Research

18 pages, 18853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Vibrational, Magnetic and Dielectric Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

by Nicusor Fifere, Anton Airinei, Mihai Asandulesa, Aurelian Rotaru, Elena Laura Ursu and Florica Doroftei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(22), 13883; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213883 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1689

Abstract

Dielectric, magnetic and Raman measurements of cerium oxide nanoparticles obtained by the precipitation method are discussed. Morphological study was performed by scanning electron microscopy, confirming the formation of nanoparticles of 5–27 nm. The Raman spectra exhibited a strong band around 465 cm⁻¹ [...] Read more.

Dielectric, magnetic and Raman measurements of cerium oxide nanoparticles obtained by the precipitation method are discussed. Morphological study was performed by scanning electron microscopy, confirming the formation of nanoparticles of 5–27 nm. The Raman spectra exhibited a strong band around 465 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the symmetrical stretching mode of the Ce-O8 vibrational unit. The nature of the room temperature ferromagnetism of cerium oxide nanoparticles was analyzed, taking into account the oxygen defects at the surface or interface of the nanoparticles. The evolution of dielectric constant, ε′, and dielectric loss, ε″ was studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures. Additionally, the variation of the electric conductivity versus temperature was investigated. Finally, complex impedance study of the cerium oxide nanoparticles was performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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13 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ab Initio Study of Carrier Mobility, Thermodynamic and Thermoelectric Properties of Kesterite Cu₂ZnGeS₄

by Jawad El Hamdaoui, Mohamed Kria, Kamal Lakaal, Mohamed El-Yadri, El Mustapha Feddi, Liliana Pedraja Rejas, Laura M. Pérez, Pablo Díaz, Miguel E. Mora-Ramos and David Laroze

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 12785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112785 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

The kesterite Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

(CZGS) has recently gained significant interest in the scientific community. In this work, we investigated the thermodynamic and thermoelectric properties of CZGS by employing the first-principals calculation in association with the quasi-harmonic approximation, Boltzmann transport theory, deformation [...] Read more.

The kesterite Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

(CZGS) has recently gained significant interest in the scientific community. In this work, we investigated the thermodynamic and thermoelectric properties of CZGS by employing the first-principals calculation in association with the quasi-harmonic approximation, Boltzmann transport theory, deformation potential theory, and slack model. We obtained a bandgap of 2.05 eV and high carrier mobility. We found that CZGS exhibits adequate thermoelectric properties as a promising material for thermoelectric applications. The calculated Seebeck coefficient at room temperature is 149 µV·K

^{- 1}

. We also determined the thermal and electrical conductivity, the power factor, and the figure of merit. In addition, the thermodynamic properties such as Debye temperature, entropy, and constant volume heat capacity are estimated. According to our results, it is concluded that the Slack model fails to provide correct values for lattice thermal conductivity in this material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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25 pages, 11287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waterborne Eco-Sustainable Sol–Gel Coatings Based on Phytic Acid Intercalated Graphene Oxide for Corrosion Protection of Metallic Surfaces

by Silvia Sfameni, Anna Del Tedesco, Giulia Rando, Fulvio Truant, Annamaria Visco and Maria Rosaria Plutino

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 12021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912021 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

In the past few years, corrosion protection of metal materials has become a global challenge, due to its great economic importance. For this reason, various methods have been developed to inhibit the corrosion process, such as surface treatment approaches, by employing corrosion inhibitors [...] Read more.

In the past few years, corrosion protection of metal materials has become a global challenge, due to its great economic importance. For this reason, various methods have been developed to inhibit the corrosion process, such as surface treatment approaches, by employing corrosion inhibitors through the deposition of opportunely designed functional coatings, employed to preserve from corrosion damages metallic substrates. Recently, among these techniques and in order to avoid the toxic chromate-based pre-treatment coatings, silane-based coatings and films loaded with organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors have been widely used in corrosion mitigation water-based surface treatment. In this study, the synthetic approach was devoted to create an embedded, hosted, waterborne, and eco-friendly matrix, obtained by use of the sol–gel technique, through the reaction of functional alkoxysilane cross-linking precursors, namely (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) intercalated with natural and non-toxic phytic acid (PA) molecules. As a matter of fact, all experimental results from FT-IR spectroscopy, UV–Vis analysis, and SEM confirmed that PA molecules were successfully decorated on GO. Furthermore, polarization measurements and a neutral salt spray test were used to evaluate the anticorrosive performance on aluminum and steel substrates, thus showing that the GO-PA nanofiller improved the barrier and corrosion protection properties of the developed functional silane-based coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gastrointestinal Tract Stabilized Protein Delivery Using Disulfide Thermostable Exoshell System

by Samira Sadeghi, Girish Vallerinteavide Mavelli, Siddhesh Sujit Vaidya and Chester Lee Drum

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179856 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1612

Abstract

Thermostable exoshells (tES) are engineered proteinaceous nanoparticles used for the rapid encapsulation of therapeutic proteins/enzymes, whereby the nanoplatform protects the payload from proteases and other denaturants. Given the significance of oral delivery as the preferred model for drug administration, we structurally improved the [...] Read more.

Thermostable exoshells (tES) are engineered proteinaceous nanoparticles used for the rapid encapsulation of therapeutic proteins/enzymes, whereby the nanoplatform protects the payload from proteases and other denaturants. Given the significance of oral delivery as the preferred model for drug administration, we structurally improved the stability of tES through multiple inter-subunit disulfide linkages that were initially absent in the parent molecule. The disulfide-linked tES, as compared to tES, significantly stabilized the activity of encapsulated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at acidic pH and against the primary human digestive enzymes, pepsin, and trypsin. Furthermore, the disulfide-linked tES (DS-tES) exhibited significant intestinal permeability as evaluated using Caco2 cells. In vivo bioluminescence assay showed that encapsulated Renilla luciferase (rluc) was ~3 times more stable in mice compared to the free enzyme. DS-tES collected mice feces had ~100 times more active enzyme in comparison to the control (free enzyme) after 24 h of oral administration, demonstrating strong intestinal stability. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the potential of DS-tES for intraluminal and systemic oral drug delivery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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10 pages, 3829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peptide Assembly of Al/CuO Nanothermite for Enhanced Reactivity of Nanoaluminum Particles

by Miaomiao Jin, Zhanxin Song, Wei Liu, Zilu Zhou, Guozhen Wang and Mo Xian

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 8054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148054 - 21 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1511

Abstract

Biological self-assembly procedures, which are generally carried out in an aqueous solution, have been found to be the most promising method for directing the fabrication of diverse nanothermites, including Al/CuO nanothermite. However, the aqueous environment in which Al nanoparticles self-assemble has an impact [...] Read more.

Biological self-assembly procedures, which are generally carried out in an aqueous solution, have been found to be the most promising method for directing the fabrication of diverse nanothermites, including Al/CuO nanothermite. However, the aqueous environment in which Al nanoparticles self-assemble has an impact on their stability. We show that using a peptide to self-assemble Al or CuO nanoparticles considerably improves their durability in phosphate buffer aqueous solution, with Al and CuO nanoparticles remaining intact in aqueous solution for over 2 weeks with minimal changes in the structure. When peptide-assembled Al/CuO nanothermite was compared with a physically mixed sample in phosphate buffer for 30 min, the energy release of the former was higher by 26%. Furthermore, the energy release of peptide-assembled Al/CuO nanocomposite in phosphate buffer showed a 6% reduction by Day 7, while that of the peptide-assembled Al/CuO nanocomposite in ultrapure water was reduced by 75%. Taken together, our study provides an easy method for keeping the thermal activity of Al/CuO nanothermite assembled in aqueous solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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13 pages, 4090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Zn-Ca Nanocomposites and Their Antibacterial Properties

by M. I. Torres-Ramos, U. J. Martín-Camacho, J. L. González, M. F. Yañez-Acosta, L. Becerra-Solano, Y. K. Gutiérrez-Mercado, M. Macias-Carballo, Claudia M. Gómez, O. A. González-Vargas, J. A. Rivera-Mayorga and Alejandro Pérez-Larios

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 7258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137258 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

This study aimed to develop Ca²⁺ doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and investigate their antibacterial properties against microorganisms of dental interest. Zn-Ca NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method with different concentrations of Ca²⁺ (1, 3, and 5 wt. %) and subsequently [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop Ca²⁺ doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and investigate their antibacterial properties against microorganisms of dental interest. Zn-Ca NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method with different concentrations of Ca²⁺ (1, 3, and 5 wt. %) and subsequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The Kirby–Bauer method was used to measure antibacterial effects. NPs showed the wurzite phase of ZnO and bandgap energies (Eg) from 2.99 to 3.04 eV. SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 80 to 160 nm. The treatments that presented the best antibacterial activity were Zn-Ca 3% and Zn-Ca 5%. ZnO NPs represent an alternative to generate and improve materials with antibacterial capacity for dental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 1740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Red Upconverter Nanocrystals Functionalized with Verteporfin for Photodynamic Therapy Triggered by Upconversion

by Ivana Miletto, Chiara Gionco, Maria Cristina Paganini, Erik Cerrato, Leonardo Marchese and Enrica Gianotti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 6951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136951 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

Upconversion (UC) nanoparticles characterized by red upconversion emission, particularly interesting for biological applications, have been prepared and subsequently modified by the covalent anchoring of Verteporfin (Ver), an FDA approved photosensitizer (PS) which usually exerts its photodynamic activity upon excitation with red light. ZrO [...] Read more.

