Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Sources of Nanoparticles
Type | Formation and Compositions | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Carbon-based NPs | Fullerenes Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Carbon nanotubes are used widely in biomedical applications because of their multipurpose properties. They have been applied for carrying anticancer drugs or genes and proteins for chemotherapy. | [24,25,26,27] |
Metal NPs | Alkali and noble metals such as Cu, Ag, and Au. | Noble metal-based NPs are applied in medical fields that needed high biocompatibility, stability, and large-scale production with the possibility of avoiding organic solvents. | [28,29,30,31] |
Ceramics NPs | They are amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous, or hollow forms. | Medical technologies use nanoceramics for bone repair. In addition, they have been used in catalysis, photocatalysis, photodegradation of dyes, and imaging applications. | [32] |
Semiconductor NPs | They possess properties between metals and nonmetals. Semiconductor NPs used in biosensing generally contain metals with nonmetallic elements. | Photocatalysis, photo optics, and electronic devices. | [33] |
Polymeric NPs | They normally are organic-based nanospheres or nanocapsules primarily. The former are matrix particles that are generally solid, and other molecules are adsorbed to the outer boundary of the sphere. Nanocapsules are completely encapsulated mass particles. | Polymers with superior biocompatibility do not induce immune reactions or stimulate inflammation in contact with the human body. The advantages of synthetic polymers are their stability, excellent mechanical properties, and degradability. Polymers are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and popular in medical applications such as drug delivery, wound plug dressings, stents, and tissue engineering. | [34,35,36,37,38] |
Lipid-based NPs | Lipid-based NPs classified as lipid moieties including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). | Lipid-based NPs are used effectively in biomedical applications. They are used for various applications such as drug carriers, delivery, and RNA release in cancer therapy and COVID-19 vaccines. | [16,39,40] |
Viral-NPs | Genetically engineered VNPs and chemically engineered VNPs. | Viral NPs serve as multipurpose tools for medical applications. Genetically engineered VNPs are used as vaccines. Chemically engineered VNPs are for targeted drug delivery and biomedical imaging. | [11,41] |
3. Routes of Nanoparticle Uptake to the Human Body
4. Therapeutic Nano-Delivery Systems
5. Nanotoxicology
5.1. Damage to Cells Caused by Nanoparticles
5.2. Effect of Nanoparticles in Different Organs
5.2.1. Nanoparticles on Skin
5.2.2. Nanoparticles in Brain
5.2.3. Nanoparticles in Eye
5.2.4. Nanoparticles in Lung
5.2.5. Nanoparticles in Liver
5.2.6. Nanoparticles in Kidney
5.2.7. Nanoparticles in Reproductive System
5.2.8. Nanoparticles in the Immune System
6. Conclusions Remark
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ | Formation | Nanotoxicities | References |
---|---|---|---|
Brain | MNPs@SiO2(RITC) | Silica-coated magnetic NPs activate microglia and induce neurotoxic D-serine secretion | [118,119] |
IONP | Neurotoxic potential of iron oxide NPs in Wistar Rats | [118] | |
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) | Exposure of carbon black NPs to chicken embryos | [120] | |
ZrO2 NP | Breakthrough of ZrO2 NPs into fetal brains depends on developmental stage of maternal placental barrier and fetal blood–brain barrier | [121] | |
Silicon dioxide NPs | Silicon dioxide NPs induced neurobehavioral impairments by disrupting microbiota–gut–brain axis. | [122,123] | |
zinc oxide NPs | Crosstalk of gut microbiota and serum/hippocampus metabolites in neurobehavioral impairments induced by zinc oxide NPs. | [122,123] | |
Silica NPs | Silica NPs promote α-Synuclein aggregation and Parkinson’s disease pathology. | [122,123] | |
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles | Titanium dioxide NPs via oral exposure leads to locomotor activity in adult mice. | [124] | |
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles | Titanium dioxide NPs exposure during pregnancy causes neurobehavioral impairments that emerge in offspring adulthood. | [125] | |
