Development and Validation of the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) in a Spanish Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Instrument
- Demographic characteristics: sex and age, level of studies and place of practice of psychotherapy;
- Therapist clinical characteristics: experience as a psychotherapist, theoretical orientation and access to publications on psychotherapy research.
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Content Validity
3.2. The Overall Scale and Item Score Distribution
3.3. Internal Consistency
3.4. Inter-Rater Reliability
3.5. Known Groups Technique
3.6. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.7. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1 Therapeutic approach used (the theoretical orientation on which the psychotherapy is based) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 Techniques or procedures used | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 Patient’s expectations of cure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 Patient’s involvement in the therapy | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 Patient’s faith and credibility in the therapist | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 Empathy shown by the therapist | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 Directivity and support shown by the therapist | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 Therapist’s perception of the patient’s involvement | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 Therapist’s ability to influence the patient | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 Degree of acceptance, interest, understanding and encouragement shown by the therapist to the patient | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 Experience of the therapist | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 Establishment of a therapeutic alliance between the therapist and patient | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Chi-Square Significance | Comparative Fit Index (CFI) | Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI or NNFI) | Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) | Standardised Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) |
---|---|---|---|---|
If chi-square was not significant, the model had reached a perfect fit with the observed data. | Values ≥ 0.90 indicated a good fit [94]. | Values ≥ 0.90 indicated a good fit [95]. | Values ≤ 0.05 or 0.08 indicated a good fit, such as the upper bound of 90% confidence interval [96]. | Values ≤ 0.05 indicated a good fit [97]. |
Ijk | |
---|---|
The therapeutic approach used | 0.75 |
The techniques or procedures used | 0.83 |
The patient’s expectations of cure | 0.916 |
The patient’s involvement in the therapy | 0.916 |
The patient’s faith and credibility assigned to the therapist | 0.66 |
Emotional well-being of the therapist | 0.16 (removed) |
The empathy shown by the therapist | 0.66 |
The directivity and support shown by the therapist | 0.75 |
The therapist’s perception of the patient’s involvement | 0.58 |
The therapist’s ability to influence the patient | 0.83 |
The degree of acceptance, interest, understanding and encouragement shown by the therapist to the patient | 0.83 |
The experience of the therapist | 1 |
The establishment of a therapeutic alliance between the therapist and patient | 0.66 |
Mean | SD | Cronbach’ Alpha if Item Deleted | Floor Effect “1 Point” (%) | Ceiling Effect “5 Points” (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Therapeutic approach used | 3.79 | 1.003 | 0.723 | 2.9 | 27.5 |
2 Techniques or procedures used | 4.11 | 0.935 | 0.729 | 1.5 | 36.8 |
3 Patient’s expectations of cure | 3.98 | 0.907 | 0.690 | 1.6 | 36.8 |
4 Patient’s involvement in the therapy | 4.59 | 0.663 | 0.708 | 0.0 | 66.7 |
5 Patient’s faith and credibility assigned to the therapist | 3.71 | 0.906 | 0.698 | 0.0 | 21.7 |
6 Empathy shown by the therapist | 4.16 | 0.807 | 0.696 | 1.9 | 40.6 |
7 Directivity and support shown by the therapist | 3.59 | 1.026 | 0.701 | 3.0 | 19.4 |
8 Therapist’s perception of the patient’s involvement | 3.41 | 1.026 | 0.676 | 4.4 | 16.2 |
9 Therapist’s ability to influence the patient | 4.16 | 0.902 | 0.688 | 1.5 | 41.8 |
10 Degree of acceptance, interest, understanding and encouragement shown by the therapist to the patient | 3.98 | 0.942 | 0.720 | 1.4 | 36.2 |
11 Experience of the therapist | 4.25 | 0.861 | 0.740 | 0.0 | 50 |
12 Establishment of a therapeutic alliance between the therapist and patient | 4.35 | 0.806 | 0.731 | 1 | 56.5 |
Component | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
1 The patient’s faith and credibility assigned to the therapist | 0.755 | |||
2 The therapist’s ability to influence the patient | 0.736 | |||
3 The patient’s expectations of cure | 0.638 | |||
4 The therapist’s perception of the patient’s involvement | 0.614 | |||
5 The establishment of a therapeutic alliance between the therapist and patient | 0.529 | |||
6 The empathy shown by the therapist | 0.777 | |||
7 The directivity and support shown by the therapist | 0.762 | |||
8 The degree of acceptance, interest, understanding and encouragement shown by the therapist to the patient | 0.745 | |||
9 The techniques or procedures used | 0.911 | |||
10 The therapeutic approach used | 0.868 | |||
11 The experience of the therapist | 0.792 | |||
12 The patient’s involvement in the therapy | 0.728 |
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Romero-Moreno, A.; Paramio, A.; Cruces-Montes, S.J.; Zayas, A.; Gómez-Carmona, D.; Merchán-Clavellino, A. Development and Validation of the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) in a Spanish Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910372
Romero-Moreno A, Paramio A, Cruces-Montes SJ, Zayas A, Gómez-Carmona D, Merchán-Clavellino A. Development and Validation of the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) in a Spanish Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910372
Chicago/Turabian StyleRomero-Moreno, Antonio, Alberto Paramio, Serafín J. Cruces-Montes, Antonio Zayas, Diego Gómez-Carmona, and Ana Merchán-Clavellino. 2021. "Development and Validation of the Psychotherapeutic Effectiveness Attribution Questionnaire (PEAQ-12) in a Spanish Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910372