Upconversion (UC) nanoparticles characterized by red upconversion emission, particularly interesting for biological applications, have been prepared and subsequently modified by the covalent anchoring of Verteporfin (Ver), an FDA approved photosensitizer (PS) which usually exerts its photodynamic activity upon excitation with red light. ZrO₂ was chosen as the platform where Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺ were inserted as the sensitizer and activator ions, respectively. Careful control of the doping ratio, along with a detailed physico-chemical characterization, was carried out. Upon functionalization with a silica shell to covalently anchor the photosensitizer, a theranostic nanoparticle was obtained whose architecture, thanks to a favorable energy level match and a uniform distribution of the PS, allowed us to trigger the photodynamic activity of Ver by upconversion, thus paving the way to the use of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in deep tissues, thanks to the higher penetrating power of NIR light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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14 pages, 7835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Modulation of 3D Porous CoNiP Nanoarrays In Situ Grown on Nickel Foams for Robust Overall Water Splitting

by Jianpeng Li, Caiyan Gao, Haiyang Wang, Baojun Li, Shufang Zhao, Young Dok Kim, Zhongyi Liu, Xin Du and Zhikun Peng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105290 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2110

Abstract

The careful design of nanostructures and multi-compositions of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER and OER) is of great significance to realize sustainable hydrogen release. Herein, bifunctional electrocatalysts of the three-dimensional (3D) cobalt-nickel phosphide nanoarray in [...] Read more.

The careful design of nanostructures and multi-compositions of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER and OER) is of great significance to realize sustainable hydrogen release. Herein, bifunctional electrocatalysts of the three-dimensional (3D) cobalt-nickel phosphide nanoarray in situ grown on nickel foams (CoNiP NA/NF) were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method followed by phosphorization. Due to the unique self-template nanoarray structure and tunable multicomponent system, the CoNiP NA/NF samples present exceptional activity and durability for HER and OER. The optimized sample of CoNiP NA/NF-2 afforded a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 162 mV for HER and 499 mV for OER, corresponding with low Tafel slopes of 114.3 and 79.5 mV dec⁻¹, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that modulation active sites with appropriate electronic properties facilitate the interaction between the catalyst surface and intermediates, especially for the adsorption of absorbed H* and *OOH intermediates, resulting in an optimized energy barrier for HER and OER. The 3D nanoarray structure, with a large specific surface area and abundant ion channels, can enrich the electroactive sites and enhance mass transmission. This work provides novel strategies and insights for the design of robust non-precious metal catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Transport Properties in GaAs/AlGaAs and InSe/InP Finite Superlattices under the Effect of a Non-Resonant Intense Laser Field and Considering Geometric Modifications

by John A. Gil-Corrales, Alvaro L. Morales, Melike Behiye Yücel, Esin Kasapoglu and Carlos A. Duque

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 5169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095169 - 05 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1872

Abstract

In this work, a finite periodic superlattice is studied, analyzing the probability of electronic transmission for two types of semiconductor heterostructures, GaAs/AlGaAs and InSe/InP. The changes in the maxima of the quasistationary states for both materials are discussed, making variations in the number [...] Read more.

In this work, a finite periodic superlattice is studied, analyzing the probability of electronic transmission for two types of semiconductor heterostructures, GaAs/AlGaAs and InSe/InP. The changes in the maxima of the quasistationary states for both materials are discussed, making variations in the number of periods of the superlattice and its shape by means of geometric parameters. The effect of a non-resonant intense laser field has been included in the system to analyze the changes in the electronic transport properties by means of the Landauer formalism. It is found that the highest tunneling current is given for the GaAs-based compared to the InSe-based system and that the intense laser field improves the current–voltage characteristics generating higher current peaks, maintaining a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect, both with and without laser field for both materials and this fact allows to tune the magnitude of the current peak with the external field and therefore extend the range of operation for multiple applications. Finally, the power of the system is discussed for different bias voltages as a function of the chemical potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 3005 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

An In Silico Methodology That Facilitates Decision Making in the Engineering of Nanoscale Protein Materials

by Eloi Parladé, Eric Voltà-Durán, Olivia Cano-Garrido, Julieta M. Sánchez, Ugutz Unzueta, Hèctor López-Laguna, Naroa Serna, Montserrat Cano, Manuel Rodríguez-Mariscal, Esther Vazquez and Antonio Villaverde

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094958 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1752

Abstract

Under the need for new functional and biocompatible materials for biomedical applications, protein engineering allows the design of assemblable polypeptides, which, as convenient building blocks of supramolecular complexes, can be produced in recombinant cells by simple and scalable methodologies. However, the stability of [...] Read more.

Under the need for new functional and biocompatible materials for biomedical applications, protein engineering allows the design of assemblable polypeptides, which, as convenient building blocks of supramolecular complexes, can be produced in recombinant cells by simple and scalable methodologies. However, the stability of such materials is often overlooked or disregarded, becoming a potential bottleneck in the development and viability of novel products. In this context, we propose a design strategy based on in silico tools to detect instability areas in protein materials and to facilitate the decision making in the rational mutagenesis aimed to increase their stability and solubility. As a case study, we demonstrate the potential of this methodology to improve the stability of a humanized scaffold protein (a domain of the human nidogen), with the ability to oligomerize into regular nanoparticles usable to deliver payload drugs to tumor cells. Several nidogen mutants suggested by the method showed important and measurable improvements in their structural stability while retaining the functionalities and production yields of the original protein. Then, we propose the procedure developed here as a cost-effective routine tool in the design and optimization of multimeric protein materials prior to any experimental testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 4333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermal Synthesis of β-Nb₂ZnO₆ Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange and Cytotoxicity Study

by Sarah Ameen Almofty, Muhammad Nawaz, Faiza Qureshi and Rayanah Al-Mutairi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094777 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal process and calcined at two temperatures, 500 °C and 700 °C, and assigned as A and B, respectively. X-ray diffraction, together with transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles [...] Read more.

β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal process and calcined at two temperatures, 500 °C and 700 °C, and assigned as A and B, respectively. X-ray diffraction, together with transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles calcined at 700 °C (B) were more crystalline than the β-Nb₂ZnO₆ calcined at 500 °C (A) with both types of nanoparticles having an average size of approximately 100 nm. The physiochemical, photocatalytic, and cytotoxic activities of both types of β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles (A and B) were examined. Interestingly, the photodegradation of methyl orange, used as a standard for environmental pollutants, was faster in the presence of the β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles calcined at 500 °C (A) than in the presence of those calcined at 700 °C (B). Moreover, the cytotoxicity was evaluated against different types of cancer cells and the results indicated that both types of β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles (A and B) exhibited high cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HCT116 cells but low cytotoxicity against HeLa cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Overall, both products expressed similar EC₅₀ values on tested cell lines and high cytotoxicity after 72 h of treatment. As a photocatalyst, β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles (A) could be utilized in different applications including the purification of the environment and water from specific pollutants. Further biological studies are required to determine the other potential impacts of utilizing β-Nb₂ZnO₆ nanoparticles in the biomedical application field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reliable Approach for Revealing Molecular Targets in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

by Fengxia Li, Eugenio F. Fornasiero, Tal M. Dankovich, Verena Kluever and Silvio O. Rizzoli

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094615 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1785

Abstract

Nano secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) imaging is a rapidly growing field in biological sciences, which enables investigators to describe the chemical composition of cells and tissues with high resolution. One of the major challenges of nanoSIMS is to identify specific molecules or [...] Read more.

Nano secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) imaging is a rapidly growing field in biological sciences, which enables investigators to describe the chemical composition of cells and tissues with high resolution. One of the major challenges of nanoSIMS is to identify specific molecules or organelles, as these are not immediately recognizable in nanoSIMS and need to be revealed by SIMS-compatible probes. Few laboratories have generated such probes, and none are commercially available. To address this, we performed a systematic study of probes initially developed for electron microscopy. Relying on nanoscale SIMS, we found that antibodies coupled to 6 nm gold particles are surprisingly efficient in terms of labeling specificity while offering a reliable detection threshold. These tools enabled accurate visualization and sample analysis and were easily employed in correlating SIMS with other imaging approaches, such as fluorescence microscopy. We conclude that antibodies conjugated to moderately sized gold particles are promising tools for SIMS imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiseptic Materials on the Base of Polymer Interpenetrating Networks Microgels and Benzalkonium Chloride

by Elena Yu. Kozhunova, Galina A. Komarova, Oxana V. Vyshivannaya, Irina R. Nasimova, Anastasia E. Kuvarina and Vera S. Sadykova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(8), 4394; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084394 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

Polymer microgels, including those based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs), are currently vastly studied, and their practical applications are a matter of thriving research. In this work, we show the perspective for the use of polyelectrolyte IPN microgels either as scavengers or carriers of [...] Read more.