AgNPs | Trolox potentiated oxidative stress in rats following exposure to AgNPs. However, AgNPs did not induce oxidative stress by themselves in brain. | [126] | |
AuNPs | AuNPs induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in human neural progenitor cells and rat brain. | [127,128] | |
Lung | MOx NPs | Toxicities of four different types of MOx NPs (ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, and CeO2) in human bronchial epithelial cells. | [127] |
AgNPs | The low dose of AgNPs induced early and long-lasting histological and ultrastructural alterations in rats. | [127] | |
AgNP | Toxicity mediated by small AgNP (≤20 nm) in lung cells is not only dependent on the level of particle internalization, but also on AgNP size and concentration, which may involve varying pathways as targets | [128] | |
AgNP | Low-dose AgNP exposure induced histological and ultrastructural alterations in rats’ lungs. | [127] | |
AuNPs | Single as well as aggregated AuNPs show similar translocation rates across the lung barrier model. | [129] | |
ZnONPs | High-dose (25 μg/mL) ZnO NPs caused severe cytotoxicity. | [127] | |
Heart | CdSe/ZnS Quantum dots | Quantum dots might build up in the heart and induce some biochemical indicators. The consequence alternated and caused oxidative damage and cardiotoxicity. | [130] |
Liver | CeO2NP | Iron oxide NPs aggravate hepatic steatosis and liver injury. | [130] |
Iron oxide NP | Hepatotoxicity of graphene oxide in Wistar rats. | [131] | |
Graphene oxide | AuNPs induced species-specific differences in their biodistribution, excretion, and potential for toxicity. | [132] | |
AuNP | AuNPs caused granulomas to develop in the mice’s livers and transiently increased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18. | [133] | |
AgNP | AgNPs intoxicated liver by elevating the liver function markers and decreased serum levels of albumin and total proteins. It also disturbed oxidation homeostasis and induced apoptotic reaction. | [127] | |
AgNP | AgNPs exhibited a marked elevation in liver DNA damage. | [134] | |
AgNP | The low dose of AgNP induced hepatotoxicity showing early and long-lasting histological and ultrastructural alterations in male rats. | [127,134] | |
AgNP | In vivo study of silver nanomaterials’ toxicity concerning size. | [134] | |
Kidney | Nano-copper particle | The nano-sized copper particle induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. | [135] |
IONP | Surface modifications affect iron oxide NP biodistribution in rats. | [136] | |
AgNP | Single silver nanoparticle instillation induced early and persisting moderate cortical damage in rat kidneys. | [134] | |
AgNP | AgNPs could interact with the anatomical structures of the kidney to induce injury. | [134] | |
Reproductive system | Metal oxide NPs (MONPs) | MONPs may induce ROS overproduction, oxidative stress, and lead to germ cells’ toxicity. Eventual, consequence of the impairment of the male reproductive system. | [137] |
AgNPs | AgNPs could interact with the anatomical structures of testis and induce injury. | [134] | |
Blood | AuNPs | Trigger platelet aggregation | [138] |
TiO2NPs Al2O3NPs, Fe2O3NPs | Aggregated NPs increase oxidative stress and immune response. | [139,140,141] | |
Ag, Fe3O4, CdSe/ZnS, AuNPs | Several metallic NPs such as Ag, Fe3O4, CdSe/ZnS, and AuNPs have been shown to be bio-degradable and produces a high concentration of free radicals that may trigger an inflammatory immune response. | [142,143,144] |
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Cheng, T.-M.; Chu, H.-Y.; Huang, H.-M.; Li, Z.-L.; Chen, C.-Y.; Shih, Y.-J.; Whang-Peng, J.; Cheng, R.H.; Mo, J.-K.; Lin, H.-Y.; et al. Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147597
Cheng T-M, Chu H-Y, Huang H-M, Li Z-L, Chen C-Y, Shih Y-J, Whang-Peng J, Cheng RH, Mo J-K, Lin H-Y, et al. Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147597
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Tsai-Mu, Hsiu-Yi Chu, Haw-Ming Huang, Zi-Lin Li, Chiang-Ying Chen, Ya-Jung Shih, Jacqueline Whang-Peng, R. Holland Cheng, Ju-Ku Mo, Hung-Yun Lin, and et al. 2022. "Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147597