Assessment of Headache Characteristics, Impact, and Managing Techniques among Pharmacy and Nursing Undergraduates—An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample Size Estimation
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Saylor, D.; Steiner, T.J. The global burden of headaches. Semin. Neurol. 2018, 38, 182–190. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- James, S.L.; Abate, D.; Abate, K.H.; Abay, S.M.; Abbafati, C.; Abbasi, N.; Abdollahpour, I. Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018, 392, 1789–1858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Myoclinic. Headaches: Treatment Depends on Your Diagnosis and Symptoms. Available online: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-daily-headaches/in-depth/headaches/art-20047375 (accessed on 16 October 2022).
- Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013, 33, 629–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. Headache Disorders. Key Facts. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders (accessed on 16 October 2022).
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Headache. Available online: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/headache (accessed on 16 October 2022).
- Philipp, J.; Zeiler, M.; Wöber, C.; Wagner, G.; Karwautz, A.F.K.; Steiner, T.J.; Wöber-Bingöl, Ç. Prevalence and burden of headache in children and adolescents in Austria-a nationwide study in a representative sample of pupils aged 10–18 years. J. Headache Pain 2019, 20, 101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rafi, A.; Islam, S.; Hasan, M.T.; Hossain, G. Prevalence and impact of migraine among university students in Bangladesh: Findings from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Neurol. 2022, 22, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucado, J.; Paez, K.; Elixhauser, A. Headaches in U.S. Hospitals and Emergency Departments, 2008. HCUP Statistical Brief #111; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Rockville, MD, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Lipton, R.B.; Silberstein, S.D. Episodic and chronic migraine headache: Breaking down barriers to optimal treatment and prevention. Headache 2015, 55 (Suppl. S2), 103–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samreen, S.; Siddiqui, N.A.; Mothana, R.A. Prevalence of Anxiety and Associated Factors among Pharmacy Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. BioMed Res. Int. 2020, 2020, 2436538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steiner, T.J.; MacGregor, E.A.; Davies, P.T. Guidelines for all healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management of migraine, tension-type, cluster and medication overuse headache. Br. Assoc. Study Headache 2007, 2007, 1–52. [Google Scholar]
- Zebenigus, M.; Tekle-Haimanot, R.; Worku, D.K.; Thomas, H.; Steiner, T.J. The burden of headache disorders in Ethiopia: National estimates from a population-based door-to-door survey. J. Headache Pain 2017, 18, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birru, E.M.; Abay, Z.; Abdelwuhab, M.; Basazn, A.; Sirak, B.; Teni, F.S. Management of headache and associated factors among undergraduate medicine and health science students of University of Gondar, North West Ethiopia. J. Headache Pain 2016, 17, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Almesned, I.S.; Alqahtani, N.G.; Alarifi, J.A.; Alsaawy, T.N.; Agha, S.; Alhumaid, M.A. Prevalence of primary headache among medical students at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2018, 7, 1193–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abd El-Mawgod, M.M.; Hashem, H.A.; Elboraei, Y.A. Primary Headache among University Students: Across Sectional Study. Pak. J. Med. Health Sci. 2022, 16, 421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Hassanl, E.S.; Al-Mulifi, A.A.; Al-Khudhayr, A.M.; Al-Quraini, A.W.; Al-Omran, A.M.; Al-Musallam, E.J.; Al-Rashed, B.A.; Al-Mubarak, D.A.; Al-Yousof, H.M.; Al-Khalifa, K.R.; et al. Prevalence of headache in female students in King Faisal University: A questionnaire study. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2013, 5, 256–260. [Google Scholar]
- Desouky, D.E.; Zaid, H.A.; Taha, A.A. Migraine, tension-type headache, and depression among Saudi female students in Taif University. J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc. 2019, 94, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vos, T.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abate, K.H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdulkader, R.S.; Abdulle, A.M.; Abebo, T.A.; Abera, S.F.; et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet 2017, 390, 1211–1259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steiner, T.J.; Stovner, L.J.; Jensen, R.; Uluduz, D.; Katsarava, Z.; on behalf of Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign against Headache. Migraine remains second among the world’s causes of disability, and first among young women: Findings from GBD2019. J. Headache Pain 2020, 21, 137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iliopoulos, P.; Damigos, D.; Kerezoudi, E.; Limpitaki, G.; Xifaras, M.; Skiada, D.; Tsagkovits, A.; Skapinakis, P. Trigger factors in primary headaches subtypes: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary centre in Greece. BMC Res. Notes 2015, 8, 393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steiner, T.J.; Scher, A.I.; Stewart, W.F.; Kolodner, K.; Liberman, J.; Lipton, R.B. The prevalence and disability burden of adult migraine in England and their relationships to age, gender and ethnicity. Cephalalgia 2003, 23, 519–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhazmi, R.A.; Alobaid, A.M.; Althunayyan, S.M.; Syed, W.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, awareness of risk factors, and perceptions of thyroid disease (TD) among adults living in Saudi Arabia-A community based study. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 1041745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Syed, W.; Samarkandi, O.A.; Alsadoun, A.; Harbi, M.K.A.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A. Evaluation of clinical knowledge and perceptions about the development of thyroid cancer-An observational study of healthcare undergraduates in Saudi Arabia. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 912424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Syed, W.; Samarkandi, O.A.; Sadoun, A.A.; Bashatah, A.S.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A.; Alharbi, M.K. Prevalence, Beliefs, and the Practice of the Use of Herbal and Dietary Supplements Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study. Inquiry 2022, 59, 469580221102202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Syed, W.; Alharbi, M.K.; Samarkandi, O.A.; Alsadoun, A.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A.; Iqbal, A.; Samreen, S. Evaluation of Knowledge, Awareness, and Factors Associated with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2022, 2022, 1921010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Syed, W.; Alsadoun, A.; Bashatah, A.S.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A.; Siddiqui, N. Assessment of the knowledge beliefs and associated factors among Saudi adults towards blood donation in Saudi Arabia. Hematology 2022, 27, 412–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wajid, S.; Samreen, S.; Sales, I.; Bawazeer, G.; Mahmoud, M.A.; Aljohani, M.A. What Has Changed in the Behaviors of the Public After the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-Sectional Study From the Saudi Community Perspective. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 723229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Syed, W.; Iqbal, A.; Siddiqui, N.A.; Mothana, R.A.; Noman, O. Attitudes and Associated Demographic Factors Contributing towards the Abuse of Illicit Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study from Health Care Students in Saudi Arabia. Medicina 2022, 58, 322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Syed Snr, W.; Bashatah, A.; AAl-Rawi, M.B. Evaluation of Knowledge of Food–Drug and Alcohol–Drug Interactions Among Undergraduate Students at King Saud University–An Observational Study. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 2022, 1, 2623–2633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bashatah, A.; Wajid, S. Knowledge and Disposal Practice of Leftover and Expired Medicine: A Cross-Sectional Study from Nursing and Pharmacy Students’ Perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Samreen, S.; Siddiqui, N.A.; Wajid, S.; Mothana, R.A.; Almarfadi, O.M. Prevalence and Use of Dietary Supplements among Pharmacy Students in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2020, 13, 1523–1531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panigrahi, A.; Behera, B.K.; Sarma, N.N. Prevalence, pattern, and associated psychosocial factors of headache among undergraduate students of health profession. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 2020, 8, 365–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deleu, D.; Khan, M.A.; Humaidan, H.; Al Mantheri, Z.; Al Hashami, S. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of headache in medical students in Oman. Headache J. Head Face Pain 2001, 41, 798–804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alkarrash, M.S.; Shashaa, M.N.; Kitaz, M.N.; Rhayim, R.; Alhasan, M.M.; Alassadi, M.; Aldakhil, A.; Alkhamis, M.; Ajam, M.; Douba, M.; et al. Migraine and tension-type headache among undergraduate medical, dental and pharmaceutical students of University of Aleppo: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Neurol. Open 2021, 3, e000211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amayo, E.O.; Jowi, J.O.; Njeru, E.K. Headache associated disability in medical students at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr. Med. J. 2002, 79, 519–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antonenko, K.; Poliukhovych, O.; Antonenko, A.; Sokolova, L. Prevalence and severity of headache in medical students during quarantine due to COVID-19. Eur. J. Neurol. 2021, 28 (Suppl. S1), 485. [Google Scholar]
- Anaya, F.; Alia, A.; Hamoudeh, F.; Nazzal, Z.; Maraqa, B. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of headache among medical students in Palestine: A cross sectional study. BMC Neurol. 2022, 22, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender Male Female | 218 18 | 92.4 7.6 |
Age (full years) 18 to 25 26 to 30 | 112 124 | 47.5 52.5 |
Classification Pharmacy Nursing | 124 112 | 52.5 47.5 |
Smoking status Current smoker Non-smoker Ex-smoker | 134 81 21 | 56.8 34.3 8.9 |
Presence of chronic disease Yes No | 40 196 | 16.9 83.1 |
Characteristic |
Frequency
(n) |
Percentage
(%) |
---|---|---|
Have you ever had at least one episode of headache during the past week?
Yes No | 156 80 | 66.1 33.9 |
Do you have any of these fully reversible aura symptoms that are accompanied or followed by your headache episodes? Visual aura or wavy lines (Sensation disturbances) pins, needles, numbness (Speech disturbances), e.g., aphasia Motor weakness I have none of the above aura symptoms | 72 10 87 51 16 | 30.5 4.2 36.9 21.6 6.8 |
Approximately, how many days have you had a headache during the past week? None One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days | 2 47 45 42 31 57 8 4 | 0.8 19.9 19.1 17.8 13.1 24.2 3.4 1.7 |
To the previous question, how many EPISODES per day do you have a headache (Write a number) None One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days | 2 50 31 34 101 14 1 1 | 0.8 21.2 13.1 14.4 42.8 5.9 0.4 0.4 |
Your headache is usually
Bilateral Unilateral | 117 119 | 49.6 50.4 |
The headache quality is usually
Throbbing/Pulsating Pressing/Tightening Sharp/Stabbing | 146 52 38 | 61.9 22.0 16.1 |
The average intensity of headache pain?