Polymer microgels, including those based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs), are currently vastly studied, and their practical applications are a matter of thriving research. In this work, we show the perspective for the use of polyelectrolyte IPN microgels either as scavengers or carriers of antiseptic substances. Here, we report that poly-N-isopropylacrylamide/polyacrylic acid IPN microgels can efficiently absorb the common bactericidal and virucidal compound benzalkonium chloride. The particles can form a stable aqueous colloidal suspension or be used as building blocks for soft free-standing films. Both materials showed antiseptic efficacy on the examples of Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus, which was approximately equal to the commercial antibiotic. Such polymer biocides can be used as liquid disinfectants, stable surface coatings, or parts of biomedical devices and can enhance the versatility of the possible practical applications of polymer microgels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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20 pages, 8693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time- and Spectrally-Resolved Photoluminescence Study of Alloyed Cd_xZn_1−xSe_yS_1−y/ZnS Quantum Dots and Their Nanocomposites with SPIONs in Living Cells

by Anna Matiushkina, Ilia Litvinov, Anastasia Bazhenova, Tatiana Belyaeva, Aliaksei Dubavik, Andrei Veniaminov, Vladimir Maslov, Elena Kornilova and Anna Orlova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 4061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23074061 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

Magnetic-luminescent composites based on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can serve as a platform combining visualization and therapy. Here, we report the construction of QD-SPION nanocomposites based on synthesized SPIONs and alloyed QDs [...] Read more.

Magnetic-luminescent composites based on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can serve as a platform combining visualization and therapy. Here, we report the construction of QD-SPION nanocomposites based on synthesized SPIONs and alloyed QDs

({Cd}_{x} {Zn}_{1 - x} {Se}_{y} S_{1 - y}) / ZnS

solubilized with L-cysteine molecules. The study of the spectral-luminescence characteristics, the kinetics of luminescence decay show the composite’s stability in a solution. After incubation with HeLa cells, QDs, SPIONs, and their composites form clusters on the cell surface and associate with endosomes inside the cells. Component-wise analysis of the photoluminescence decay of cell-associated QDs/SPIONs provides information about their localization and aggregate status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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25 pages, 13765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-butylacrylate) Copolymer Biointerfaces and Their Characteristic Influence on Cell Behavior In Vitro

by Nicoleta-Luminita Dumitrescu, Madalina Icriverzi, Anca Bonciu, Paula Florian, Antoniu Moldovan, Anca Roseanu, Laurentiu Rusen, Valentina Dinca and Florin Grama

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073988 - 03 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

Designing and obtaining new synthetic smart biointerfaces with specific and controlled characteristics relevant for applications in biomedical and bioengineering domains represents one of the main challenges in these fields. In this work, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) is used to obtain synthetic biointerfaces [...] Read more.

Designing and obtaining new synthetic smart biointerfaces with specific and controlled characteristics relevant for applications in biomedical and bioengineering domains represents one of the main challenges in these fields. In this work, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) is used to obtain synthetic biointerfaces of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-butyl acrylate) p(NIPAM-BA) copolymer with different characteristics (i.e., roughness, porosity, wettability), and their effect on normal HEK 293 T and murine melanoma B16-F1 cells is studied. For this, the influence of various solvents (chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, water) and fluence variation (250–450 mJ/cm²) on the morphological, roughness, wettability, and physico–chemical characteristics of the coatings are evaluated by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, Fourier-transform-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Coatings obtained by the spin coating method are used for reference. No significant alteration in the chemistry of the surfaces is observed for the coatings obtained by both methods. All p(NIPAM-BA) coatings show hydrophilic character, with the exception of those obtained with chloroform at 250 mJ/cm². The surface morphology is shown to depend on both solvent type and laser fluence and it ranges from smooth surfaces to rough and porous ones. Physico–chemical and biological analysis reveal that the MAPLE deposition method with fluences of 350–450 mJ/cm² when using DMSO solvent is more appropriate for bioengineering applications due to the surface characteristics (i.e., pore presence) and to the good compatibility with normal cells and cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 3592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CRPC Membrane-Camouflaged, Biomimetic Nanosystem for Overcoming Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by Cellular Vehicle-Aided Tumor Targeting

by Kai Lu, Zheng Li, Qiang Hu, Jianfei Sun and Ming Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073623 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2194

Abstract

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the most common malignant tumor of the male urinary system. Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) have been widely applied in drug delivery for tumor therapy; however, nanotherapeutics encounter various biological barriers that prevent successful accumulation of drugs, specifically at [...] Read more.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the most common malignant tumor of the male urinary system. Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) have been widely applied in drug delivery for tumor therapy; however, nanotherapeutics encounter various biological barriers that prevent successful accumulation of drugs, specifically at diseased sites. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a CRPC-targeting nanocomposite with fine biocompatibility for penetrating various biological barriers, delivering sufficient drugs to the targeting site and improving therapeutic efficiency. In this work, CRPC cell membranes were firstly adapted as biomimetic vectors for the encapsulating PEG−PLGA polymer containing the chemotherapy drug docetaxel (DTX). The CRPC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles can easily escape early recognition by the immune system, penetrate the extracellular barrier, and evade clearance by the circulatory system. In addition to the characteristics of traditional nanoparticles, the CRPC cell membrane contains an arsenal of highly specific homotypic moieties that can be used to recognize the same cancer cell types and increase the targeted drug delivery of DTX. In vivo fluorescence and radionuclide dual-model imaging were fulfilled by decorating the biomimetic nanosystem with near-infrared dye and isotope, which validated the homotypic targeting property offered by the CRPC cell membrane coating. Importantly, remarkably improved therapeutic efficacy was achieved in a mice model bearing CRPC tumors. This homologous cell membrane enabled an efficient drug delivery strategy and enlightened a new pathway for the clinical application of tumor chemotherapy drugs in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Formation of Size-Selected Clusters upon Pickup of Dopants into Multiply Charged Helium Droplets

by Siegfried Kollotzek, Olga V. Lushchikova, Lukas Tiefenthaler, Fabio Zappa and Paul Scheier

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(7), 3613; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073613 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2304

Abstract

Properties of clusters often depend critically on the exact number of atomic or molecular building blocks, however, most methods of cluster formation lead to a broad, size distribution and cluster intensity anomalies that are often designated as magic numbers. Here we present a [...] Read more.

Properties of clusters often depend critically on the exact number of atomic or molecular building blocks, however, most methods of cluster formation lead to a broad, size distribution and cluster intensity anomalies that are often designated as magic numbers. Here we present a novel approach of breeding size-selected clusters via pickup of dopants into multiply charged helium nanodroplets. The size and charge state of the initially undoped droplets and the vapor pressure of the dopant in the pickup region, determines the size of the dopant cluster ions that are extracted from the host droplets, via evaporation of the helium matrix in a collision cell filled with room temperature helium or via surface collisions. Size distributions of the selected dopant cluster ions are determined utilizing a high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometer. The comparison of the experimental data, with simulations taking into consideration the pickup probability into a shrinking He droplet due to evaporation during the pickup process, provides a simple explanation for the emergence of size distributions that are narrower than Poisson. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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16 pages, 5764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Based Graphene Oxide–Silicon Hybrid Nanofluids—Experimental and Theoretical Approach

by Gabriela Huminic, Alexandru Vărdaru, Angel Huminic, Claudiu Fleacă, Florian Dumitrache and Ion Morjan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(6), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063056 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1649

Abstract

In the current paper, a new hybrid nanofluid based on graphene oxide sheets and silicon nanoparticles is proposed for thermal applications. GO sheets and Si nanoparticles with different mixture ratios are dispersed in distilled water. Dynamic viscosity is measured at temperatures within the [...] Read more.

In the current paper, a new hybrid nanofluid based on graphene oxide sheets and silicon nanoparticles is proposed for thermal applications. GO sheets and Si nanoparticles with different mixture ratios are dispersed in distilled water. Dynamic viscosity is measured at temperatures within the range 20–50 °C and the values are compared to the results available in the literature. The results indicated that the viscosity increases with increasing the mixture ratio of graphene oxide. A new correlation for the dynamic viscosity based on the experimental findings is proposed. Finally, the criteria for the performance of new hybrid nanofluid for thermal applications are analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 5322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun PCL Scaffolds as Drug Carrier for Corneal Wound Dressing Using Layer-by-Layer Coating of Hyaluronic Acid and Heparin

by Marcus Himmler, Dirk W. Schubert, Lars Dähne, Gabriella Egri and Thomas A. Fuchsluger

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052765 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3183

Abstract

Due to its ability to reduce scarring and inflammation, human amniotic membrane is a widely used graft for wound dressings after corneal surgery. To overcome donor dependency and biological variances in the donor tissue, artificial nanofibrous grafts acting as drug carrier systems are [...] Read more.

Due to its ability to reduce scarring and inflammation, human amniotic membrane is a widely used graft for wound dressings after corneal surgery. To overcome donor dependency and biological variances in the donor tissue, artificial nanofibrous grafts acting as drug carrier systems are promising substitutes. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds seem to be an appropriate approach as they offer the properties of permeable scaffolds with a high specific surface, the latter one depending on the fiber diameter. Electrospun scaffolds with fiber diameter of 35 nm, 113 nm, 167 nm and 549 nm were manufactured and coated by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technology with either hyaluronic acid or heparin for enhanced regeneration of corneal tissue after surgery. Studies on drug loading capacity and release kinetics defined a lower limit for nanofibrous scaffolds for effective drug loading. Additionally, scaffold characteristics and resulting mechanical properties from the application-oriented characterization of suture pullout from suture retention tests were examined. Finally, scaffolds consisting of nanofibers with a mean fiber diameter of 113 nm were identified as the best-performing scaffolds, concerning drug loading efficiency and resistance against suture pullout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 3484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Dye Molecules in Silicon Nanowire Structures Decorated by Gold Nanoparticles

by Saltanat B. Ikramova, Zhandos N. Utegulov, Kadyrjan K. Dikhanbayev, Abduzhappar E. Gaipov, Renata R. Nemkayeva, Valery G. Yakunin, Vladimir P. Savinov and Victor Yu Timoshenko

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052590 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2966

Abstract

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching of crystalline silicon wafers followed by deposition of plasmonic gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were explored as templates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from probe molecules of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B. The filling factor by [...] Read more.

