Laser Spectroscopic Characterization for the Rapid Detection of Nutrients along with CN Molecular Emission Band in Plant-Biochar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Detail
3. Material
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. LIBS Emission Studies
4.2. Plasma Excitation Temperature (Te)
4.3. Plasma Electron Density (Ne)
4.4. Optically Thin and Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium (LTE) Conditions
5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
6. Chemical Composition by CF-LIBS and Comparison with EDX
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Elements | Wavelength λ (nm) |
---|---|
Hydrogen (H) | 656.28 (Hα) |
Lithium (Li I) | 610.35, 670.77, 670.79 |
Carbon (C I) | 247.86 |
Sodium (Na I) | 589.59, 568.82, 588.99 |
Magnesium (Mg I) | 518.36, 517.27, 516.73, 383.83, 383.23, 277.98, 277.67, 278.30, 285.21 |
Magnesium (Mg II) | 279.80, 280.27, 279.08, 279.55 |
Aluminum (Al I) | 309.27, 394.40, 308.21, 396.15 |
Silicon (Si I) | 250.69, 251.43, 251.61, 251.92, 252.41, 252.85, 288.16 |
Calcium (Ca I) | 393.37, 396.85, 422.67, 428.30, 428.94, 429.90, 430.25, 430.77, 431.87, 442.54, 443.50, 445.48, 487.81 *, 527.03 *, 534.95, 558.20, 558.88, 559.01, 559.45, 559.85 *, 585.75 *, 612.22 *, 616.13, 616.22, 643.91, 646.26, 649.97 *, 671.76 * |
Calcium (Ca II) | 317.93, 373.69, 393.37, 396.85, 315.89, 370.60 |
Iron (Fe I) | 259.94, 300.09, 302.06, 302.58 |
Iron (Fe II) | 256.25, 258.59, 260.65, 261.18, 261.35, 261.76, 262.54, 262.82, 273.95, 274.32, 274.64, 274.93, 275.57, 294.77 |
Strontium (Sr II) | 421.55, 407.77 |
Zinc (Zn I) | 280.12 *, 307.59, 328.23, 330.29 *, 334.53, 468.01 *, 472.22 *, 481.05 *, 636.23 |
Zinc (Zn II) | 255.79 |
Wavelength λ (nm) | Transition Upper to Lower | Upper-Level Energy Ek (cm−1) | Transition Probability and Statistical Weight Akgk (108s−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Ca I | |||
487.81 | 4s4f 1F3 → 3d4s 1D2 | 42,344.08 | 1.32 |
527.03 | 3d4p 3P2 → 3d4s 3D3 | 39,359.83 | 2.5 |
559.85 | 3d4p 3D1 → 3d4s 3D1 | 38,230.65 | 1.29 |
585.75 | 4p2 1D2 → 4s4p 1P1 | 40,730.97 | 3.3 |
612.22 | 4s5s 3S1 → 4s4p 3P1 | 31,536.26 | 0.86 |
649.97 | 4p 3F2 → 4s 3D2 | 35,730.34 | 0.41 |
671.76 | 4s5p 1P1 → 3d4s 1D2 | 36,698.2 | 0.36 |
Zn I | |||
280.12 | 5d 3D1 → 4p 3P2 | 68,579.14 | 0.75 |
330.29 | 4d 3D1 → 4p 3P1 | 62,772 | 6 |
468.01 | 5s 3S1 → 4p 3P0 | 53,672.24 | 0.48 |
472.22 | 5s 3S1 → 4p 3P1 | 53,672.23 | 1.37 |
481.05 | 5s 3S1 → 4p 3P2 | 53,672.24 | 2.1 |
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Alrebdi, T.A.; Fayyaz, A.; Asghar, H.; Elaissi, S.; Maati, L.A.E. Laser Spectroscopic Characterization for the Rapid Detection of Nutrients along with CN Molecular Emission Band in Plant-Biochar. Molecules 2022, 27, 5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155048
Alrebdi TA, Fayyaz A, Asghar H, Elaissi S, Maati LAE. Laser Spectroscopic Characterization for the Rapid Detection of Nutrients along with CN Molecular Emission Band in Plant-Biochar. Molecules. 2022; 27(15):5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155048
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlrebdi, Tahani A., Amir Fayyaz, Haroon Asghar, Samira Elaissi, and Lamia Abu El Maati. 2022. "Laser Spectroscopic Characterization for the Rapid Detection of Nutrients along with CN Molecular Emission Band in Plant-Biochar" Molecules 27, no. 15: 5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27155048