The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Analysis
2.2. Plants Analysis
2.2.1. Heavy Metals Uptake by Herbs
2.2.2. Photosynthesis Parameters
2.2.3. Total Phenolic Compounds Content
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil Analysis and Preparation for Cultivation
4.2. Plant Material Preparation
4.3. Photosynthesis Parameters
4.4. Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds in Herbs by Folin–Ciocalteu Method
4.5. Determination of Heavy Metals in Herbs
4.6. Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metals | Bioavailable Forms (µg/g) | Pseudo-Total Forms (µg/g) | Limit Values (µg/g) * |
---|---|---|---|
Mn | 75.7 ± 1.0 | 108 ± 0.6 | not applicable |
Fe | 1323 ± 46 | 2035 ± 190 | not applicable |
Cu | 9.46 ± 0.06 | 16.7 ± 0.1 | 150 |
Zn | 61.8 ± 0.8 | 93.3 ± 0.39 | 300 |
Treatments | Metal Contents in Above-Ground Parts (µg/g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
Basil | ||||
Control | 59.7 ± 3.1 (aa) | 148 ± 11 (ba) | 10.8 ± 1.8 (ca) | 73 ± 5 (da) |
50Cu | 66.3 ± 4.7 (aa) | 121 ± 6 (bb) | 47.2 ± 3.1 (cb) | 52 ± 7 (db) |
50Zn | 45.1 ± 3.9 (ab) | 104 ± 7 (bc) | 7.61 ± 1.22 (ca) | 191 ± 10 (dc) |
Borage | ||||
Control | 52.8 ± 2.5 (ea) | 80.4 ± 6.2 (fa) | 10.1 ± 0.8 (ga) | 56.7 ± 4.8 (ha) |
50Cu | 29.8 ± 2.1 (eb) | 71.2 ± 5.1 (fb) | 29.4 ± 1.9 (gb) | 60.2 ± 5.0 (hb) |
50Zn | 30.6 ± 2.1 (eb) | 65.4 ± 6.8 (fc) | 8.53 ± 0.88 (gc) | 138 ± 8 (hc) |
Common nettle | ||||
Control | 69.7 ± 6.7 (ia) | 103 ± 6 (ja) | 7.42 ± 0.44 (ka) | 29.1 ± 2.8 (la) |
50Cu | 58.2 ± 7.1 (ib) | 95 ± 7 (jb) | 28.5 ± 1.9 (kb) | 33.8 ± 2.8 (la) |
50Zn | 47.5 ± 6.3 (ic) | 101 ± 7 (ja,jb) | 8.12 ± 0.73 (ka) | 94.6 ± 9.1 (lb) |
Peppermint | ||||
Control | 63.3 ± 3.1 (ma) | 115 ± 11 (na) | 7.35 ± 0.72 (oa) | 48.6 ± 3.7 (pa) |
50Cu | 49.6 ± 3.7 (mb) | 108 ± 9 (na,nb) | 31.8 ± 5.8 (ob) | 34.2 ± 3.3 (pb) |
50Zn | 33.7 ± 2.9 (mc) | 92.6 ± 7 (nb) | 6.39 ± 2.52 (oa) | 105 ± 5 (pc) |
Treatments | Metal Content in Roots (µg/g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
Basil | ||||
Control | 31.2 ± 2.1 (aa) | 198 ± 6 (ba) | 15.9 ± 1.9 (ca) | 109 ± 6 (da) |
50Cu | 70.5 ± 4.3 (ab) | 181 ± 5 (bb) | 113 ± 5 (cb) | 92.1 ± 7.2 (db) |
50Zn | 17.1 ± 3.4 (ac) | 138 ± 7 (bc) | 13.2 ± 2.0 (cd) | 287 ± 12 (dc) |
Borage | ||||
Control | 40.8 ± 2.5 (ea) | 114 ± 6 (fa) | 11.5 ± 0.8 (ga) | 62.7 ± 4.8 (ha) |
50Cu | 32.4 ± 2.1 (eb) | 85.8 ± 5.1 (fb) | 37.4 ± 1.9 (gb) | 70.2 ± 5.0 (hb) |
50Zn | 40.6 ± 1.9 (ea) | 75.4 ± 6.8 (fc) | 10.1 ± 0.9 (gc) | 154 ± 8 (hc) |
Common nettle | ||||
Control | 49.7 ± 6.7 (ia) | 172 ± 6 (ja) | 9.42 ± 0.44 (ka) | 31.1 ± 2.8 (la) |
50Cu | 68.2 ± 7.1 (ib) | 125 ± 7 (jb) | 28.5 ± 1.9 (kb) | 23.8 ± 2.8 (lb) |
50Zn | 57.5 ± 6.3 (ic) | 137 ± 7 (jc) | 7.12 ± 0.73 (kc) | 114 ± 9 (lc) |
Peppermint | ||||
Control | 71.3 ± 7.1 (ma) | 175 ± 9 (na) | 8.34 ± 0.78 (oa) | 63.6 ± 7.7 (pa) |
50Cu | 91.6 ± 8.7 (mb) | 128 ± 7 (nb) | 43.8 ± 5.8 (ob) | 44.2 ± 3.3 (pb) |
50Zn | 83.7 ± 2.9 (mc) | 142 ± 8 (nc) | 9.32 ± 2.56 (oa) | 115 ± 6 (pc) |
Basil | Borage | Common Nettle | Peppermint | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Above-Ground Parts | ||||
Mn | p = 3.85 × 10−6 F = 41.9357 | p = 1.47 × 10−8 F = 115.2513 | p = 4.95 × 10−8 F = 93.0262 | p = 1.70 × 10−9 F = 167.6868 |
Fe | p = 1.21 × 10−8 F = 119.1513 | p = 2.48 × 10−7 F = 69.7012 | p = 2.02 × 10−2 F = 5.4899 | p = 2.12 × 10−3 F = 10.7391 |
Cu | p = 6.45 × 10−11 F = 387.6501 | p = 1.52 × 10−9 F = 204.5946 | p = 5.19 × 10−10 F = 254.4199 | p = 5.04 × 10−11 F = 407.4172 |
Zn | p = 1.17 × 10−11 F = 546.103 | p = 3.21 × 10−9 F = 175.8112 | p = 1.60 × 10−10 F = 322.7082 | p = 1.11 × 10−9 F = 218.2207 |
Basil | Borage | Common Nettle | Peppermint | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Roots | ||||
Mn | p = 8.23 × 10−13 F = 613.7908 | p = 2.92 × 10−4 F = 17.3007 | p = 1.31 × 10−7 F = 78.1844 | p = 5.46 × 10−7 F = 60.3707 |
Fe | p = 7.51 × 10−9 F = 129.5797 | p = 2.69 × 10−8 F = 103.6419 | p = 1.14 × 10−9 F = 179.6911 | p = 8.17 × 10−8 F = 85.0893 |
Cu | p = 5.49 × 10−13 F = 1010.294 | p = 3.28 × 10−8 F = 109.3599 | p = 4.32 × 10−10 F = 264.0011 | p = 1.04 × 10−7 F = 86.1670 |
Zn | p = 5.72 × 10−11 F = 397.1455 | p = 4.88 × 10−11 F = 409.9500 | p = 7.27 × 10−9 F = 148.8850 | p = 1.17 × 10−7 F = 84.1723 |
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Adamczyk-Szabela, D.; Wolf, W.M. The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073612
Adamczyk-Szabela D, Wolf WM. The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(7):3612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073612
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdamczyk-Szabela, Dorota, and Wojciech M. Wolf. 2024. "The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 7: 3612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073612