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) prepared by metal-assisted chemical etching of crystalline silicon wafers followed by deposition of plasmonic gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were explored as templates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from probe molecules of Methylene blue and Rhodamine B. The filling factor by pores (porosity) of SiNW arrays was found to control the SERS efficiency, and the maximal enhancement was observed for the samples with porosity of 55%, which corresponded to dense arrays of SiNWs. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic enhancement of SERS related to the localized surface plasmon resonances in Au-NPs on SiNW’s surfaces accompanied with light scattering in the SiNW arrays. The observed SERS effect combined with the high stability of Au-NPs, scalability, and relatively simple preparation method are promising for the application of SiNW:Au-NP hybrid nanostructures as templates in molecular sensorics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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19 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foliate-Targeting Quantum Dots-β-Cyclodextrin Nanocarrier for Efficient Delivery of Unsymmetrical Bisacridines to Lung and Prostate Cancer Cells

by Joanna Pilch, Patrycja Kowalik, Agata Kowalczyk, Piotr Bujak, Artur Kasprzak, Ewa Paluszkiewicz, Ewa Augustin and Anna M. Nowicka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031261 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery by nanocarriers molecules can increase the efficiency of cancer treatment. One of the targeting ligands is folic acid (FA), which has a high affinity for the folic acid receptors, which are overexpressed in many cancers. Herein, we describe the preparation [...] Read more.

Targeted drug delivery by nanocarriers molecules can increase the efficiency of cancer treatment. One of the targeting ligands is folic acid (FA), which has a high affinity for the folic acid receptors, which are overexpressed in many cancers. Herein, we describe the preparation of the nanoconjugates containing quantum dots (QDs) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with foliate-targeting properties for the delivery of anticancer compound C-2028. C-2028 was bound to the nanoconjugate via an inclusion complex with β-CD. The effect of using FA in QDs-β-CD(C-2028)-FA nanoconjugates on cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and the mechanism of internalization in cancer (H460, Du-145, and LNCaP) and normal (MRC-5 and PNT1A) cells was investigated. The QDs-β-CD(C-2028)-FA were characterized using DLS (dynamic light scattering), ZP (zeta potential), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The conjugation of C-2028 with non-toxic QDs or QDs-β-CD-FA did not change the cytotoxicity of this compound. Confocal microscopy studies proved that the use of FA in nanoconjugates significantly increased the amount of delivered compound, especially to cancer cells. QD_green-β-CD(C-2028)-FA enters the cells through multiple endocytosis pathways in different levels, depending on the cell line. To conclude, the use of FA is a good self-navigating molecule in the QDs platform for drug delivery to cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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16 pages, 4324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solvent- and Light-Sensitive AIEE-Active Azo Dye: From Spherical to 1D and 2D Assemblies

by Mina Han, Ikue Abe, Jihun Oh, Jaehoon Jung, Young Ji Son, Jaegeun Noh, Mitsuo Hara and Takahiro Seki

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(2), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020965 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2214

Abstract

Fluorescent molecular assembly systems provide an exciting platform for creating stimuli-responsive nano- and microstructured materials with optical, electronic, and sensing functions. To understand the relationship between (i) the plausible molecular structures preferentially adopted depending on the solvent polarity (such as N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF], tetrahydrofuran [...] Read more.

Fluorescent molecular assembly systems provide an exciting platform for creating stimuli-responsive nano- and microstructured materials with optical, electronic, and sensing functions. To understand the relationship between (i) the plausible molecular structures preferentially adopted depending on the solvent polarity (such as N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF], tetrahydrofuran [THF], and toluene), (ii) the resulting spectroscopic features, and (iii) self-assembled nano-, micro-, and macrostructures, we chose a sterically crowded triangular azo dye (3Bu) composed of a polar molecular core and three peripheral biphenyl wings. The chromophore changed the solution color from yellow to pink-red depending on the solvent polarity. In a yellow DMF solution, a considerable amount of the twisted azo form could be kept stable with the help of favorable intermolecular interactions with the solvent molecules. By varying the concentration of the DMF solution, the morphology of self-assembled structures was transformed from nanoparticles to micrometer-sized one-dimensional (1D) structures such as sticks and fibers. In a pink-red toluene solution, the periphery of the central ring became more planar. The resulting significant amount of the keto-hydrazone tautomer grew into micro- and millimeter-sized 1D structures. Interestingly, when THF-H₂O (1:1) mixtures were stored at a low temperature, elongated fibers were stacked sideways and eventually developed into anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) sheets. Notably, subsequent exposure of visible-light-irradiated sphere samples to solvent vapor resulted in reversible fluorescence off↔on switching accompanied by morphological restoration. These findings suggest that rational selection of organic dyes, solvents, and light is important for developing reusable fluorescent materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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19 pages, 46220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

P=O Functionalized Black Phosphorus/1T-WS₂ Nanocomposite High Efficiency Hybrid Photocatalyst for Air/Water Pollutant Degradation

by Rak-Hyun Jeong, Ji-Won Lee, Dong-In Kim, Seong Park, Ju-Won Yang and Jin-Hyo Boo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(2), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020733 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2075

Abstract

Research on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials is at the forefront of material science. Because 2D materialshave variousplate shapes, there is a great deal of research on the layer-by-layer-type junction structure. In this study, we designed a composite catalyst with a dimension lower than [...] Read more.

Research on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials is at the forefront of material science. Because 2D materialshave variousplate shapes, there is a great deal of research on the layer-by-layer-type junction structure. In this study, we designed a composite catalyst with a dimension lower than two dimensions and with catalysts that canbe combined so that the band structures can be designed to suit various applications and cover for each other’s disadvantages. Among transition metal dichalcogenides, 1T-WS₂ can be a promising catalytic material because of its unique electrical properties. Black phosphorus with properly controlled surface oxidation can act as a redox functional group. We synthesized black phosphorus that was properly surface oxidized by oxygen plasma treatment and made a catalyst for water quality improvement through composite with 1T-WS₂. This photocatalytic activity was highly efficient such that the reaction rate constant k was 10.31 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. In addition, a high-concentration methylene blue solution (20 ppm) was rapidly decomposed after more than 10 cycles and showed photo stability. Designing and fabricating bandgap energy-matching nanocomposite photocatalysts could provide a fundamental direction in solving the future’s clean energy problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 3079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Reduced Graphene Oxides for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

by Su-Jeong Bak, Sun-I Kim, Su-yeong Lim, Taehyo Kim, Se-Hun Kwon and Duck Hyun Lee

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212300 - 14 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2121

Abstract

We demonstrated highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysts composed of uniform Pt nanoparticles on small, reduced graphene oxides (srGO). The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) size was controlled by applying ultrasonication, and the resultant srGO enabled the morphological control of the Pt nanoparticles. The prepared [...] Read more.

We demonstrated highly efficient oxygen reduction catalysts composed of uniform Pt nanoparticles on small, reduced graphene oxides (srGO). The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) size was controlled by applying ultrasonication, and the resultant srGO enabled the morphological control of the Pt nanoparticles. The prepared catalysts provided efficient surface reactions and exhibited large surface areas and high metal dispersions. The resulting Pt/srGO samples exhibited excellent oxygen reduction performance and high stability over 1000 cycles of accelerated durability tests, especially the sample treated with 2 h of sonication. Detailed investigations of the structural and electrochemical properties of the resulting catalysts suggested that both the chemical functionality and electrical conductivity of these samples greatly influence their enhanced oxygen reduction efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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19 pages, 5646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Vitamin Micelles as Cancer Nanomedicines for Enhanced Intracellular Delivery of Doxorubicin

by Na Re Ko, Sang Ju Lee, Arun Pandian Chandrasekaran, Apoorvi Tyagi, Suresh Ramakrishna, Seog-Young Kim, Do Won Kim, Chan-Gi Pack and Seung Jun Oh

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(20), 11298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011298 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer. However, intracellular delivery of many anticancer drugs is hindered by their hydrophobicity and low molecular weight. Here, we describe highly biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic vitamin conjugates comprising hydrophobic vitamin E and hydrophilic vitamin [...] Read more.

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer. However, intracellular delivery of many anticancer drugs is hindered by their hydrophobicity and low molecular weight. Here, we describe highly biocompatible and biodegradable amphiphilic vitamin conjugates comprising hydrophobic vitamin E and hydrophilic vitamin B labeled with dual pH and glutathione-responsive degradable linkages. Vitamin-based micelles (vitamicelles), formed by self-assembly in aqueous solutions, were optimized based on their stability after encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX). The resulting vitamicelles have great potential as vehicles for anticancer drugs because they show excellent biocompatibility (>94% after 48 h of incubation) and rapid biodegradability (>90% after 2.5 h). Compared with free DOX, DOX-loaded vitamicelles showed a markedly enhanced anticancer effect as they released the drug rapidly and inhibited drug efflux out of cells efficiently. By exploiting these advantages, this study not only provides a promising strategy for circumventing existing challenges regarding the delivery of anticancer drugs but also extends the utility of current DOX-induced chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Nano-SiO₂ and Silane Coupling Agent Co-Decorated Graphene Oxides with Enhanced Anti-Corrosion Performance of Epoxy Composite Coatings

by Guangjie Hu, Yuxuan Xiao and Jie Ying

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(20), 11087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011087 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2230

Abstract

Coatings are of great significance for irons and steels in regards to the harsh marine environment. Graphene oxides (GO) have been considered as an ideal filler material of epoxy coating. However, the undesired dispersion in the epoxy together with easy agglomeration and stacking [...] Read more.

