 ± 13.61 |
Smoker | 280 (32.3%) | 75.13 ± 12.32 | 65.00 ± 13.30 | 77.80 ± 19.53 * | 74.23 ± 12.89 |
CAGE score | 0.62 ± 0.91 | −0.042 | −0.098 * | 0.073 ** | −0.024 |
Responsible alcohol consumption (CAGE < 2) | 742 (85.5%) | 76.41 ± 14.24 | 66.48 ± 16.43 | 71.90 ± 20.46 | 73.96 ± 13.41 |
Risky alcohol consumption (CAGE ≥ 2) | 126 (14.5%) | 74.17 ± 13.68 | 62.61 ± 10.86 * | 76.39 ± 15.15 * | 72.67 ± 13.18 |
Rosenberg scale score | 31.48 ± 5.93 | 0.489 * | 0.682 * | 0.494 * | 0.471 * |
High self-esteem | 560 (64.5%) | 80.84 ± 12.12 | 73.14 ± 10.73 | 77.69 ± 18.43 | 77.63 ± 12.40 |
Moderate self-esteem | 168 (19.4%) | 68.83 ± 11.31 | 58.21 ± 12.31 | 66.42 ± 17.73 | 67.04 ± 10.78 |
Low self-esteem | 140 (16.1%) | 65.75 ± 15.70 * | 46.30 ± 15.57 * | 59.35 ± 19.54 * | 66.45 ± 13.78 * |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score | 6.39 ± 3.58 | −0.555 * | −0.519 * | −0.310 * | −0.332 * |
Without sleep problems | 420 (48.4%) | 82.37 ± 11.85 | 73.50 ± 12.25 | 78.40 ± 18.62 | 79.10 ± 13.09 |
Poor sleep quality | 448 (51.6%) | 70.19 ± 13.64 * | 58.81 ± 15.45 * | 67.06 ± 19.38 * | 68.78 ± 11.61 * |
SHEI score | 69.88 ± 11.29 | −0.051 | 0.116 * | 0.037 | 0.232 * |
Unhealthy diet | 49 (5.6%) | 70.43 ± 16.79 | 60.86 ± 17.08 | 63.43 ± 23.13 | 64.29 ± 10.01 |
Diet needing changes | 665 (76.6%) | 76.98 ± 14.73 | 65.51 ± 16.39 | 73.17 ± 20.11 | 73.36 ± 13.32 |
Healthy diet | 154 (17.7%) | 74.00 ± 9.50 * | 69.32 ± 11.67 * | 72.77 ± 16.66 * | 78.59 ± 12.65 * |
Average ± SD | Minimum and Maximum Scores Possible | Minimum and Maximum Scores Obtained | Cronbach’s Alpha | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Item 1. Perception of QOL | 3.77 ± 0.88 | 1–5 | 1–5 | ----- |
Item 2. Overall health | 3.63 ± 0.95 | 1–5 | 1–5 | ----- |
Physical health domain | 76.08 ± 14.17 | 0–100 | 31–100 | 0.71 |
Psychological health domain | 65.92 ± 15.79 | 0–100 | 6–94 | 0.79 |
Social relationship domain | 72.55 ± 19.83 | 0–100 | 19–100 | 0.76 |
Environmental health domain | 73.77 ± 13.37 | 0–100 | 44–100 | 0.72 |
Item 1: Perceived QOL | Item 2: Overall Health | Physical Health Domain | Psychological Health Domain | Social Relationships Domain | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 1: Perception of QOL | ----- | 0.539 * | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Physical health domain | 0.468 * | 0.421 * | ----- | ----- | ----- |
Psychological health domain | 0.472 * | 0.377 * | 0.553 * | ----- | ----- |
Social relationships domain | 0.302 * | 0.128 * | 0.312 * | 0.542 * | ----- |
Environmental health domain | 0.478 * | 0.315 * | 0.502 * | 0.538 * | 0.419 * |
Physical Health Domain B (95% CI) | Psychological Health Domain B (95% CI) | Social Relationships Domain B (95% CI) | Environmental Health Domain B (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (log) | ----- | −0.120 (−0.219, −0.020) ** | −0.477 (−0.641, −0.313) * | −0.151 (−0.271, −0.031) ** |
Year of study (Ref. first year) | ||||