Mean (SD) Mild pain Moderate pain Severe pain | 6.72 ± 2.63 25 113 98 | (M = 7) 10.6 47.9 41.5 |
Variables | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Does your headache aggregate with routine activities? Yes No Not sure | 82 125 29 | 34.7 53 12.3 |
Does your headache cause you to avoid routine activities? Yes No Not sure | 77 143 16 | 32.6 60.6 6.8 |
Headaches associated with photophobia (sensitivity to light)? Yes No Not sure | 77 151 8 | 32.6 64 3.4 |
Headaches associated with phonophobia (fear of loud sounds)? Yes No Not sure | 48 181 7 | 20.3 76.7 3 |
Do you have a family history of headaches? Yes No Not sure | 61 166 9 | 25.8 70.3 3.8 |
Did your headache impact your academic activity? Yes No Not sure | 96 125 15 | 40.7 53 6.5 |
Variables | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Have you ever sought medical attention for your headache? Yes No | 56 180 | 23.7 76.3 |
Which treatments/medications do you take for headaches? Analgesics and anti-inflammatories, e.g., Panadol and aspirin Sedatives Herbs and alternative and traditional medications Caffeine Message Sleeping I do not take any medications for my headaches | 64 8 11 59 3 79 12 | 27.1 3.4 4.7 25.0 1.3 33.5 5.1 |
Does your headache stop when you take medication? Yes No I do not take any medications | 154 48 34 | 65.3 20.3 14.4 |
Variables | Intensity of Headache | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild pain 25 (10.6%) | Moderate 113 (47.9%) | Severe Pain 98 (41.5%) | ||
Gender Male Female | 22 (10.1) 03 (16.7) | 105 (48.2) 08 (44.4) | 91 (41.7) 07 (38.9) | 0.687 |
Age (full years) 18 to 25 26 to 30 | 22 (19.6) 03 (2.4) | 75 (67) 38 (30.6) | 15 (13.4) 83 (66.9) | 0.0001 |
Classification Pharmacy Nursing | 03 (2.4) 22 (19.6) | 39 (31.5) 74 (66.1) | 82 (66.1) 16 (14.3) | 0.0001 |
Smoking status Current smoker Non-smoker Ex-smoker | 08 (6.0) 15 (18.5) 02 (9.5) | 47 (35.1) 53 (65.4) 13 (61.9) | 79 (59.0) 13 (16.0) 06 (28.6) | 0.0001 |
Presence of chronic disease Yes No | 07 (17.5) 18 (9.2) | 19 (47.5) 94 (48.0) | 14 (35.0) 84 (42.9). | 0.260 |
Headache type Bilateral Unilateral | 17 (14.5) 08 (6.7) | 61 (52.1) 52 (43.7) | 39 (33.3) 59 (49.6) | 0.018 |
Family history of headache Yes No | 06 (9.4) 19 (11.0) | 33 (51.6) 80 (46.5) | 25 (39.1) 73 (42.4) | 0.794 |
Variables | Headache Intensity | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild Pain | Moderate | Severe Pain | ||
Do your headaches intensify with daily activity? Yes No Not sure | 06 (7.3) 19 (15.2) 0 (0) | 49 (59.8) 52 (41.6) 12 (41.4) | 27 (32.9) 54 (43.2) 17 (58.6) | 0.008 |
Headache disturbs routine activity Yes No Not sure | 07 (9.1) 17 (11.3) 01 (12.5) | 50 (64.9) 61 (40.4) 02 (25) | 20 (26.0) 73 (48.3) 5 (3.3) | 0.007 |
Did the headache impact your academic activity? Yes No Not sure | 10 (10.4) 14 (11.2) 01 (6.7) | 54 (56.3) 54 (43.2) 5 (33.3) | 32 (33.3) 57 (45.6) 09 (60.0) | 0.182 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bashatah, A.S.; Syed, W.; Al-Rawi, M.B.A.; Al Arifi, M.N. Assessment of Headache Characteristics, Impact, and Managing Techniques among Pharmacy and Nursing Undergraduates—An Observational Study. Medicina 2023, 59, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010130
Bashatah AS, Syed W, Al-Rawi MBA, Al Arifi MN. Assessment of Headache Characteristics, Impact, and Managing Techniques among Pharmacy and Nursing Undergraduates—An Observational Study. Medicina. 2023; 59(1):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010130
Chicago/Turabian StyleBashatah, Adel S., Wajid Syed, Mahmood Basil A. Al-Rawi, and Mohamed N. Al Arifi. 2023. "Assessment of Headache Characteristics, Impact, and Managing Techniques among Pharmacy and Nursing Undergraduates—An Observational Study" Medicina 59, no. 1: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010130