Next Article in Journal
Receiving Notification of Unexpected and Violent Death: A Qualitative Study of Italian Survivors
Next Article in Special Issue
Relationship between Pain Intensity, Physical Factors, Pronociceptive Pain Modulation Profile and Psychological Vulnerability on Upper Limb Disability in Older Patients with Chronic Shoulder Pain
Previous Article in Journal
Developing Graph Convolutional Networks and Mutual Information for Arrhythmic Diagnosis Based on Multichannel ECG Signals
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJERPH
Volume 19
Issue 17
10.3390/ijerph191710708
ijerph-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Cognitive Function and the Ability to Operate Long-Term Oxygen Therapy Equipment: An Exploratory Study

by
Hiroki Annaka
1,2,*,
Tomonori Nomura
3 and
Hiroshi Moriyama
4
1
Department of Occupational Therapy, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata 950-2085, Japan
2
Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
3
Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
4
Respiratory Center, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata 950-2085, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710708
Submission received: 26 June 2022 / Revised: 22 August 2022 / Accepted: 26 August 2022 / Published: 28 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effective Management of Chronic Diseases: Prevention, Assessment and Treatment)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Chronic respiratory disease patients with severe hypoxia receive long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). The proper operation of LTOT equipment is essential for continuing treatment. This exploratory study investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment as a comorbidity in patients receiving LTOT and their ability to operate the LTOT equipment. The study measured responses to questions based on the ability of participants to operate the equipment and applied the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The ability of groups with MoCA scores ≤ 25 and >25 to operate LTOT equipment was compared to confirm the correlation between MoCA and ability to operate the equipment. An aggregate of 60 participants receiving LTOT were recruited, of whom 45 (75%) were MoCA score ≤ 25. The group of MoCA score ≤ 25 demonstrated a lower ability to operate LTOT equipment than group of MoCA score > 25 (p = 0.012). Additionally, a correlation was found between the ability to operate LTOT equipment and MoCA (rs = 0.743, p < 0.001). The results indicated that the group of MoCA score ≤ 25 indicated a lower ability to operate LTOT equipment than that of MoCA score > 25. Cognitive impairment in patients receiving LTOT can affect their ability to operate LTOT equipment.

1. Introduction

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) allows the inhalation of oxygen at home, improving the survival rates and quality of life of patients with chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and severe hypoxia [1]. To benefit from LTOT, patients must control equipment such as concentrators and portable oxygen [2,3]. Every nation has developed guidelines for LTOT to maximize benefits for patients receiving LTOT [1,2,3]. Healthcare workers reference such guidelines to assist patients in adhering appropriately to LTOT regulations [4,5].
LTOT is advantageous for patients but also poses the potential risk of adverse events [1,3,6,7,8] such as explosions or fires during oxygen inhalation, the exacerbation of respiratory disease because of too much or too little oxygen inhalation, or falls because of contact with the equipment or cannula, which can lead to hospitalizations and even mortality [3,6,7,8,9]. Such occurrences are almost always triggered by hazardous behaviors performed by patients receiving LTOT. Healthcare workers have conducted patient education to inhibit risky conduct; however, adverse events continue to be reported [1,8]. Previous studies have reported that hazardous behaviors indicate human errors in the operation of LTOT equipment [2,3,8,9]. Hence, healthcare workers must confirm that patients properly operate LTOT equipment.
Cognitive impairment is a comorbidity related to CRD [10] and is presented in 36–77% of patients receiving LTOT [11,12,13]. Patients with cognitive impairment generally confront difficulties in operating everyday technology such as remote controls, washing machines, and telephones [14,15,16]. It has been reported that cognitive function and equipment operations are also similarly correlated in CRD patients. Cognitive impairment causes errors in the use of inhalers used to prevent exacerbations for CRD patients [17]. The existing studies have further reported that CRD patients with cognitive impairment cannot master inhaler operations despite the delivery of patient education by healthcare workers [18]. Cognitive impairment interventions may be required to assist patients in appropriately using inhalers [19,20]. Patients receiving LTOT also require cognitive function to properly operate LTOT equipment. We speculate that patients with cognitive impairment cause operational errors in the use of LTOT equipment. To our knowledge, no study has yet devised a questionnaire to investigate the operation of LTOT equipment. It also remains unclear whether cognitive impairment affects the utilization of LTOT equipment.
This exploratory study aims to purposed to (1) draft a survey question to measure the ability to operate LTOT equipment and (2) investigate the relationship between cognitive function and the ability to operate LTOT equipment in people with CRD.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design

