The Principal at Risk: Stress and Organizing Mindfulness in the School Context
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Aims of the Study
2.2. Participants
2.3. Tools
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Stress and Principals’ Health
4.3. Predictors of Work Discomfort
4.4. Path Model
5. Discussion
Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | n (%) |
---|---|
Male | 131 (31.3%) |
Female | 288 (68.7%) |
Geographical Area | |
Northern Italy | 193 (46.1%) |
Central Italy | 103 (24.6.7%) |
Southern Italy | 123 (29.4%) |
Academic degree | |
Humanities | 280 (66.8%) |
Science | 98 (23.4%) |
Legal-Economic Disciplines | 41 (9.8%) |
Years of service as principal | M = 8.41 (SD = 7.22) Min = 1; Max = 38 |
Years of service as principal in the current school | M = 4.67 (SD = 4.23) |
School type | |
Elementary School (ages 5–11) | 22 (5.3%) |
Junior High School (ages 11–13) | 10 (2.4%) |
Comprehensive School (ages 5–13) | 223 (53.2%) |
Technical High School (ages 14–18) | 86 (20.5%) |
Grammar High School (ages 14–18) | 78 (18.6%) |
Number of students per Institute | M = 1.054 (SD = 437.22) Min = 50; Max = 3.600 |
AGE | MIND | MSP | WD | DA | IR | PS | SEC | DPF | HY | ANS | AMK | ASA | MPTS | SER | STU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGE | 1 | |||||||||||||||
MIND | 0.107 * | 1 | ||||||||||||||
MSP | −0.222 ** | −0.244 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||
WD | −0.166 ** | −0.379 ** | 0.652 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
DA | −0.165 ** | −0.291 ** | 0.878 ** | 0.660 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
IR | −0.132 ** | −0.177 ** | 0.743 ** | 0.503 ** | 0.679 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
PS | −0.135 ** | −0.162 ** | 0.725 ** | 0.371 ** | 0.614 ** | 0.569 ** | 1 | |||||||||
SEC | −0.139 ** | −0.202 ** | 0.803 ** | 0.601 ** | 0.729 ** | 0.602 ** | 0.617 ** | 1 | ||||||||
PPP | −0.133 ** | −0.172 ** | 0.641 ** | 0.365 ** | 0.566 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.574 ** | 0.485 ** | 1 | |||||||
HY | −0.214 ** | −0.092 | 0.568 ** | 0.261 ** | 0.429 ** | 0.464 ** | 0.412 ** | 0.406 ** | 0.365 ** | 1 | ||||||
ANS | 0.073 | 0.771 ** | −0.192 ** | −0.289 ** | −0.204 ** | −0.136 ** | −0.105 * | −0.146 ** | −0.132 ** | −0.068 | 1 | |||||
AMK | 0.122 * | 0.870 ** | −0.218 ** | −0.344 ** | −0.263 ** | −0.165 ** | −0.146 ** | −0.156 ** | −0.163 ** | −0.107 * | 0.526 ** | 1 | ||||
ASA | 0.065 | 0.848 ** | −0.189 ** | −0.338 ** | −0.253 ** | −0.140 ** | −0.149 ** | −0.200 ** | −0.133 ** | −0.051 | 0.479 ** | 0.600 ** | 1 | |||
MPTS | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.021 | −0.087 | −0.032 | 0.077 | 0.036 | −0.091 | 0.050 | 0.234 ** | 0.020 | 0.038 | 0.104 * | 1 | ||
SER | 0.593 ** | 0.141 ** | −0.173 ** | −0.162 ** | −0.118 ** | −0.080 | −0.090 | −0.118 * | −0.094 | −0.150 ** | 0.095 | 0.149 ** | 0.083 | 0.017 | 1 | |
STU | 0.046 | 0.017 | −0.058 | −0.060 | −0.68 | −0.093 | −0.064 | −0.072 | −0.006 | −0.039 | 0.023 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 0.078 | 0.138 ** | 1 |
SKE (SE) | −0.566 (0.119) | −0.560 (0.119) | 0.828 (0.119) | 0.922 (0.119) | 0.844 (0.119) | 10.15 (0.119) | 10.28 (0.119) | 0.971 (0.119) | 10.12 (0.119) | 0.322 (0.119) | −0.663 (0.119) | −0.302 (0.119) | −0.682 (0.119) | −0.017 (0.119) | 10.13 (0.119) | 20.52 (0.465) |