Coatings are of great significance for irons and steels in regards to the harsh marine environment. Graphene oxides (GO) have been considered as an ideal filler material of epoxy coating. However, the undesired dispersion in the epoxy together with easy agglomeration and stacking remain great problems for practical application of GO composited epoxy coatings. A method that can effectively solve both self-aggregation and poor dispersion of GO is highly desired. Herein, we present a high dispersion strategy of graphene oxides in epoxy by co-decoration of nano-SiO₂ and silane coupling agent. The co-decorated GO filled epoxy coating exhibits high anti-corrosion performance, including high electrochemical impedance, high self-corrosive potential, low self-corrosive current, and superior electrochemical impedance stability for ten days to Q235 carbon steel. This work displays new possibilities for designing novel coating materials with high performance toward practical marine anti-corrosion applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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13 pages, 4509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Electronic State and Properties of Silver Nanoparticles during Their Formation in Aqueous Solution

by Vadim Ershov, Natalia Tarasova and Boris Ershov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910673 - 01 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

The electron density of a nanoparticle is a very important characteristic of the properties of a material. This paper describes the formation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and the variation in the electronic state of an NP’s surface upon the reduction in Ag⁺ [...] Read more.

The electron density of a nanoparticle is a very important characteristic of the properties of a material. This paper describes the formation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and the variation in the electronic state of an NP’s surface upon the reduction in Ag⁺ ions with oxalate ions, induced by UV irradiation. The calculations were based on optical spectrophotometry data. The NPs were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy and Dynamic light scattering. As ~10 nm nanoparticles are formed, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band increases in intensity, decreases in width, and shifts to the UV region from 402 to 383 nm. The interband transitions (IBT) band (≤250 nm) increases in intensity, with the band shape and position remaining unchanged. The change in the shape and position of the LSPR band of silver nanoparticles in the course of their formation is attributable to an increasing concentration of free electrons in the particles as a result of a reduction in Ag⁺ ions on the surface and electron injection by

{CO}_{2}^{-}

radicals. The ζ-potential of colloids increases with an increase in electron density in silver nuclei. A quantitative relationship between this shift and electron density on the surface was derived on the basis of the Mie–Drude theory. The observed blue shift (19 nm) corresponds to an approximately 10% increase in the concentration of electrons in silver nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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20 pages, 4065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of High Selenite and Selenate Concentrations on Ferric Oxyhydroxides Transformation under Alkaline Conditions

by Michaela Matulová, Marek Bujdoš, Marcel B. Miglierini, Martin Cesnek, Eva Duborská, Katarína Mosnáčková, Hana Vojtková, Tomáš Kmječ, Július Dekan, Peter Matúš and Martin Urík

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(18), 9955; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189955 - 15 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

Iron-based nanomaterials have high technological impacts on various pro-environmental applications, including wastewater treatment using the co-precipitation method. The purpose of this research was to identify the changes of iron nanomaterial’s structure caused by the presence of selenium, a typical water contaminant, which might [...] Read more.

Iron-based nanomaterials have high technological impacts on various pro-environmental applications, including wastewater treatment using the co-precipitation method. The purpose of this research was to identify the changes of iron nanomaterial’s structure caused by the presence of selenium, a typical water contaminant, which might affect the removal when the iron co-precipitation method is used. Therefore, we have investigated the maturation of co-precipitated nanosized ferric oxyhydroxides under alkaline conditions and their thermal transformation into hematite in the presence of selenite and selenate with high concentrations. Since the association of selenium with precipitates surfaces has been proven to be weak, the mineralogy of the system was affected insignificantly, and the goethite was identified as an only ferric phase in all treatments. However, the morphology and the crystallinity of ferric oxyhydroxides was slightly altered. Selenium affected the structural order of precipitates, especially at the initial phase of co-precipitation. Still, the crystal integrity and homogeneity increased with time almost constantly, regardless of the treatment. The thermal transformation into well crystalized hematite was more pronounced in the presence of selenite, while selenate-treated and selenium-free samples indicated the presence of highly disordered fraction. This highlights that the aftermath of selenium release does not result in destabilization of ferric phases; however, since weak interactions of selenium are dominant at alkaline conditions with goethite’s surfaces, it still poses a high risk for the environment. The findings of this study should be applicable in waters affected by mining and metallurgical operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Proteolytic Activity to Improve the Recovery of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus Capsid Protein

by Bethilda Anne Selvaraj, Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah, Kok Lian Ho, Chyan Leong Ng, Chean Yeah Yong and Wen Siang Tan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168725 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

The causative agent of white tail disease (WTD) in the giant freshwater prawn is Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV). The recombinant capsid protein (CP) of MrNV was previously expressed in Escherichia coli, and it self-assembled into icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter [...] Read more.

The causative agent of white tail disease (WTD) in the giant freshwater prawn is Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV). The recombinant capsid protein (CP) of MrNV was previously expressed in Escherichia coli, and it self-assembled into icosahedral virus-like particles (VLPs) with a diameter of approximately 30 nm. Extensive studies on the MrNV CP VLPs have attracted widespread attention in their potential applications as biological nano-containers for targeted drug delivery and antigen display scaffolds for vaccine developments. Despite their advantageous features, the recombinant MrNV CP VLPs produced in E. coli are seriously affected by protease degradations, which significantly affect the yield and stability of the VLPs. Therefore, the aim of this study is to enhance the stability of MrNV CP by modulating the protease degradation activity. Edman degradation amino acid sequencing revealed that the proteolytic cleavage occurred at arginine 26 of the MrNV CP. The potential proteases responsible for the degradation were predicted in silico using the Peptidecutter, Expasy. To circumvent proteolysis, specific protease inhibitors (PMSF, AEBSF and E-64) were tested to reduce the degradation rates. Modulation of proteolytic activity demonstrated that a cysteine protease was responsible for the MrNV CP degradation. The addition of E-64, a cysteine protease inhibitor, remarkably improved the yield of MrNV CP by 2.3-fold compared to the control. This innovative approach generates an economical method to improve the scalability of MrNV CP VLPs using individual protease inhibitors, enabling the protein to retain their structural integrity and stability for prominent downstream applications including drug delivery and vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 2349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adhesion of Neurons and Glial Cells with Nanocolumnar TiN Films for Brain-Machine Interfaces

by Alice Abend, Chelsie Steele, Heinz-Georg Jahnke and Mareike Zink

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8588; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168588 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2758

Abstract

Coupling of cells to biomaterials is a prerequisite for most biomedical applications; e.g., neuroelectrodes can only stimulate brain tissue in vivo if the electric signal is transferred to neurons attached to the electrodes’ surface. Besides, cell survival in vitro also depends on the [...] Read more.

Coupling of cells to biomaterials is a prerequisite for most biomedical applications; e.g., neuroelectrodes can only stimulate brain tissue in vivo if the electric signal is transferred to neurons attached to the electrodes’ surface. Besides, cell survival in vitro also depends on the interaction of cells with the underlying substrate materials; in vitro assays such as multielectrode arrays determine cellular behavior by electrical coupling to the adherent cells. In our study, we investigated the interaction of neurons and glial cells with different electrode materials such as TiN and nanocolumnar TiN surfaces in contrast to gold and ITO substrates. Employing single-cell force spectroscopy, we quantified short-term interaction forces between neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y cells) and glial cells (U-87 MG cells) for the different materials and contact times. Additionally, results were compared to the spreading dynamics of cells for different culture times as a function of the underlying substrate. The adhesion behavior of glial cells was almost independent of the biomaterial and the maximum growth areas were already seen after one day; however, adhesion dynamics of neurons relied on culture material and time. Neurons spread much better on TiN and nanocolumnar TiN and also formed more neurites after three days in culture. Our designed nanocolumnar TiN offers the possibility for building miniaturized microelectrode arrays for impedance spectroscopy without losing detection sensitivity due to a lowered self-impedance of the electrode. Hence, our results show that this biomaterial promotes adhesion and spreading of neurons and glial cells, which are important for many biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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10 pages, 7021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CdS Nanoplates Modification as a Platform for Synthesis of Blue-Emitting Nanoparticles

by Anna Lesiak, Mateusz Banski, Hanna Woznica, Andrzej Żak, Joanna Cabaj and Artur Podhorodecki

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6477; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126477 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1829

Abstract

In this paper, the study of surface modification of two-dimensional (2D), non-luminescent CdS nanoplates (NPLs) by thiol-containing ligands is presented. We show that a process of twophase transfers with appropriate ligand exchange transforms non-luminescent NPLs into spherical CdS nanoparticles (NPs) exhibiting a blue [...] Read more.

In this paper, the study of surface modification of two-dimensional (2D), non-luminescent CdS nanoplates (NPLs) by thiol-containing ligands is presented. We show that a process of twophase transfers with appropriate ligand exchange transforms non-luminescent NPLs into spherical CdS nanoparticles (NPs) exhibiting a blue photoluminescence with exceptionally high quantum yield ~90%. In the process, transfer from inorganic solvent to water is performed, with appropriately selected ligand molecules and pH values (forward phase transfer), which produces NPs with modified size and shape. Then, in reverse phase transfer, NPs are transferred back to toluene due to surface modification by combined Cd (OL)₂ and Cd (Ac)₂. As a result, spherical NPs are formed (average diameter between 4 and 6 nm) with PL QY as high as 90%. This is unique for core only CdS NPs without inorganic shell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 5312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility Study of a New Dental Cement Based on Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Silicates: Focus on Liver, Kidney, and Spleen Tissue Effects

by Smiljana Paraš, Dijana Trišić, Olivera Mitrović Ajtić, Đorđe Antonijević, Božana Čolović, Damjana Drobne and Vukoman Jokanović

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5468; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115468 - 22 May 2021

Viewed by 1928

Abstract

The effects of a new material based on hydroxyapatite and calcium silicates, named ALBO-MPCA, were investigated on the liver, kidney and spleen. The material was administrated orally for 120 days in an in vivo model in Wistar rats, and untreated animals served as [...] Read more.

The effects of a new material based on hydroxyapatite and calcium silicates, named ALBO-MPCA, were investigated on the liver, kidney and spleen. The material was administrated orally for 120 days in an in vivo model in Wistar rats, and untreated animals served as a control. Hematological and biochemical blood parameters were analyzed. Qualitative histological analysis of tissues, change in mitotic activity of cells, and histological characteristics was conducted, as well as quantitative stereological analysis of parenchymal cells, blood sinusoids, and connective tissues. Additionally, the protein expressions of Ki67 and CD68 markers were evaluated. Histological analysis revealed no pathological changes after the tested period. It showed the preservation of the architecture of blood sinusoids and epithelial cells and the presence of mitosis. Additionally, the significantly increased number of the Ki67 in the presence of ALBO-MPCA confirmed the proliferative effect of the material noticed by stereological analysis, while immunoreactive CD68 positive cells did not differ between groups. The study showed non-toxicity of the tested material based on the effects on the hematological, biochemical, and observed histological parameters; in addition, it showed evidence of its biocompatibility. These results could be the basis for further steps toward the application of tested materials in endodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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12 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Dependent Endocytosis Is Responsible for Skin Penetration of Formulations Based on a Combination of Indomethacin Nanoparticles and l-Menthol in Rat and Göttingen Minipig

by Hiroko Otake, Mizuki Yamaguchi, Fumihiko Ogata, Saori Deguchi, Naoki Yamamoto, Hiroshi Sasaki, Naohito Kawasaki and Noriaki Nagai

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(10), 5137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105137 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

We previously designed a Carbopol gel formulation (N-IND/MEN) based on a combination of indomethacin solid nanoparticles (IND-NPs) and l-menthol, and we reported that the N-IND/MEN showed high transdermal penetration. However, the detailed mechanism for transdermal penetration of IND-NPs was not clearly defined. In [...] Read more.

We previously designed a Carbopol gel formulation (N-IND/MEN) based on a combination of indomethacin solid nanoparticles (IND-NPs) and l-menthol, and we reported that the N-IND/MEN showed high transdermal penetration. However, the detailed mechanism for transdermal penetration of IND-NPs was not clearly defined. In this study, we investigated whether endocytosis in the skin tissue of rat and Göttingen minipig is related to the transdermal penetration of IND-NPs using pharmacological inhibitors of endocytosis. The pharmacological inhibitors used in this study are as follows: 54 µM nystatin, a caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME) inhibitor; 40 µM dynasore, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) inhibitor; and 2 µM rottlerin, a micropinocytosis (MP) inhibitor. The N-IND/MEN was prepared by a bead mill method, and the particle size of solid indomethacin was 79–216 nm. In both rat and Göttingen minipig skin, skin penetration of approximately 80% IND-NPs was limited by the stratum corneum (SC), although the penetration of SC was improved by the combination of l-menthol. On the other hand, the treatment of nystatin and dynasore decreased the transdermal penetration of indomethacin in rats and Göttingen minipigs treated with N-IND/MEN. Moreover, in addition to nystatin and dynasore, rottlerin attenuated the transdermal penetration of IND-NPs in the Göttingen minipigs’ skin. In conclusion, we found that l-menthol enhanced the SC penetration of IND-NPs. In addition, this study suggests that the SC-passed IND-NPs are absorbed into the skin tissue by energy-dependent endocytosis (CavME, CME, and/or MP pathways) on the epidermis under the SC, resulting in an enhancement in transdermal penetration of IND-NPs. These findings provide significant information for the design of nanomedicines in transdermal formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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14 pages, 4244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Random Porosities in Resonant Frequencies of Graphene Based on the Monte Carlo Stochastic Finite Element Model

by Liu Chu, Jiajia Shi, Yue Yu and Eduardo Souza De Cursi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094814 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1681

Abstract

With the distinguished properties in electronics, thermal conductivity, optical transparence and mechanics, graphene has a powerful potential in nanosensors, nano-resonators, supercapacitors, batteries, etc. The resonant frequency of graphene is an important factor in its application and working environment. However, the random dispersed porosities [...] Read more.

With the distinguished properties in electronics, thermal conductivity, optical transparence and mechanics, graphene has a powerful potential in nanosensors, nano-resonators, supercapacitors, batteries, etc. The resonant frequency of graphene is an important factor in its application and working environment. However, the random dispersed porosities in graphene evidently change the lattice structure and destroy the integrity and geometrical periodicity. This paper focuses on the effects of random porosities in resonant frequencies of graphene. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to propagate the porosities in the finite element model of pristine graphene. The statistical results and probability density distribution of porous graphene with atomic vacancy defects are computed based on the Monte Carlo finite element model. The results of porous graphene with atomic vacancy defects are compared and discussed with the results of graphene with bond vacancy defects. The enhancement effects of atomic vacancy defects are confirmed in porous graphene. The influences of atomic vacancy defects on displacement and rotation vector sums of porous graphene are more concentrated in local places. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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13 pages, 6591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Nigerosyl-Nigerose as Oxygen Nanocarrier to Protect Cellular Models from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury: Implications from an In Vitro Model

by Claudia Penna, Saveria Femminò, Fabrizio Caldera, Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo, Claudio Cecone, Edoardo Alfì, Stefano Comità, Takanobu Higashiyama, Francesco Trotta, Pasquale Pagliaro and Roberta Cavalli

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(8), 4208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084208 - 19 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2214

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) prevalence is increasing among the aging population, and the mortality rate remains unacceptably high despite improvements in therapy. Myocardial ischemia (MI) and, consequently, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), are frequently the basis of HF development. Therefore, cardioprotective strategies to limit IRI are [...] Read more.

Heart failure (HF) prevalence is increasing among the aging population, and the mortality rate remains unacceptably high despite improvements in therapy. Myocardial ischemia (MI) and, consequently, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), are frequently the basis of HF development. Therefore, cardioprotective strategies to limit IRI are mandatory. Nanocarriers have been proposed as alternative therapy for cardiovascular disease. Controlled reoxygenation may be a promising strategy. Novel nanocarriers, such as cyclic nigerosyl-nigerose (CNN), can be innovative tools for oxygen delivery in a controlled manner. In this study we analyzed new CNN-based formulations as oxygen nanocarriers (O₂-CNN), and compared them with nitrogen CNN (N₂-CNN). These different CNN-based formulations were tested using two cellular models, namely, cardiomyoblasts (H9c2), and endothelial (HMEC) cell lines, at different concentrations. The effects on the growth curve during normoxia (21% O₂, 5% CO₂ and 74% N₂) and their protective effects during hypoxia (1% O₂, 5% CO₂ and 94% N₂) and reoxygenation (21% O₂, 5% CO₂ and 74% N₂) were studied. Neither O₂-CNN nor N₂-CNN has any effect on the growth curve during normoxia. However, O₂-CNN applied before hypoxia induces a 15–30% reduction in cell mortality after hypoxia/re-oxygenation when compared to N₂-CNN. O₂-CNN showed a marked efficacy in controlled oxygenation, which suggests an interesting potential for the future medical application of soluble nanocarrier systems for MI treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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14 pages, 5013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particle: Targeted Delivery of Plasmid Expressing Short Hairpin RNA for Silencing the Bcl-2 Gene in Cervical Cancer Cells

by Made Angga Akwiditya, Chean Yeah Yong, Mohd Termizi Yusof, Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah, Kok Lian Ho and Wen Siang Tan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(5), 2320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052320 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2630

Abstract

Gene therapy research has advanced to clinical trials, but it is hampered by unstable nucleic acids packaged inside carriers and there is a lack of specificity towards targeted sites in the body. This study aims to address gene therapy limitations by encapsidating a [...] Read more.

Gene therapy research has advanced to clinical trials, but it is hampered by unstable nucleic acids packaged inside carriers and there is a lack of specificity towards targeted sites in the body. This study aims to address gene therapy limitations by encapsidating a plasmid synthesizing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targets the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene using truncated hepatitis B core antigen (tHBcAg) virus-like particle (VLP). A shRNA sequence targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was synthesized and cloned into the pSilencer 2.0-U6 vector. The recombinant plasmid, namely PshRNA, was encapsidated inside tHBcAg VLP and conjugated with folic acid (FA) to produce FA-tHBcAg-PshRNA VLP. Electron microscopy revealed that the FA-tHBcAg-PshRNA VLP has an icosahedral structure that is similar to the unmodified tHBcAg VLP. Delivery of FA-tHBcAg-PshRNA VLP into HeLa cells overexpressing the folate receptor significantly downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 at 48 and 72 h post-transfection. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay demonstrated that the cells’ viability was significantly reduced from 89.46% at 24 h to 64.52% and 60.63%, respectively, at 48 and 72 h post-transfection. As a conclusion, tHBcAg VLP can be used as a carrier for a receptor-mediated targeted delivery of a therapeutic plasmid encoding shRNA for gene silencing in cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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26 pages, 3100 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Advances in Specialised Niosomal Drug Delivery: Manufacture, Characterization and Drug Delivery Applications

by Bwalya A. Witika, Kokoette E. Bassey, Patrick H. Demana, Xavier Siwe-Noundou and Madan S. Poka

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(17), 9668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179668 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4150

Abstract

Development of nanomaterials for drug delivery has received considerable attention due to their potential for achieving on-target delivery to the diseased area while the surrounding healthy tissue is spared. Safe and efficiently delivered payloads have always been a challenge in pharmaceutics. Niosomes are [...] Read more.

Development of nanomaterials for drug delivery has received considerable attention due to their potential for achieving on-target delivery to the diseased area while the surrounding healthy tissue is spared. Safe and efficiently delivered payloads have always been a challenge in pharmaceutics. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicular nanocarriers formed by hydration of a non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol or other molecules that combine to form a versatile drug delivery system with a variety of applications ranging from topical delivery to targeted delivery. Niosomes have advantages similar to those of liposomes with regards to their ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads. Moreover, niosomes have simple manufacturing methods, low production cost and exhibit extended stability, consequently overcoming the major drawbacks associated with liposomes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of niosomal research to date, including the types of niosomes and critical material attributes (CMA) and critical process parameters (CPP) of niosomes and their effects on the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the technology. Furthermore, physical characterisation techniques of niosomes are provided. The review then highlights recent applications of specialised niosomes in drug delivery. Finally, limitations and prospects for this technology are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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14 pages, 3446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Functionalized Platinum Nanoparticles with Biomedical Applications

by Sagrario Yadira Gutiérrez de la Rosa, Ramiro Muñiz Diaz, Paola Trinidad Villalobos Gutiérrez, Rita Patakfalvi and Óscar Gutiérrez Coronado

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169404 - 20 Aug 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2696

Abstract

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles have been of considerable interest in recent research due to their properties and applications, among which they stand out as therapeutic agents. The functionalization of the surfaces of nanoparticles can overcome the limits of medicine by increasing selectivity and thereby [...] Read more.

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles have been of considerable interest in recent research due to their properties and applications, among which they stand out as therapeutic agents. The functionalization of the surfaces of nanoparticles can overcome the limits of medicine by increasing selectivity and thereby reducing the side effects of conventional drugs. With the constant development of nanotechnology in the biomedical field, functionalized platinum nanoparticles have been used to diagnose and treat diseases such as cancer and infections caused by pathogens. This review reports on physical, chemical, and biological methods of obtaining platinum nanoparticles and the advantages and disadvantages of their synthesis. Additionally, applications in the biomedical field that can be utilized once the surfaces of nanoparticles have been functionalized with different bioactive molecules are discussed, among which antibodies, biodegradable polymers, and biomolecules stand out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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17 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Promising Nanovectors for Gene Delivery in Plant Genome Engineering

by Heng Zhi, Shengen Zhou, Wenbo Pan, Yun Shang, Zhanghua Zeng and Huawei Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158501 - 31 Jul 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3146

Abstract

Highly efficient gene delivery systems are essential for genetic engineering in plants. Traditional delivery methods have been widely used, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated delivery, biolistic particle bombardment, and viral transfection. However, genotype dependence and other drawbacks of these techniques limit [...] Read more.

Highly efficient gene delivery systems are essential for genetic engineering in plants. Traditional delivery methods have been widely used, such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated delivery, biolistic particle bombardment, and viral transfection. However, genotype dependence and other drawbacks of these techniques limit the application of genetic engineering, particularly genome editing in many crop plants. There is a great need to develop newer gene delivery vectors or methods. Recently, nanomaterials such as mesoporous silica particles (MSNs), AuNPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and layer double hydroxides (LDHs), have emerged as promising vectors for the delivery of genome engineering tools (DNA, RNA, proteins, and RNPs) to plants in a species-independent manner with high efficiency. Some exciting results have been reported, such as the successful delivery of cargo genes into plants and the generation of genome stable transgenic cotton and maize plants, which have provided some new routines for genome engineering in plants. Thus, in this review, we summarized recent progress in the utilization of nanomaterials for plant genetic transformation and discussed the advantages and limitations of different methods. Furthermore, we emphasized the advantages and potential broad applications of nanomaterials in plant genome editing, which provides guidance for future applications of nanomaterials in plant genetic engineering and crop breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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28 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Structural Strategies of the Self-Assembly of Photoresponsive Supramolecular Systems

by Vivian J. Santamaria-Garcia, Domingo R. Flores-Hernandez, Flavio F. Contreras-Torres, Rodrigo Cué-Sampedro and José Antonio Sánchez-Fernández

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147998 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2507

Abstract

Photosensitive supramolecular systems have garnered attention due to their potential to catalyze highly specific tasks through structural changes triggered by a light stimulus. The tunability of their chemical structure and charge transfer properties provides opportunities for designing and developing smart materials for multidisciplinary [...] Read more.

Photosensitive supramolecular systems have garnered attention due to their potential to catalyze highly specific tasks through structural changes triggered by a light stimulus. The tunability of their chemical structure and charge transfer properties provides opportunities for designing and developing smart materials for multidisciplinary applications. This review focuses on the approaches reported in the literature for tailoring properties of the photosensitive supramolecular systems, including MOFs, MOPs, and HOFs. We discuss relevant aspects regarding their chemical structure, action mechanisms, design principles, applications, and future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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22 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessReview

Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles

by Tsai-Mu Cheng, Hsiu-Yi Chu, Haw-Ming Huang, Zi-Lin Li, Chiang-Ying Chen, Ya-Jung Shih, Jacqueline Whang-Peng, R. Holland Cheng, Ju-Ku Mo, Hung-Yun Lin and Kuan Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147597 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2939

Abstract

Nanotechnology is one of the scientific advances in technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. When the shape of the supplied nanoparticles changes, the physiological response of the cells can be very different. Several characteristics of NPs such [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology is one of the scientific advances in technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. When the shape of the supplied nanoparticles changes, the physiological response of the cells can be very different. Several characteristics of NPs such as the composition, surface chemistry, surface charge, and shape are also important parameters affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials. This review covered specific topics that address the effects of NPs on nanomedicine. Furthermore, mechanisms of different types of nanomaterial-induced cytotoxicities were described. The distributions of different NPs in organs and their adverse effects were also emphasized. This review provides insight into the scientific community interested in nano(bio)technology, nanomedicine, and nanotoxicology. The content may also be of interest to a broad range of scientists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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25 pages, 6372 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Nanozymology in the Detection and Identification of Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

by Sandile Phinda Songca

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094638 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3462

Abstract

Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many [...] Read more.

Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many industrial uses of enzymes outside their natural environments have been developed. Similar to enzymes, many industrial applications of nanozymes have been developed and used. Unlike the enzymes, however, nanozymes are cost-effectively prepared, purified, stored, and reproducibly and repeatedly used for long periods of time. The detection and identification of pathogens is among some of the reported applications of nanozymes. Three of the methodologic milestones in the evolution of pathogen detection and identification include the incubation and growth, immunoassays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies. Although advances in the history of pathogen detection and identification have given rise to novel methods and devices, these are still short of the response speed, accuracy and cost required for point-of-care use. Debuting recently, nanozymology offers significant improvements in the six methodological indicators that are proposed as being key in this review, including simplicity, sensitivity, speed of response, cost, reliability, and durability of the immunoassays and PCR strategies. This review will focus on the applications of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens in samples obtained from foods, natural, and clinical sources. It will highlight the impact of nanozymes in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent and PCR strategies by discussing the mechanistic improvements and the role of the design and architecture of the nanozyme nanoconjugates. Because of their contribution to world health burden, the three most important pathogens that will be considered include viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although not quite seen as pathogens, the review will also consider the detection of cancer cells and helminth parasites. The review leaves very little doubt that nanozymology has introduced remarkable advances in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and PCR strategies for detecting these five classes of pathogens. However, a gap still exists in the application of nanozymes to detect and identify fungal pathogens directly, although indirect strategies in which nanozymes are used have been reported. From a mechanistic point of view, the nanozyme technology transfer to laboratory research methods in PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, and the point-of-care devices such as electronic biosensors and lateral flow detection strips, that is currently taking place, is most likely to give rise to no small revolution in each of the six methodological indicators for pathogen detection and identification. While the evidence of widespread research reports, clinical trials and point-of-care device patents support this view, the gaps that still exist point to a need for more basic research studies to be conducted on the applications of nanozymology in pathogen detection and identification. The multidisciplinary nature of the research on the application of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens requires chemists and physicists for the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanozymes; microbiologists for the design, testing and analysis of the methodologies, and clinicians or clinical researchers for the evaluation of the methodologies and devices in the clinic. Many reports have also implicated required skills in mathematical modelling, and electronic engineering. While the review will conclude with a synopsis of the impact of nanozymology on the detection and identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and helminths, it will also point out opportunities that exist in basic research as well as opportunities for innovation aimed at novel laboratory methodologies and devices. In this regard there is no doubt that there are numerous unexplored research areas in the application of nanozymes for the detection of pathogens. For example, most research on the applications of nanozymes for the detection and identification of fungi is so far limited only to the detection of mycotoxins and other chemical compounds associated with fungal infection. Therefore, there is scope for exploration of the application of nanozymes in the direct detection of fungi in foods, especially in the agricultural production thereof. Many fungal species found in seeds severely compromise their use by inactivating the germination thereof. Fungi also produce mycotoxins that can severely compromise the health of humans if consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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22 pages, 5494 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lignocellulosic Biomass Waste-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystals and Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review

by Lindokuhle Precious Magagula, Clinton Michael Masemola, Muhammed As’ad Ballim, Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana, Nosipho Moloto and Ella Cebisa Linganiso

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(8), 4310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084310 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3672

Abstract

Rapid population and economic growth, excessive use of fossil fuels, and climate change have contributed to a serious turn towards environmental management and sustainability. The agricultural sector is a big contributor to (lignocellulosic) waste, which accumulates in landfills and ultimately gets burned, polluting [...] Read more.