This exploratory study used a single-center cross-sectional design and was conduct-ed from December 2019 to April 2021. The participants used LTOT at home. We measured the cognitive function of participants and interviewed their family members regarding the ability of participants to operate the LTOT equipment. The interviews also collected demographic data about participants and their families. Medical charts were used to gather medical information about participants.

2.2. Participants

We enrolled participants and their family members from the outpatient department of the National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital in Niigata in Japan. The study applied the following inclusion criteria: (a) diagnosed with CRD, (b) receiving LTOT, (c) living with family, and (d) native Japanese speaker. Participants were excluded if they had (a) a history of neurologic brain disease, (b) a psychiatric disorder, (c) an upper limb disorder that could influence LTOT operations, or (d) relevant depressive symptoms as determined by a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of ≥ 8 [21].
The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and the research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Nishi-Niigata Chuo Hospital (approval number 1921) and Niigata University of Health and Welfare (approval number 18387–200313). All the participants provided written informed consent before the study was conducted.

2.3. Measurement

We interviewed participants to ascertain their characteristics (age, sex, education) and their family attributes (age, sex, relationship with participants), and collected the fol-lowing medical information from their medical records: disease, spirometry (forced expir-atory volume 1.0% and %vital capacity), modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea scale, and LTOT (history, oxygen flow, type of equipment). The LTOT Equipment Opera-tion Ability Survey, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Lung Information Needs Questionnaire (LINQ) were administered by an occupational therapist (H.A) for this study.

2.3.1. LTOT Equipment Operation Ability Survey

We drafted a survey to measure the ability to operate LTOT equipment. The question instrument referenced Japanese guidelines regarding oxygen therapy and related to ad-verse events at home (Table 1) [2]. The question generation was discussed by multiple respiratory specialists with extensive clinical experience. We drafted a 5-question instrument to measure the actual utilization of the equipment, assuming that errors in the operation of the selected equipment were associated with hazardous behaviors causing adverse events (Table 1). Responses to each item were plotted on a 7-point Likert scale (1: “full assistance” and 7: “completely independent”), and the total scores of five questions (minimum 5 points, maximum 35 points) were deemed the outcome. Table 2 presents the survey used in this study. Scores closer to 35 points indicated the correct operation of the equipment (Table 2). The survey was piloted to ensure that the questions were easy for the participants’ family members to read and understand. The self-administered survey was presented on paper to the family members of participants, who scored the status of correctly operating the equipment at home on a 7-point scale (Table 2). After the validity and reliability were confirmed, the survey was used to ascertain the relationship between participants’ cognitive function and their ability to appropriately utilize LTOT equipment.

2.3.2. Lung Information Needs Questionnaire (LINQ)

A psychological scale, LINQ assesses the self-management knowledge of patients with CRD [22]. This questionnaire encompasses six domains: disease knowledge, medication, self-management, smoking, exercise, and nutrition. It yields scores between a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 25. We confirmed criterion-related validity by examining the correlations of the self-administered questionnaire to LINQ. This study obtained objective answers by performing LINQ assessments for the participants’ family members.

2.3.3. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

Cognitive function was measured through MoCA, a screening test for mild cognitive impairment [23]. MoCA is commonly used for CRD [12,24]. This study was classified into two groups based on the MoCA cut-off score of ≤25 [23].