KUR (SE) | −0.136 (0.238) | 0.106 (0.238) | 0.168 (0.238) | −0.065 (0.238) | 0.110 (0.238) | 10.19 (0.238) | 10.22 (0.238) | 0.638 (0.238) | 0.683 (0.238) | −0.326 (0.238) | 0.194 (0.238) | −0.315 (0.238) | −0.199 (0.238) | −0.102 (0.238) | 0.974 (0.238) | 10.52 (0.238) |
M (SD) | 540.93 (60.46) | 20.41 (0.366) | 920.11 (230.51) | 20.52 (20.54) | 10.81 (0.071) | 10.66 (0.498) | 10.40 (0.525) | 10.66 (0.574) | 10.71 (0.720) | 20.16 (0.663) | 20.48 (0.371) | 20.21 (0.480) | 20.52 (0.465) | 30.06 (0.862) | 80.41 70.22) | 10540.25 (4370.21) |
alpha | - | 0.863 | 0.961 | 0.797 | 0.876 | 0.810 | 0.735 | 0.739 | 0.735 | 0.680 | 0.748 | 0.797 | 0.750 | 0.880 | - | - |
Stress Level | N | % |
---|---|---|
Low (<25 percent.) | 90 | 21.5 |
Medium (<51 percent.) | 112 | 26.7 |
Moderate (<75 percent.) | 101 | 24.1 |
High (>74 percent.) | 116 | 27.7 |
Total | 419 | 100.0 |
MSP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | MLow (SD) | MHigh (SD) | F | pb | Partial η2 | 90% CI | OP |
Organizing Mindfulness | 96.97 (1.57) | 87.13 (1.61) | 19.35 | 0.000 | 0.04 | [89.84; 94.26] | 0.98 |
Work Discomfort | |||||||
MSP | 1.19 (0.14) | 3.73 (0.36) | 154.46 | 0.000 | 0.27 | [2.26; 2.66] | 0.99 |
Organizing Mindfulness | 3.03 (0.14) | 1.89 (0.25) | 31.09 | 0.000 | 0.07 | [2.26; 2.66] | 0.99 |
MSP | WD | HBP | DI | HC | HD | RP | MI | SP | BCP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSP | 1 | |||||||||
WD | 0.502 ** | 1 | ||||||||
HBP | 0.002 | 0.018 | 1 | |||||||
DI | 0.045 | 0.047 | 0.183 ** | 1 | ||||||
HC | 0.045 | −0.003 | 0.058 | 0.180 ** | 1 | |||||
HD | 0.069 | 0.044 | 0.250 ** | 0.034 | 0.142 ** | 1 | ||||
RP | 0.089 * | 0.072 | 0.063 | −0.027 | 0.041 | 0.152 ** | 1 | |||
MI | 0.258 ** | 0.197 ** | −0.074 | −0.010 | 0.001 | −0.056 | 0.086 | 1 | ||
SP | 0.268 ** | 0.185 ** | 0.051 | 0.032 | 0.100 * | 0.087 | 0.171 ** | 0.183 ** | 1 | |
BCP | 0.258 ** | 0.133 ** | 0.013 | 0.035 | 0.044 | 0.010 | 0.096 | 0.301 ** | 0.214 ** | 1 |
Label | Label | Estimate | S.E. | C.R. | p | SWE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive Anxiety | → | Shared Problem Analysis | −0.178 | 0.036 | −4.957 | *** | −0.306 |
Depressive Anxiety | → | Effort and Confusion | 0.991 | 0.065 | 15.248 | *** | 0.862 |
Depressive Anxiety | → | Work Discomfort | 0.198 | 0.047 | 4.198 | *** | 0.517 |
Shared Problem Analysis | → | Work Discomfort | −0.136 | 0.034 | −4.017 | *** | −0.206 |
Effort and Confusion | → | Work Discomfort | 0.084 | 0.039 | 2.176 | 0.030 | 0.254 |
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Diotaiuti, P.; Mancone, S.; Bellizzi, F.; Valente, G. The Principal at Risk: Stress and Organizing Mindfulness in the School Context. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176318
Diotaiuti P, Mancone S, Bellizzi F, Valente G. The Principal at Risk: Stress and Organizing Mindfulness in the School Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176318
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiotaiuti, Pierluigi, Stefania Mancone, Fernando Bellizzi, and Giuseppe Valente. 2020. "The Principal at Risk: Stress and Organizing Mindfulness in the School Context" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176318