DNA Methylation Variation Is a Possible Mechanism in the Response of Haemaphysalis longicornis to Low-Temperature Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Summary of Bisulfite Sequencing and DNA Methylation
2.2. Sample Correlation and Cluster Analysis
2.3. DNA Methylation Levels of the Functional Regions
2.4. Differentially Methylated Regions Analysis
2.5. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway Enrichment Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Tick Collection and Treatment
4.2. DNA Extraction
4.3. Library Preparation and Quantification
4.4. Data Analysis
4.5. Quality Control
4.6. Reference Data Preparation before Analysis
4.7. Reads Mapping to the Reference Genome
4.8. Estimation of Methylation Level
4.9. Differentially Methylated Analysis
4.10. GO and KEGG Enrichment Analysis of DMR-Related Genes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhao, L.; Li, J.; Cui, X.; Jia, N.; Wei, J.; Xia, L.; Wang, H.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, Q.; Liu, X.; et al. Distribution of Haemaphysalis longicornis and associated pathogens: Analysis of pooled data from a China field survey and global published data. Lancet Planet. Health 2020, 4, e320–e329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, G.P.; Wang, Y.X.; Fan, Z.W.; Ji, Y.; Liu, M.J.; Zhang, W.H.; Li, X.L.; Zhou, S.X.; Li, H.; Liang, S.; et al. Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nwanade, C.F.; Wang, M.; Li, S.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. The current strategies and underlying mechanisms in the control of the vector tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis: Implications for future integrated management. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2022, 13, 101905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pritt, B.S. Haemaphysalis longicornis is in the United States and biting humans: Where do we go from here? Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020, 70, 317–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yun, S.M.; Lee, W.G.; Ryou, J.; Yang, S.C.; Park, S.W.; Roh, J.Y.; Lee, Y.J.; Park, C.; Han, M.G. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks collected from humans. South Korea, 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1358–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tian, Y.; Kaufman, P.E. Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Arachnida: Acari: Ixodidae). University of Florida. 2020. Available online: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1263 (accessed on 15 November 2021).
- Zheng, H.; Yu, Z.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, L.; Zheng, B.; Ma, H.; Liu, J. Development and biological characteristics of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) under field conditions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2011, 53, 377–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, H.; Yu, Z.; Zhou, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J. Seasonal abundance and activity of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in North China. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2012, 56, 133–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Z.J.; Lu, Y.L.; Yang, X.L.; Chen, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, D.; Liu, J.Z. Cold hardiness and biochemical response to low temperature of the unfed bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasit. Vectors 2014, 7, 346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, X.J.; Chen, T.; Zhu, J.K. Regulation and function of DNA methylation in plants and animals. Cell Res. 2011, 21, 442–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, H.; Zhang, N.; Wang, Y.; Xia, S.; Zhu, Y.; Xing, C.; Tian, X.; Du, Y. DNA N6-Methyladenine modification in eukaryotic genome. Front. Genet. 2022, 13, 914404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, H.; Lu, M.; Huang, Z.; Gao, F.; Ke, X.; Liu, Z.; Li, Q.; Liu, Y. Effect of low temperature on genomic DNA methylation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Fish. China 2013, 37, 1460–1467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, B.; Li, W.; Chen, Z.; Xu, Q.; Luo, J.; Shi, Y.; Li, X.; Yan, X.; Zhang, J. Variation of DNA Methylome of Zebrafish Cells under Cold Pressure. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0160358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Yuan, H.; Huang, X. Chilling-induced DNA Demethylation is associated with the cold tolerance of Hevea brasiliensis. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, P.; Xiao, W.F.; Pan, M.H.; Xiao, J.S.; Feng, Y.J.; Dong, Z.Q.; Zou, B.X.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, Y.H.; Lu, C. Comparative genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals epigenomic differences in response to heat-humidity stress in Bombyx mori. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 3771–3779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Araz, O.; Ekinci, M.; Yuce, M.; Shams, M.; Agar, G.; Yildirim, E. Low-temperature modified DNA methylation level, genome template stability, enzyme activity, and proline content in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes. Sci. Hortic. 2022, 294, 110761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agwunobi, D.O.; Zhang, M.; Shi, X.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, M.; Wang, T.; Masoudi, A.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. DNA methyltransferases contribute to cold tolerance in ticks Dermacentor silvarum and Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Front. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 726731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Z.; He, B.; Gong, Z.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Yan, X.; Zhang, T.; Masoudi, A.; Zhang, X.; Wang, T.; et al. The new Haemaphysalis longicornis genome provides insights into its requisite biological traits. Genomics 2022, 114, 110317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agwunobi, D.O.; Wang, T.; Zhang, M.; Wang, T.; Jia, Q.; Zhang, M.; Shi, X.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. Functional implication of heat shock protein 70/90 and tubulin in cold stress of Dermacentor silvarum. Parasit. Vectors 2021, 14, 542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Lin, Q.; Wen, J.; Lin, W.; Liang, J.; Huang, H.; Li, L.; Huang, J.; Chen, F.; Liu, D.; et al. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing of human spermatozoa reveals differentially methylated patterns from type 2 diabetic patients. J. Diabetes Investig. 