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan).
First, we confirmed the validity and reliability of the survey on the ability to operate LTOT equipment. The construct validity was assessed based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The number of factors was determined on the basis of a scree plot [25]. The analysis used the least-squares method with the ProMax rotation. Items were excluded from the questionnaire if their factor loadings were computed below the predefined cut-off value of 0.7 [25]. Criterion-related validity was confirmed by examining the correlations between the question and the LINQ. Reliability was determined through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient [26].
Second, we verified the relationship between the ability to operate LTOT equipment and cognitive function. The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to verify the distribution of the ability to operate LTOT equipment survey and MoCA. We classified participants into two groups, those with a MoCA score > 25 and those with a MoCA score ≤ 25 by referencing their MoCA scores. Then, we used the Mann–Whitney U test to compare the differences between the groups in the ability to operate LTOT equipment survey. In addition, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was applied to ascertain the relationship between the ability to operate LTOT equipment operation survey and MoCA. All analyses were performed using a two-sided test, and statistical significance was set to p < 0.05.
The sample size was determined via the Mann–Whitney U test and EFA. The Mann–Whitney U test sample size was calculated using G * Power version 3.1.9.4; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. Test family: t-test, statistical test: Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test (two groups), tails: two, parent distribution: Laplace, Effect size: d 0.8, the Mann–Whitney U test and allocation ratio: 3. These computations were elucidated as 12 MoCA score > 25 and 34 MoCA score ≤ 25. Additionally, the sample size for EFA required 10 or more participants per question or 50 or more people [25]. Thus, the sample size for this study was set to 50 or more, with 15 or more participants for MoCA score > 25 and 35 or more participants for MoCA score ≤ 25.

3. Results

3.1. Characteristics of Patients and Their Family Members

Table 3 displays the characteristics of participants and their family members. The MoCA score denoted a median of 23.0 (18.0–25.7); 15 participants (25%) were considered in the MoCA score > 25, and 45 (75%) were categorized in the MoCA score ≤ 25 cohort.

3.2. Validity and Reliability of the Survey on the Ability to Operate LTOT Equipment

Initially, we confirmed the construct validity of the question. The scree plot on survey evaluating the ability to operate LTOT equipment demonstrated one factor. The EFA evidenced a factor loading of 0.7 or more for each question (Table 4). Second, we confirmed the criterion-related validity. The results of the assessment of criterion-related validity evinced significant and suitable correlations between the LTOT equipment operation question and the LINQ for the total score (rs = −0.492, p < 0.01). Finally, we confirmed the reliability of the question, whose Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.932 for the total score (Table 4).

3.3. Relationship between LTOT Equipment Operation Ability Survey and MoCA

The MoCA scores for the group of MoCA score > 25 denoted a median of 26.0 (26.0–28.0) and a median of 21.0 (17.0–24.0) was computed for the group of MoCA score. Hence, the two groups evidenced a significant difference (p < 0.001). The total scores of the survey on the ability to operate LTOT equipment yielded a median of 35.0 (35.0−35.0) for the group of MoCA scores > 25 and a median of 34.0 (28.0–35.0) for the group of MoCA scores ≤ 25; a significant difference was thus evidenced between the groups (p = 0.012) (Figure 1). The ability to operate LTOT equipment survey and MoCA also demonstrated a correlation (r = 0.743, p < 0.001) (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

