Ethnic Stereotype Formation and Its Impact on Sojourner Adaptation: A Case of “Belt and Road” Chinese Migrant Workers in Montenegro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cultural Adaptation among Sojourners
1.2. Ethnic Stereotype Formation Is the Missing Link in Cultural Adaptation
1.3. The Present Research
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Analytical Procedure and Power Analysis
2.3. Measurement
3. Results
3.1. Test of Hypotheses 1—Correlations
3.2. Test of Hypotheses 2—Direct Effects
3.3. Test of Hypotheses 3—Indirect Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Prior Knowledge Is Needed in Establishing Ethnic Stereotypes
4.2. Contributions and Implications
5. Limitations and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stereotype Content | Frequency | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive traits | |||
1 | 友好/友善 (Friendly) | 82 | 47.1 |
2 | 热心肠/热情 (Warm-hearted) | 63 | 36.2 |
3 | 有礼貌 (Polite) | 36 | 20.7 |
4 | 漂亮 (Beautiful) | 26 | 14.9 |
5 | 生活悠闲/惬意/休闲 (Relaxed) | 21 | 12.1 |
6 | 好客 (Hospitable) | 20 | 11.5 |
7 | 微笑 (Smiling) | 16 | 9.2 |
8 | 注重生活/懂生活/享受生活 (Enjoying life) | 16 | 9.2 |
9 | 善良/和蔼/亲切 (Kind) | 15 | 8.6 |
10 | 乐观 (Optimistic) | 14 | 8.0 |
Negative traits | |||
1 | 懒/懒散/懒惰 (Lazy) | 37 | 21.3 |
2 | 固执/倔强 (Stubborn) | 13 | 7.5 |
3 | 穷 (Poor) | 11 | 6.3 |
4 | 迟到/不守时 (Unpunctual) | 7 | 4.0 |
5 | 不守信用 (Dishonest) | 6 | 3.4 |
6 | 不灵活/一根筋/轴 (Inflexible) | 5 | 2.9 |
7 | 吹牛 (Boastful) | 5 | 2.9 |
8 | 自大 (Arrogant) | 4 | 2.3 |
9 | 不友好 (Unfriendly) | 3 | 1.7 |
10 | 自我 (Egoistic) | 3 | 1.7 |
Variable | α | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Positive stereotype | ~ | 3.12 | 1.46 | - | 0.70 *** | −0.23 ** | 0.20 ** | −0.15 * | −0.29 *** | 0.22 ** | −0.11 |
2 | Negative stereotype | ~ | −0.90 | 1.21 | - | −0.32 *** | 0.08 | −0.22 ** | −0.26 *** | 0.23 ** | −0.11 | |
3 | PCD | 0.88 | 4.88 | 0.91 | - | −0.24 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.03 | −0.20 ** | 0.03 | ||
4 | Knowledge of host country | 0.88 | 3.08 | 0.86 | - | 0.17 * | −0.08 | 0.24 ** | 0.02 | |||
5 | Length of stay | ~ | 18.94 | 0.66 | - | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
6 | Social Exclusion | 0.81 | 2.28 | 0.98 | - | −0.42 *** | 0.03 | |||||
7 | SCA | 0.91 | 4.70 | 0.92 | - | −0.07 | ||||||
8 | Age | ~ | 29.07 | 6.19 | - |
Social Exclusion Y1 | Sociocultural Adaptation Y2 | |
---|---|---|
Latent Stereotype Model | Indirect effect | Indirect effect |
Knowledge of host country (×1) | −0.098 * [−0.261, −0.006] | 0.110 * [0.000, 0.302] |
Perceived cultural distance (×2) | 0.082 * [0.010, 0.247] | −0.092 * [−0.272, −0.001] |
Length of stay in host country (×3) | 0.072 ** [0.022, 0.192] | −0.081 * [−0.191, −0.005] |
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English, A.S.; Zhang, X.; Stanciu, A.; Kulich, S.J.; Zhao, F.; Bojovic, M. Ethnic Stereotype Formation and Its Impact on Sojourner Adaptation: A Case of “Belt and Road” Chinese Migrant Workers in Montenegro. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189540
English AS, Zhang X, Stanciu A, Kulich SJ, Zhao F, Bojovic M. Ethnic Stereotype Formation and Its Impact on Sojourner Adaptation: A Case of “Belt and Road” Chinese Migrant Workers in Montenegro. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189540
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnglish, Alexander S., Xinyi Zhang, Adrian Stanciu, Steve J. Kulich, Fuxia Zhao, and Milica Bojovic. 2021. "Ethnic Stereotype Formation and Its Impact on Sojourner Adaptation: A Case of “Belt and Road” Chinese Migrant Workers in Montenegro" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189540