Other years | ----- | ----- | ----- | −2.049 (−3.918, −0.180) ** |
Gender (Ref. Male) | ||||
Female | ----- | −1.493 (−3.227, 0.241) | ----- | ----- |
BMI (Ref. healthy body weight, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | ||||
Low body weight (<18.5) | −6.051 (−8.810, −3.291) * | 3.044 (0.641, 5.447) ** | 5.792 (2.037, 9.547)* | −2.976 (−5.610, −0.343) ** |
Overweight (25–29.9) | ----- | −4.049 (−6.704, −1.394) * | ----- | −3.233 (−6.118, −0.348) ** |
Obese (≥30) | −6.159 (−9.801, −2.517) * | −4.297 (−7.645, −0.950) ** | ----- | −5.227 (−8.868, −1.585) ** |
Living situation (Ref. lives alone) | ||||
Lives with flat mates | −8.341 (−12.238, −4.444) * | 9.887 (6.361, 13.414) * | ----- | −2.800 (−4.914, −0.685) * |
Lives with parents/family | −3.407 (−7.164, 0.350) | 6.808 (3.370, 10.246) * | ----- | ----- |
Relationship status (Ref. single) | ||||
In a stable relationship | ----- | ----- | 9.904 (7.678, 12.130) * | 1.869 (0.300, 3.437) ** |
Satisfaction with academic performance | 1.189 (0.142, 2.236) ** | 2.355 (1.508, 3.202) * | ---- | ----- |
Physical activity (Ref. moderate physical activity) | ||||
Low physical activity | ----- | 2.450 (0.715, 4.185) * | 4.586 (2.112, 7.060) * | 4.172 (2.326, 6.019) * |
High physical activity | −2.057 (−3.830, −0.284) ** | 1.852 (0.160, 3.544) ** | ----- | 4.918 (2.995, 6.841) * |
Screen time (hours) | 0.579 (0.090, 1.069) ** | ----- | −0.641 (−1.392, 0.110) | 0.706 (0.172, 1.241) ** |
Smoking (Ref. Nonsmoker) | ||||
Smoker | ----- | ----- | 5.256 (2.779, 7.733) * | ----- |
CAGE score (log) | −1.688 (−2.573, −0.802) * | −0.916 (−1.679, −0.153) ** | 1.770 (0.570, 2.970) * | −0.753 (−1.593, 0.086) |
Rosenberg scale score | 0.846 (0.705, 0.987) * | 1.543 (1.417, 1.668) * | 1.457 (1.261, 1.652) * | 0.773 (0.637, 0.908) * |
Sleep (Ref. without sleep problems) | ||||
Poor sleep quality | −7.600 (−9.261, −5.940) * | −8.032 (−9.509, −6.555) * | −6.290 (−8.607, −3.972) * | −6.476 (−8.062, −4.889) * |
SHEI score | ----- | ----- | 0.115 (0.018, 0.212) ** | 0.105 (0.037, 0.173) * |
R2 (R2 corrected) | 0.359 (0.351) | 0.601 (0.595) | 0.385 (0.377) | 0.350 (0.339) |
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Ramón-Arbués, E.; Echániz-Serrano, E.; Martínez-Abadía, B.; Antón-Solanas, I.; Cobos-Rincón, A.; Santolalla-Arnedo, I.; Juárez-Vela, R.; Adam Jerue, B. Predictors of the Quality of Life of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912043
Ramón-Arbués E, Echániz-Serrano E, Martínez-Abadía B, Antón-Solanas I, Cobos-Rincón A, Santolalla-Arnedo I, Juárez-Vela R, Adam Jerue B. Predictors of the Quality of Life of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912043
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamón-Arbués, Enrique, Emmanuel Echániz-Serrano, Blanca Martínez-Abadía, Isabel Antón-Solanas, Ana Cobos-Rincón, Iván Santolalla-Arnedo, Raúl Juárez-Vela, and Benjamin Adam Jerue. 2022. "Predictors of the Quality of Life of University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912043