This study developed a survey on the ability to operate LTOT equipment. It also investigated the relationship between such capability and cognitive functions. Participants with MoCA scores ≤ 25 displayed a lower ability to operate LTOT equipment vis-à-vis participants with MoCA scores > 25.
This study designed and drafted a survey focusing on the ability to operate LTOT equipment. We had not been able to find a survey questionnaire measuring the ability to appropriately utilize LTOT equipment in the extant existing literature. The implications of measuring such a capability could confirm whether patients appropriately inhale oxygen [3,8] and help prevent equipment operation errors because of hazardous behaviors by patients [8]. Healthcare workers engaged in regular outpatient care find it difficult to decide whether patients are appropriately operating the LTOT equipment at home. The apprehension of a patient’s ability to properly use the LTOT equipment is one way to check the safe use of LTOT equipment by patients. Therefore, healthcare workers must grasp the ability of patients to aptly utilize LTOT equipment for the continuation of their LTOT.
This study investigated the relationship between cognitive function and the ability of patients to appropriately use LTOT equipment. It found that patients receiving LTOT MoCA score ≤ 25 demonstrated poor capability to operate LTOT equipment. Hypoxia-related changes in brain structure cause cognitive impairments in patients receiving LTOT [10]. These deficiencies become worse when CRD is accompanied by severe hypoxia [27,28]. Patients with cognitive impairment find it difficult to understand how to operate equipment like LTOT, such as dealing with equipment functions or pushing buttons properly [14]. CRD patients with cognitive impairment could find it problematic to recall and execute new information on which they have been instructed [19,20]. Cognitive impairment related to poor ability to operate LTOT can result in hazardous behaviors. Further, the continuing use of LTOT for such patients could require the assistance of equipment operators. Hence, cognitive impairment can affect the independence and quality of life of patients receiving LTOT.
Therefore, it must be ensured that patients appropriately operate the relevant equipment to continue LTOT. We suggest that healthcare workers must detect the early signs of cognitive impairment in patients receiving LTOT and must apprehend the accuracy of the utilization of LTOT equipment.
We must acknowledge several limitations of the present study. The results of this study evidenced a correlation between cognitive function and the ability of patients to appropriately utilize LTOT equipment. However, a causal relationship was not established because this study was cross-sectional. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate the ability of patients to operate LTOT equipment. Therefore, this result could represent valuable exploratory data. In addition, this study drafted a trial survey on the ability to operate LTOT equipment but referenced Japanese guidelines only. The study’s focus on hazardous behaviors vis-à-vis equipment operations is commonly reported, although equipment types and support systems differ in each country. Future studies will consider the development of usable questionnaires for each country in consideration of the questionnaire developed herein. Finally, the survey in this study may not fully measure the equipment operation process. Developing a questionnaire for LTOT equipment operation ability requires a process of carefully selecting from a larger number of hypothetical question items and a suitable sample size [29]. We aim to complete the questionnaire by reexamining the question content in collaboration with more experts and conducting an investigation with a larger sample size.