2020, 11, 856–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gutschker, S.; Corral, J.M.; Schmiedl, A.; Ludewig, F.; Koch, W.; Fiedler-Wiechers, K.; Czarnecki, O.; Harms, K.; Keller, I.; Martins Rodrigues, C.; et al. Multi-omics data integration reveals link between epigenetic modifications and gene expression in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) in response to cold. BMC Genom. 2022, 23, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pozo, M.I.; Hunt, B.J.; Van Kemenade, G.; Guerra-Sanz, J.M.; Wäckers, F.; Mallon, E.B.; Jacquemyn, H. The effect of DNA methylation on bumblebee colony development. BMC Genom. 2021, 22, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, T.; Yang, X.; Jia, Q.; Dong, N.; Wang, H.; Hu, Y.; Yu, Z.; Liu, J. Cold tolerance and biochemical response of unfed Dermacentor silvarum ticks to low temperature. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2017, 8, 757–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Field, L.M.; Lyko, F.; Mandrioli, M.; Prantera, G. DNA methylation in insects. Insect Mol. Biol. 2004, 13, 109–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Krauss, V.; Eisenhardt, C.; Unger, T. The genome of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata is strongly methylated within genes and repetitive DNA. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Feng, S.; Cokus, S.J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, P.Y.; Bostick, M.; Goll, M.G.; Hetzel, J.; Jain, J.; Strauss, S.H.; Halpern, M.E.; et al. Conservation and divergence of methylation patterning in plants and animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 8689–8694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bewick, A.J.; Vogel, K.J.; Moore, A.J.; Schmitz, R.J. Evolution of DNA Methylation across insects. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017, 34, 654–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, X.; Xie, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Gao, X.; Yu, L.; Ding, Y.; Wu, Q.; Wang, Q.; Jiang, D.; Song, X.; et al. Analysis of differentially methylated regions of genomic DNA in maize (Zea mays L.) exposed to salt stress. Caryologia 2018, 71, 331–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuire, M.H.; Herbrich, S.M.; Dasari, S.K.; Wu, S.Y.; Wang, Y.; Rupaimoole, R.; Lopez-Berestein, G.; Baggerly, K.A.; Sood, A.K. Pan-cancer genomic analysis links 3’UTR DNA methylation with increased gene expression in T cells. EBioMedicine 2019, 43, 127–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, J.; Xu, J.; Yang, T.; Chen, J.; Li, F.; Shen, B.; Fan, C. Genome-wide methylation analyses of human sperm unravel novel differentially methylated regions in asthenozoospermia. Epigenomics 2022, 14, 951–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glastad, K.M.; Hunt, B.G.; Goodisman, M.A. Epigenetics in insects: Genome regulation and the generation of phenotypic diversity. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2019, 64, 185–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.Z.; Liu, Z.N.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, X.L.; Gao, Z.H. Biology of Dermacentor silvarum (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 2005, 36, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krueger, F.; Andrews, S.R. Bismark: A flexible aligner and methylation caller for Bisulfite-Seq applications. Bioinformatics 2011, 27, 1571–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Langmead, B.; Salzberg, S.L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat. Methods 2012, 9, 357–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lister, R.; Mukamel, E.A.; Nery, J.R.; Urich, M.; Puddifoot, C.A.; Johnson, N.D.; Lucero, J.; Huang, Y.; Dwork, A.J.; Schultz, M.D.; et al. Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development. Science 2013, 341, 1237905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Feng, H.; Conneely, K.N.; Wu, H. A Bayesian hierarchical model to detect differentially methylated loci from single nucleotide resolution sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42, e69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wu, H.; Xu, T.; Feng, H.; Chen, L.; Li, B.; Yao, B.; Qin, Z.; Jin, P.; Conneely, K.N. Detection of differentially methylated regions from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data without replicates. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43, e141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, Y.; Wu, H. Differential methylation analysis for BS-seq data under general experimental design. Bioinformatics 2016, 32, 1446–1453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Young, M.D.; Wakefield, M.J.; Smyth, G.K.; Oshlack, A. Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: Accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010, 11, 101905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kanehisa, M.; Araki, M.; Goto, S.; Hattori, M.; Hirakawa, M.; Itoh, M.; Katayama, T.; Kawashima, S.; Okuda, S.; Tokimatsu, T.; et al. KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, 36, D480–D484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Available online: http://www.genome.jp/kegg/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).
- Mao, X.; Cai, T.; Olyarchuk, J.G.; Wei, L. Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics 2005, 21, 3787–3793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Samples | ||
---|---|---|
Control | Treatment | |
Raw reads | 427,937,671 | 421,797,949 |
Raw bases (G) | 128.38 | 126.54 |
Clean reads | 418,108,642 | 410,432,711 |
Clean bases (G) | 114.01 | 111.33 |
Clean ratio (%) | 88.81 | 87.97 |
Q20 (%) | 96.63 | 96.75 |
Q30 (%) | 90.15 | 90.39 |
GC content (%) | 24.48 | 24.59 |
Bisulfite conversion rate | 99.466 | 99.433 |
Mapped reads | 161,808,422 | 158,247,367 |
Unique mapping rate (%) | 38.70 | 38.56 |
Duplicate rate (%) | 11.94 | 11.72 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nwanade, C.F.; Wang, Z.; Bai, R.; Wang, R.; Zhang, T.; Liu, J.; Yu, Z. DNA Methylation Variation Is a Possible Mechanism in the Response of Haemaphysalis longicornis to Low-Temperature Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315207
Nwanade CF, Wang Z, Bai R, Wang R, Zhang T, Liu J, Yu Z. DNA Methylation Variation Is a Possible Mechanism in the Response of Haemaphysalis longicornis to Low-Temperature Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315207
Chicago/Turabian StyleNwanade, Chuks Fidelis, Zihao Wang, Ruwei Bai, Ruotong Wang, Tianai Zhang, Jingze Liu, and Zhijun Yu. 2022. "DNA Methylation Variation Is a Possible Mechanism in the Response of Haemaphysalis longicornis to Low-Temperature Stress" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315207