Rapid population and economic growth, excessive use of fossil fuels, and climate change have contributed to a serious turn towards environmental management and sustainability. The agricultural sector is a big contributor to (lignocellulosic) waste, which accumulates in landfills and ultimately gets burned, polluting the environment. In response to the current climate-change crisis, policymakers and researchers are, respectively, encouraging and seeking ways of creating value-added products from generated waste. Recently, agricultural waste has been regularly appearing in articles communicating the production of a range of carbon and polymeric materials worldwide. The extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from biomass waste partially occupies some of the waste-recycling and management space. Further, the new materials generated from this waste promise to be effective and competitive in emerging markets. This short review summarizes recent work in the area of CNCs and CQDs synthesised from biomass waste. Synthesis methods, properties, and prospective application of these materials are summarized. Current challenges and the benefits of using biomass waste are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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25 pages, 2377 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms

by Sandile Phinda Songca and Yaw Adjei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(6), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063209 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6175

Abstract

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm forms. There has been little or no resistance development against antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, recent developments in therapies that involve antimicrobial photodynamic therapy [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm forms. There has been little or no resistance development against antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, recent developments in therapies that involve antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in combination with photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, antibiotic chemotherapy and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have shown additive and synergistic enhancement of its efficacy. This paper reviews applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and non-invasive combination therapies often used with it, including sonodynamic therapy and nanozyme enhanced photodynamic therapy. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms are discussed. This review proposes that these technologies have a great potential to overcome the bacterial resistance associated with bacterial biofilm formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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18 pages, 19401 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tunneling Nanotubes: A New Target for Nanomedicine?

by Ilaria Ottonelli, Riccardo Caraffi, Giovanni Tosi, Maria Angela Vandelli, Jason Thomas Duskey and Barbara Ruozi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042237 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4454

Abstract

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), discovered in 2004, are thin, long protrusions between cells utilized for intercellular transfer and communication. These newly discovered structures have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in homeostasis, but also in the spreading of diseases, infections, and metastases. Gaining [...] Read more.

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), discovered in 2004, are thin, long protrusions between cells utilized for intercellular transfer and communication. These newly discovered structures have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in homeostasis, but also in the spreading of diseases, infections, and metastases. Gaining much interest in the medical research field, TNTs have been shown to transport nanomedicines (NMeds) between cells. NMeds have been studied thanks to their advantageous features in terms of reduced toxicity of drugs, enhanced solubility, protection of the payload, prolonged release, and more interestingly, cell-targeted delivery. Nevertheless, their transfer between cells via TNTs makes their true fate unknown. If better understood, TNTs could help control NMed delivery. In fact, TNTs can represent the possibility both to improve the biodistribution of NMeds throughout a diseased tissue by increasing their formation, or to minimize their formation to block the transfer of dangerous material. To date, few studies have investigated the interaction between NMeds and TNTs. In this work, we will explain what TNTs are and how they form and then review what has been published regarding their potential use in nanomedicine research. We will highlight possible future approaches to better exploit TNT intercellular communication in the field of nanomedicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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15 pages, 4179 KiB

Open AccessReview

Revised Manuscript with Corrections: Polyurethane-Based Conductive Composites: From Synthesis to Applications

by Soon-Mo Choi, Eun-Joo Shin, Sun-Mi Zo, Kummara-Madhusudana Rao, Yong-Joo Seok, So-Yeon Won and Sung-Soo Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041938 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3468

Abstract

The purpose of this review article is to outline the extended applications of polyurethane (PU)-based nanocomposites incorporated with conductive polymeric particles as well as to condense an outline on the chemistry and fabrication of polyurethanes (PUs). Additionally, we discuss related research trends of [...] Read more.

The purpose of this review article is to outline the extended applications of polyurethane (PU)-based nanocomposites incorporated with conductive polymeric particles as well as to condense an outline on the chemistry and fabrication of polyurethanes (PUs). Additionally, we discuss related research trends of PU-based conducting materials for EMI shielding, sensors, coating, films, and foams, in particular those from the past 10 years. PU is generally an electrical insulator and behaves as a dielectric material. The electrical conductivity of PU is imparted by the addition of metal nanoparticles, and increases with the enhancing aspect ratio and ordering in structure, as happens in the case of conducting polymer fibrils or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Nanocomposites with good electrical conductivity exhibit noticeable changes based on the remarkable electric properties of nanomaterials such as graphene, RGO, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Recently, conducting polymers, including PANI, PPY, PTh, and their derivatives, have been popularly engaged as incorporated fillers into PU substrates. This review also discusses additional challenges and future-oriented perspectives combined with here-and-now practicableness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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16 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advance in Biological Responsive Nanomaterials for Biosensing and Molecular Imaging Application

by Zhenqi Jiang, Xiao Han, Chen Zhao, Shanshan Wang and Xiaoying Tang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031923 - 08 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2144

Abstract

In recent decades, as a subclass of biomaterials, biologically sensitive nanoparticles have attracted increased scientific interest. Many of the demands for physiologically responsive nanomaterials in applications involving the human body cannot be met by conventional technologies. Due to the field’s importance, considerable effort [...] Read more.

In recent decades, as a subclass of biomaterials, biologically sensitive nanoparticles have attracted increased scientific interest. Many of the demands for physiologically responsive nanomaterials in applications involving the human body cannot be met by conventional technologies. Due to the field’s importance, considerable effort has been expended, and biologically responsive nanomaterials have achieved remarkable success thus far. This review summarizes the recent advancements in biologically responsive nanomaterials and their applications in biosensing and molecular imaging. The nanomaterials change their structure or increase the chemical reaction ratio in response to specific bio-relevant stimuli (such as pH, redox potentials, enzyme kinds, and concentrations) in order to improve the signal for biologically responsive diagnosis. We use various case studies to illustrate the existing issues and provide a clear sense of direction in this area. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects of these nanomaterials for diagnosis are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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16 pages, 3353 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioengineered Ferritin Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy

by Xuanrong Sun, Yulu Hong, Yubei Gong, Shanshan Zheng and Dehui Xie

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 7023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137023 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5095

Abstract

Ferritin naturally exists in most organisms and can specifically recognize the transferrin 1 receptor (TfR1), which is generally highly expressed on various types of tumor cells. The pH dependent reversible assembling and disassembling property of ferritin renders it as a suitable candidate for [...] Read more.

Ferritin naturally exists in most organisms and can specifically recognize the transferrin 1 receptor (TfR1), which is generally highly expressed on various types of tumor cells. The pH dependent reversible assembling and disassembling property of ferritin renders it as a suitable candidate for encapsulating a variety of anticancer drugs and imaging probes. Ferritins external surface is chemically and genetically modifiable which can serve as attachment site for tumor specific targeting peptides or moieties. Moreover, the biological origin of these protein cages makes it a biocompatible nanocarrier that stabilizes and protects the enclosed particles from the external environment without provoking any toxic or immunogenic responses. Recent studies, further establish ferritin as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted cancer chemotherapy and phototherapy. In this review, we introduce the favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers, the specific targeted surface modification and a multifunctional nanocarriers combined chemotherapy with phototherapy for tumor treatment. Taken together, ferritin is a potential ideal base of engineered nanoparticles for tumor therapy and still needs to explore more on its way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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Other

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12 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Analysis of Nanomaterials on Biological and Environmental Systems and New Analytical Methods for Improved Detection

by Sarah Reagen and Julia Xiaojun Zhao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116331 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

The advancing field of nanoscience has produced lower mass, smaller size, and expanded chemical composition nanoparticles over recent years. These new nanoparticles have challenged traditional analytical methods of qualification and quantification. Such advancements in nanoparticles and nanomaterials have captured the attention of toxicologists [...] Read more.

The advancing field of nanoscience has produced lower mass, smaller size, and expanded chemical composition nanoparticles over recent years. These new nanoparticles have challenged traditional analytical methods of qualification and quantification. Such advancements in nanoparticles and nanomaterials have captured the attention of toxicologists with concerns regarding the environment and human health impacts. Given that nanoparticles are only limited by size (1–100 nm), their chemical and physical characteristics can drastically change and thus alter their overall nanotoxicity in unpredictable ways. A significant limitation to the development of nanomaterials is that traditional regulatory and scientific methods used to assess the biological and environmental toxicity of chemicals do not generally apply to the assessment of nanomaterials. Significant research effort has been initiated, but much more is still needed to develop new and improved analytical measurement methods for detecting and quantitating nanomaterials in biological and environmental systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Materials and Methods 3.0)

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