5. Conclusions

We explored the relationship between the ability to operate LTOT equipment and the cognitive function of patients receiving LTOT. The study outcomes indicated that patients MoCA score ≤ 25 exhibited a lower ability to operate LTOT equipment than patients MoCA score > 25. Cognitive impairment in patients receiving LTOT can hence affect the ability to appropriately utilize LTOT equipment.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph191710708/s1, Table S1: Research Data.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.A. and T.N.; methodology, H.A. and T.N.; validation, H.A. and T.N.; formal analysis, H.A.; investigation, H.A. and H.M.; resources, H.A. and H.M.; data curation, H.A.; writing—original draft preparation, H.A. and T.N.; writing—review and editing, H.A., T.N. and H.M.; visualization, H.A. and T.N.; supervision, T.N.; project administration, H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital (protocol code: 1921 and date of approval: 13 November 2019) and Niigata University of Health and Welfare (protocol code: 18316–191115 and date of approval: 15 November 2019).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all patients involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in Table S1.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the patients, their family members, and the medical staff for their cooperation with this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Jacobs, S.S.; Krishnan, J.A.; Lederer, D.J.; Ghazipura, M.; Hossain, T.; Tan, A.M.; Carlin, B.; Drummond, M.B.; Ekström, M.; Garvey, C.; et al. Home oxygen therapy for adults with chronic lung disease. An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020, 202, e121–e141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Aizawa, H.; Miyamoto, K. Oxygen Therapy, 2nd ed.; The Japanese Respiratory Society, The Japan Society for Respiratory Care and Rehabilitation: Tokyo, Japan, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  3. Hardinge, M.; Suntharalingam, J.; Wilkinson, T. Guideline update: The British Thoracic Society Guidelines on home oxygen use in adults. Thorax 2015, 70, 589–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Maekura, R.; Hiraga, T.; Miki, K.; Kitada, S.; Miki, M.; Yoshimura, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Kawabe, T.; Mori, M. Personalized pulmonary rehabilitation and occupational therapy based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2015, 10, 1787–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Peckham, D.G.; McGibbon, K.; Tonkinson, J.; Plimbley, G.; Pantin, C. Improvement in patient compliance with long-term oxygen therapy following formal assessment with training. Respir. Med. 1998, 92, 1203–1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Albert, R.K.; Au, D.H.; Blackford, A.L.; Casaburi, R.; Cooper, J.A., Jr.; Criner, G.J.; Diaz, P.; Fuhlbrigge, A.L.; Gay, S.E.; Kanner, R.E.; et al. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 1617–1627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Tanash, H.A.; Ringbaek, T.; Huss, F.; Ekström, M. Burn injury during long-term oxygen therapy in Denmark and Sweden: The potential role of smoking. Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 2017, 12, 193–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Semasinghe Bandaralage, S.P.; Denniss, A.R.; Syed, M.; Sriram, K.B. Long-term oxygen therapy-related adverse outcomes resulting in hospitalisation: 3-year experience of an Australian metropolitan health service. Intern. Med. J. 2019, 49, 1435–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Caneiras, C.; Jácome, C.; Moreira, E.; Oliveira, D.; Dias, C.C.; Mendonça, L.; Mayoralas-Alises, S.; Fonseca, J.A.; Diaz-Lobato, S.; Escarrabill, J.; et al. A qualitative study of patient and carer experiences with home respiratory therapies: Long-term oxygen therapy and home mechanical ventilation. Pulmonology 2022, 28, 268–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Russ, T.C.; Kivimäki, M.; Batty, G.D. Respiratory disease and lower pulmonary function as risk factors for dementia: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Chest 2020, 157, 1538–1558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Karamanli, H.; Ilik, F.; Kayhan, F.; Pazarli, A.C. Assessment of cognitive impairment in long-term oxygen therapy-dependent COPD patients. Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis. 2015, 10, 2087–2094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Annaka, H.; Nomura, T.; Moriyama, H. Sedentary time and cognitive impairment in patients using long-term oxygen therapy: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Grant, I.; Heaton, R.K.; McSweeny, A.J.; Adams, K.M.; Timms, R.M. Neuropsychologic findings in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 1982, 142, 1470–1476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Nygård, L.; Starkhammar, S. The use of everyday technology by people with dementia living alone: Mapping out the difficulties. Aging Ment. Health 2007, 11, 144–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Rosenberg, L.; Kottorp, A.; Winblad, B.; Nygård, L. Perceived difficulty in everyday technology use among older adults with or without cognitive deficits. Scand. J. Occup. Ther. 2009, 16, 216–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Nygård, L.; Pantzar, M.; Uppgard, B.; Kottorp, A. Detection of activity limitations in older adults with MCI or Alzheimer’s disease through evaluation of perceived difficulty in use of everyday technology: A replication study. Aging Ment. Health 2012, 16, 361–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Baird, C.; Lovell, J.; Johnson, M.; Shiell, K.; Ibrahim, J.E. The impact of cognitive impairment on self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Respir. Med. 2017, 129, 130–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Allen, S.C.; Jain, M.; Ragab, S.; Malik, N. Acquisition and short-term retention of inhaler techniques require intact executive function in elderly subjects. Age Ageing 2003, 32, 299–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. O’Conor, R.; Wolf, M.S.; Smith, S.G.; Martynenko, M.; Vicencio, D.P.; Sano, M.; Wisnivesky, J.P.; Federman, A.D. Health literacy, cognitive function, proper use, and adherence to inhaled asthma controller medications among older adults with asthma. Chest 2015, 147, 1307–1315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. O’Conor, R.; Muellers, K.; Arvanitis, M.; Vicencio, D.P.; Wolf, M.S.; Wisnivesky, J.P.; Federman, A.D. Effects of health literacy and cognitive abilities on COPD self-management behaviors: A prospective cohort study. Respir. Med. 2019, 160, 105630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  22. Hyland, M.E.; Jones, R.C.; Hanney, K.E. The Lung Information Needs Questionnaire: Development, preliminary validation and findings. Respir. Med. 2006, 100, 1807–1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Nasreddine, Z.S.; Phillips, N.A.; Bédirian, V.; Charbonneau, S.; Whitehead, V.; Collin, I.; Cummings, J.L.; Chertkow, H. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2005, 53, 695–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Villeneuve, S.; Pepin, V.; Rahayel, S.; Bertrand, J.A.; de Lorimier, M.; Rizk, A.; Desjardins, C.; Parenteau, S.; Beaucage, F.; Joncas, S.; et al. Mild cognitive impairment in moderate to severe COPD: A preliminary study. Chest 2012, 142, 1516–1523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Beavers, A.S.; Lounsbury, J.W.; Richards, J.K.; Huck, S.W.; Skolits, G.; Esquivel, S.L. Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 2013, 18, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  26. Bland, J.M.; Altman, D.G. Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ 1997, 314, 572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Hung, W.W.; Wisnivesky, J.P.; Siu, A.L.; Ross, J.S. Cognitive decline among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 180, 134–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Bors, M.; Tomic, R.; Perlman, D.M.; Kim, H.J.; Whelan, T.P. Cognitive function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chronic Respir. Dis. 2015, 12, 365–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Boateng, G.O.; Neilands, T.B.; Frongillo, E.A.; Melgar-Quiñonez, H.R.; Young, S.L. Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Front. Public Health 2018, 6, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ijerph 19 10708 g001 550
Figure 1. Comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≤ 25 or >25 and the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment. The group of MoCA score ≤ 25 exhibited a lower ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) equipment survey than the group of MoCA score > 25 (p = 0.012).
Figure 1. Comparison of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≤ 25 or >25 and the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment. The group of MoCA score ≤ 25 exhibited a lower ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) equipment survey than the group of MoCA score > 25 (p = 0.012).
Ijerph 19 10708 g001
Ijerph 19 10708 g002 550
Figure 2. Correlation between the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) equipment survey and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The ability to operate LTOT equipment and cognitive function (rs = 0.743, p < 0.001) were positively correlated.
Figure 2. Correlation between the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) equipment survey and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The ability to operate LTOT equipment and cognitive function (rs = 0.743, p < 0.001) were positively correlated.
Ijerph 19 10708 g002
Table
Table 1. Hazardous behaviors and adverse events related to the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment and questions to measure them.
