Therapeutic Perspectives of CD26 Inhibitors in Imune-Mediated Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CD26 Functions as a Cell Surface Protein and Soluble Enzyme Molecule
3. CD26 Inhibitors in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease
4. CD26 Inhibitors in Autoimmune Diabetes
5. CD26 Inhibitors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
6. CD26 Inhibitors in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
7. CD26 Inhibitors in Coronavirus-Related Immunological Response
8. CD26 Inhibitors in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
9. CD26 Inhibitors in Anti-Tumor Immune Response
10. Discussion
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Immune-Mediated Disease | CD26 Inhibitor | Mechanism of the Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease | Alogliptin | Inhibits IL-1 and TLR4-mediated IL-6 expression, as well as reducing cholesterol and triglycerides, decelerating atherosclerosis | [9] |
Linagliptin | Inhibited effects on xanthine oxidase. | [10] | |
Saxagliptin | Reduced CD40 expression in inflammatory monocytes and macrophages implicated in the initiation of atherosclerosis | [11] | |
Sitagliptin | Stimulates the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway | [12] | |
Teneligliptin | Suppression of CD36, acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) gene expression partly by attenuating the harmful effects of advanced glycation end product (AGEs) | [13] | |
Vildagliptin | Reduce the levels of LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid and increase the levels of HDL cholesterol in patients with T2DM; Decreases infarct size is reduction in ROS production, given that mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by the extensive release of H2O2, as one of pro-oxidative markers | [14,15] | |
Autoimmune Diabetes | Sitagliptin | Unknown | [16] |
Linagliptin | Inhibits the CD26-mediated stimulation of autoimmune T-cell activation and islet infiltration | [17] | |
Vildagliptin | Increase insulin secretion and decrease the extensive peri-insulitis which was mainly formed by CD3-positive T cells | [18] | |
Saxagliptin | Unknown | [19] | |
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Linagliptin | Inhibits the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway via downregulating p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 protein expression and HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB cascade through lowering HMGB1, RAGE, and p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB | [20] |
Sitagliptin | Enhancement of GLP-2 action and the subsequent protective effects on intestinal barrier by inhibiting epithelial cells apoptosis and promoting their proliferation | [21] | |
Anagliptin | Unknown | [22] | |
Graft-versus-Host Disease | Sitagliptin | Block T-cell activation, resulting in decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines; attenuate cleavage of CXCL12, facilitating the homing and engraftment of donor cells in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | [23,24] |
Coronavirus-related immunological response | Sitagliptin | Unknown | [25] |
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Linagliptin | Showed neuroprotective properties against neurodegenerative diseases., exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in MS by reducing brain TNF-α | [26] |
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Hu, X.; Wang, X.; Xue, X. Therapeutic Perspectives of CD26 Inhibitors in Imune-Mediated Diseases. Molecules 2022, 27, 4498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144498
Hu X, Wang X, Xue X. Therapeutic Perspectives of CD26 Inhibitors in Imune-Mediated Diseases. Molecules. 2022; 27(14):4498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144498
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Xiaopeng, Xisheng Wang, and Xingkui Xue. 2022. "Therapeutic Perspectives of CD26 Inhibitors in Imune-Mediated Diseases" Molecules 27, no. 14: 4498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144498