Table 1. Hazardous behaviors and adverse events related to the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment and questions to measure them.
Hazardous
Behaviors		Adverse EventsEquipment OperationQuestion
Smoking/contact with open flamesExplosion and fireAvoidance of fireCan you avoid causing fires while using the home oxygen equipment?
Poorly adjusted flow rateWorsening respiratory failureAdjustment of flow ratesCan you adjust the flow rate while in the toilet, in the bath, or going out?
Lack of understanding about portable oxygenRunning out of oxygenOperation of portable oxygenCan you use portable oxygen?
Stumbling on the equipment and portable oxygenFallsAvoidance of contact with the cannula and portable oxygenCan you avoid contact with the cannula and portable oxygen?
Lack of understanding about the equipmentNo oxygen supplyDealing with alarmsCan you deal with alarms regarding forgetting to shut the cylinder or running out of oxygen?
Table
Table 2. The survey of long-term oxygen therapy equipment operation ability drafted for this study.
Table 2. The survey of long-term oxygen therapy equipment operation ability drafted for this study.
Question 1: Can you avoid causing fires while using the home oxygen equipment?
Full assistance①②③④⑤⑥⑦Completely independent
Question 2: Can you adjust the flow rate while in the toilet, in the bath, or going out?
Full assistance①②③④⑤⑥⑦Completely independent
Question 3: Can you use portable oxygen?
Full assistance①②③④⑤⑥⑦Completely independent
Question 4: Can you avoid contact with the cannula and portable oxygen?
Full assistance①②③④⑤⑥⑦Completely independent
Question 5: Can you deal with alarms regarding forgetting to shut the cylinder or running out of oxygen?
Full assistance①②③④⑤⑥⑦Completely independent
Table
Table 3. Characteristics of the participants and their family members.
Table 3. Characteristics of the participants and their family members.
CharacteristicsParticipants (n = 60)Families (n = 60)
Age (years)77 (6) *70 (11) *
Gender
Male48 (80%) †11 (18%) †
Female12 (20%) †49 (82%) †
Education (years)12.0 (9.0–12.0) ‡
Relationship with patients
Spouse 36 (65%) †
Son/daughter 16 (27%) †
Other 8 (8%) †
Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease24 (40%) †
Interstitial pneumonia23 (38%) †
Other13 (22%) †
Spirometry
Forced expiratory volume 1.0%74.1 (50.0–89.5) ‡
Group of COPD 147.0 (39.0−53.5) ‡
Group of interstitial pneumonia89.6 (82.9−94.4) ‡
Group of other diseases71.9 (60.0−85.2) ‡
%Vital capacity66.4 (57.8–84.8) ‡
Group of COPD 172.4 (63.3−96.5) ‡
Group of interstitial pneumonia66.0 (59.0−82.4) ‡
Group of other diseases56.3 (40.9−69.5) ‡
mMRC 22.0 (1.0–3.0) ‡
LTOT 3
History (months)13.0 (7.0–41.5) ‡
Oxygen flow (L)3.0 (2.0–4.0) ‡
Concentrator56 (92%) †
Liquid oxygen4 (8%) †
Portable oxygen60 (100%) †
Lung Information Needs Questionnaire2.0 (1.0−4.75) ‡
LTOT Equipment Operation Ability Survey35.0 (31.0−35.0) ‡
Montreal cognitive assessment23.0 (18.0–25.7) ‡
score ≤ 2545 (75%) †
*: mean (standard deviation), †: n (%), ‡: median (interquartile range). 1 COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2 mMRC = modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea scale, 3 LTOT = long-term oxygen therapy.
Table
Table 4. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: survey regarding the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment (n = 60).
Table 4. Exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: survey regarding the ability to operate long-term oxygen therapy equipment (n = 60).
SurveyFactor LoadingCronbach’s Coefficient Alpha
Total score of LTOT 1 equipment operation ability survey (questions 1−5)−0.932
Question 1
Can you avoid causing fires during the use of the home oxygen equipment?		0.9110.908
Question 2
Can you adjust the flow rate in the toilet, in the bath, or going out?		0.8240.921
Question 3
Can you use portable oxygen?		0.8400.923
Question 4
Can you avoid contact with the cannula and portable oxygen?		0.8940.910
Question 5
Can you deal with alarms regarding forgetting to shut the cylinder or running out of oxygen?		0.8360.919
Loadings > 0.7 are indicated in bold. Least-Squares method, ProMax rotation. 1 LTOT = long-term oxygen therapy.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Annaka, H.; Nomura, T.; Moriyama, H. Cognitive Function and the Ability to Operate Long-Term Oxygen Therapy Equipment: An Exploratory Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710708

AMA Style

Annaka H, Nomura T, Moriyama H. Cognitive Function and the Ability to Operate Long-Term Oxygen Therapy Equipment: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710708

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annaka, Hiroki, Tomonori Nomura, and Hiroshi Moriyama. 2022. "Cognitive Function and the Ability to Operate Long-Term Oxygen Therapy Equipment: An Exploratory Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10708. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710708

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop