Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Coatings coatings	3.4	4.7	2011	13.8 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing jmmp	3.2	5.5	2017	14.2 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Metals metals	2.9	4.4	2011	15 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Processes processes	3.5	4.7	2013	13.7 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

23 pages, 9728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Femoral Implants Using Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Methodology

by Wenjie Zhang, Hongxi Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Yuyao Liang and Yi Hao

Metals 2024, 14(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050492 - 23 Apr 2024

Viewed by 220

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology used for the design and production of porous implants can successfully address the issues of stress shielding and aseptic loosening associated with the use of solid implants in the human body. In this paper, orthogonal experiments were used [...] Read more.

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology used for the design and production of porous implants can successfully address the issues of stress shielding and aseptic loosening associated with the use of solid implants in the human body. In this paper, orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the process parameters for SLM molding of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) material to investigate the effects of the process parameters on the densities, microscopic morphology, and roughness, and to determine the optimal process parameters using the roughness as a judging criterion. Based on the optimized process parameters, the mechanical properties of SLM-formed TC4 alloy specimens are investigated experimentally in this paper. The main conclusions are as follows: the optimal combination of roughness is obtained by polar analysis, the microhardness of SLM-molded TC4 alloy molded specimens is more uniform, the microhardness of specimens on the side and the front as well as the abrasion resistance is higher than that of casting specimens, the yield strength and tensile strength of specimens is higher than that of ASTM F136 standard and casting standard but the elongation is not as good as that of the standard, and the elasticity and compressive strength of porous specimens are higher than that of casting specimens at different volume fractions. The modulus of elasticity and compressive strength are within the range of human skeletal requirements. This work makes it possible to fabricate high-performance porous femoral joint implants from TC4 alloy SLM-molded materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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18 pages, 3661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planning Mechanical Behavior of A356 Alloy Wheels by Using Distinct Heat Treatments

by Adriano L. Tonetti, Wislei R. Osório, Ausdinir D. Bortolozo and Giovana S. Padilha

Metals 2024, 14(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040461 - 13 Apr 2024

Viewed by 499

Abstract

The aim of this investigation concerns evaluating the mechanical strength and microhardness values of A356 alloy samples in distinctive heat treatments, including those commonly applied to automotive wheels. It is recognized that A356 and Al-Si-based alloys exhibit considerable versatility across numerous industrial applications. [...] Read more.

The aim of this investigation concerns evaluating the mechanical strength and microhardness values of A356 alloy samples in distinctive heat treatments, including those commonly applied to automotive wheels. It is recognized that A356 and Al-Si-based alloys exhibit considerable versatility across numerous industrial applications. The mechanical behavior obtained is intimately associated with different operational parameters (e.g., cooling rates, solution treatment, quenching, and artificial aging). In this study, a group of samples are quenched at 30, 60 and 80 °C. Another set is quenched and subsequently aged at three different temperatures, i.e., 180, 200, and 220 °C for 5 h, and mechanical responses are compared. Microstructural characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, tensile testing, and microhardness measurements are carried out. Using the Rietveld data and based on the modified Williamson–Hall method, the microstrains, crystallite size, and dislocation densities are calculated. Based on this, the resulting mechanical strengths from distinctive quenching and aging are understood. It was found that there exists a “quasi-optimal range” of operational parameters involving different A356 alloy treatments, which vary depending on the manufacturing route. Considering A356 alloy wheels, the planning of the powder coat treatment before or after T6 treating provides better mechanical properties and ductility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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22 pages, 10192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Pure Shear Tests on Textured Magnesium AZ31B Sheets

by Lawrence Whitmore, Anton Nischler, Holger Saage and Otto Huber

Metals 2024, 14(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040404 - 29 Mar 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

Pure shear tests of textured magnesium AZ31B sheet samples were carried out using a 5 kN Kammrath & Weiss in situ tension-compression stage in a scanning electron microscope in combination with real-time electron backscatter diffraction lattice orientation mapping. The sample design was optimized [...] Read more.

Pure shear tests of textured magnesium AZ31B sheet samples were carried out using a 5 kN Kammrath & Weiss in situ tension-compression stage in a scanning electron microscope in combination with real-time electron backscatter diffraction lattice orientation mapping. The sample design was optimized to produce a pure shear stress in the central gauge zone. Distributions of the deformation twins were correlated with finite element simulations using a linear-elastic constitutive law considering large deformations to show that twins form in areas where the principal compressive stress

σ_{3}^{*}

is a maximum and that they form normal to the trajectories of that minor principal stress. Mappings of the same area at different load values revealed the formation and growth of individual twins and their relationship to the internal elastic strain of individual grains as indicated by the internal grain disorientation. All twins observed were of the extension type, with an 86.3° disorientation with respect to the parent grains. A more detailed study was conducted using transmission electron microscopy to correlate with the EBSD observations and to further elucidate the twin structures within samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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13 pages, 7085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Strain Rate and Anisotropy on the Formability and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 2024-T3

by Martin Harant, Patricia Verleysen, Milan Forejt and Stepan Kolomy

Metals 2024, 14(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010098 - 13 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1080

Abstract

The present study focuses on the mechanical behaviour and formability of the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 in sheet form with a thickness of 0.8 mm. For this purpose, tensile tests at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates were performed using a universal testing machine, and [...] Read more.

The present study focuses on the mechanical behaviour and formability of the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 in sheet form with a thickness of 0.8 mm. For this purpose, tensile tests at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates were performed using a universal testing machine, and high strain rate experiments were performed using a split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) facility. The material’s anisotropy was investigated by considering seven different specimen orientations relative to the rolling direction. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure specimen deformation. Based on the true stress–strain curves, the alloy exhibited negative strain rate sensitivity (NSRS). Dynamic strain aging (DSA) was investigated as a possible cause. However, neither the strain distribution nor the stress–strain curves gave further indications of the occurrence of DSA. A higher deformation capacity was observed in the high strain rate experiments. The alloy displayed anisotropic mechanical properties. Values of the Lankford coefficient lower than 1, more specifically, varying between 0.45 and 0.87 depending on specimen orientations and strain rate, were found. The hardening exponent was not significantly dependent on specimen orientation and only moderately affected by strain rate. An average value of 0.183 was observed for specimens tested at a quasi-static strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a typical ductile fracture morphology with fine dimples. Dimple sizes were hardly affected by specimen orientation and strain rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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19 pages, 15095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Molybdenum Content on Wear and Corrosion Behavior of Fe-B-Based Surface-Alloyed Layer

by Engin Kocaman

Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122050 - 06 Dec 2023

Viewed by 991

Abstract

In this study, Fe-Mo-B-based hardfacing electrodes containing different amounts of Mo were coated on an AISI 1020 steel substrate using the electric arc welding method. The findings show that molybdenum is highly effective on the microstructure and minor changes in the coating composition [...] Read more.

In this study, Fe-Mo-B-based hardfacing electrodes containing different amounts of Mo were coated on an AISI 1020 steel substrate using the electric arc welding method. The findings show that molybdenum is highly effective on the microstructure and minor changes in the coating composition affect the phases and morphological properties. In the hardness tests, an increase of 73% was achieved in the Fe₁₄Mo₂B₄-based hardfacing coating, compared to the base material, and a 30% increase was achieved, compared to the Fe₁₆B₄-based coating. The highest hardness value was measured as 56.4 HRC and the highest phase hardness was measured as 3228 HV in the FeMo₂B₄ phase. The lowest wear rate was measured in the Fe₁₄Mo₂B₄-based coating. The wear rate of the Fe₁₄Mo₂B₄-based coating was 8.1 times lower than that of the substrate material and 4.7 times lower than that of the Fe₁₆B₄-based coating. According to corrosion test results, the highest corrosion resistance was obtained in the Fe₁₆B₄-based coating. The current density value of the Fe₁₆B₄-based coating was measured to be 13.6 times lower than that of the substrate material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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18 pages, 6313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Cr Element in Highly Dense Passivation of Fe-Based Amorphous Alloy

by Ziqi Song, Zhaoxuan Wang, Qi Chen, Zhigang Qi, Ki Buem Kim and Weimin Wang

Materials 2023, 16(20), 6630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206630 - 10 Oct 2023

Viewed by 808

Abstract

The effect of the Cr element on the corrosion behavior of as-spun Fe_72−xCr_xB_19.2Si_4.8Nb₄ ribbons with x = 0, 7.2, 21.6, and 36 in 3.5% NaCl solution were investigated in this work. The results [...] Read more.

The effect of the Cr element on the corrosion behavior of as-spun Fe_72−xCr_xB_19.2Si_4.8Nb₄ ribbons with x = 0, 7.2, 21.6, and 36 in 3.5% NaCl solution were investigated in this work. The results show that the glass formability of the alloys can be increased as Cr content (c_Cr) is added up to 21.6 at.%. When c_Cr reaches 36 at.%, some nanocrystals appear in the as-spun ribbon. With increasing c_Cr content, the corrosion resistances of as-spun Fe-based ribbons are continually improved as well as their hardness properties; during the polarization test, their passive film shows an increase first and then a decrease, with the highest pitting potential as c_Cr = 7.2 at.%, which is confirmed by an XPS test. The dense passivation film, composed of Cr₂O₃ and [CrO_x(OH)_3−2x, nH₂O], can reduce the number of corrosion pits on the sample surface due to chloride corrosion and possibly be deteriorated by the overdosed CrFeB phase. This work can help us to design and prepare the highly corrosion-resistant Fe-based alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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16 pages, 5598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the SCC Resistance of the Anchor Steel with Microalloying in a Simulated Mine Environment

by Hailong Du, Na An, Xiyan Wang, Yongliang Li, Zhiyong Liu, Aibing Jin, Renshu Yang, Yue Pan and Xiaogang Li

Materials 2023, 16(17), 5965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175965 - 31 Aug 2023

Viewed by 741

Abstract

This work explored a new idea for enhancing the resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of mining anchor steel through microalloying. Microalloyed anchor steels with Nb, Cu, Ni, Sb, and C were prepared through vacuum smelting and hot rolling. Electrochemical measurements, slow strain [...] Read more.

This work explored a new idea for enhancing the resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of mining anchor steel through microalloying. Microalloyed anchor steels with Nb, Cu, Ni, Sb, and C were prepared through vacuum smelting and hot rolling. Electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests, and fracture morphology observations were used to study the electrochemical and SCC behavior in the simulated mine environment. The results proved that the microstructure of microalloyed steels varies slightly. Adding Ni, Cu, and Sb can improve the mechanical properties of the anchor steel, while reducing C content decreases tensile strength as a result of loss of the solution-strengthening effect. The addition of Sb, Cu, Ni, and reducing the content of C enhances the resistance to corrosion and SCC by mitigating anodic dissolution (AD), while adding Nb improves SCC resistance by inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The combined addition of 1% Ni, 0.5% Cu, 0.05% Nb, 0.1% Sb, and 0.5% C presented the highest SCC resistance, which is a promising prospect for the development of high-performance, low-alloy anchor steels. The combined addition of 1% Ni, 0.5% Cu, 0.05% Nb, and 0.1% Sb resulted in the inhibition of electrochemical reactions and corrosion. As a result of the synergistic effect of the microalloy, both AD and HE mechanisms were simultaneously inhibited, which greatly enhanced SCC resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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26 pages, 11511 KiB

Open AccessReview

Environment-Induced Degradation of Shape Memory Alloys: Role of Alloying and Nature of Environment

by S. Santosh, W. B. Jefrin Harris and T. S. Srivatsan

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165660 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Shape memory effects coupled with superelasticity are the distinctive characteristics of shape memory alloys (SMAs), a type of metal. When these alloys are subject to thermomechanical processing, they have the inherent ability to react to stimuli, such as heat. As a result, these [...] Read more.

Shape memory effects coupled with superelasticity are the distinctive characteristics of shape memory alloys (SMAs), a type of metal. When these alloys are subject to thermomechanical processing, they have the inherent ability to react to stimuli, such as heat. As a result, these alloys have established their usefulness in a variety of fields and have in recent years been chosen for use in stents, sensors, actuators, and several other forms of life-saving medical equipment. When it comes to the shape memory materials, nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys are in the forefront and have been chosen for use in a spectrum of demanding applications. As shape memory alloys (SMAs) are chosen for use in critical environments, such as blood streams (arteries and veins), orthodontic applications, orthopedic implants, and high temperature surroundings, such as actuators in aircraft engines, the phenomenon of environment-induced degradation is of both interest and concern. Hence, the environment-induced degradation behavior of the shape memory alloys (SMAs) needs to be studied to find viable ways to improve their resistance to an aggressive environment. The degradation that occurs upon exposure to an aggressive environment is often referred to as corrosion. Environment-induced degradation, or corrosion, being an unavoidable factor, certain techniques can be used for the purpose of enhancing the degradation resistance of shape memory alloys (SMAs). In this paper, we present and discuss the specific role of microstructure and contribution of environment to the degradation behavior of shape memory alloys (SMAs) while concurrently providing methods to resist both the development and growth of the degradation caused by the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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12 pages, 5104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Tantalum Content on the Main Properties of the TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag Alloy

by Gabriel Dobri, Alexandra Banu, Cristina Donath and Maria Marcu

Metals 2023, 13(7), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071294 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 778

Abstract

This study presents the influence of different contents of tantalum alloying elements on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag alloys and their corrosion resistance in a 3% NaCl solution. These alloys exhibit a structure with more than 80% of the beta phase, [...] Read more.

This study presents the influence of different contents of tantalum alloying elements on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag alloys and their corrosion resistance in a 3% NaCl solution. These alloys exhibit a structure with more than 80% of the beta phase, a Young’s modulus between 82 and 55 GPa close to human bone, and good corrosion resistance, with a corrosion rate between 5 and 47 μm y⁻¹. Furthermore, the excellent corrosion behavior of the TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag alloy with 10 and 15% tantalum content is highlighted, revealed by a nobler corrosion potential, low corrosion rate, and a high passivation tendency in a 3% NaCl solution. The results reported in this work allow us to consider that titanium alloys TixTa9Nb8Zr2Ag with 10–20% Ta could be a valid alternative for use in orthopedic surgery, and the level of tantalum can be customized depending on the nature of the treated bone and the complexity and difficulty of the implant machining, i.e., of the required optimum hardness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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10 pages, 2474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Thermal Stability of CrZrON Coatings Synthesized via Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

by Sung-Min Kim and Sang-Yul Lee

Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071254 - 16 Jul 2023

Viewed by 758

Abstract

This research manuscript investigates the structural and thermal stability of CrZrON coatings synthesized through reactive magnetron sputtering. The coatings were deposited at different temperatures with 120 °C and 400 °C, and with varying oxygen-to-reactive gas ratios in the range of 8.3% to 25.7%. [...] Read more.

This research manuscript investigates the structural and thermal stability of CrZrON coatings synthesized through reactive magnetron sputtering. The coatings were deposited at different temperatures with 120 °C and 400 °C, and with varying oxygen-to-reactive gas ratios in the range of 8.3% to 25.7%. The average chemical composition, crystallographic orientation, microstructure, lattice parameter, crystallite size, and hardness of the coatings were evaluated. The results revealed that the coatings deposited at a lower temperature of 120 °C exhibited a columnar structure, while those deposited at a higher temperature of 400 °C showed a transition towards a featureless or amorphous structure. The lattice parameter and crystallite size were influenced by the deposition temperature and oxygen ratio, indicating the incorporation of oxygen into the coatings. Hardness measurements demonstrated that the coatings’ hardness decreased from 33.7 GPa to 28.6 GPa for a process temperature of 120 °C and from 32.1 GPa to 25.7 GPa for 400 °C with an increase in the oxygen ratio, primarily due to the formation of oxygen-rich compounds or oxides. Additionally, annealing experiments indicated that the coatings with featureless or amorphous structures exhibited improved thermal stability, as they maintained their structural integrity without delamination even at high annealing temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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15 pages, 5800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Passive Film and Depassivation Behavior of Cr-Bearing Steel Reinforcement in an Alkaline Environment

by Yuwan Tian, Cheng Wen, Xiaohui Xi, Deyue Yang and Peichang Deng

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050964 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Using Cr-bearing low-alloy steel is an effective preventive measure for marine structures, as it offers superior corrosion resistance when compared to plain carbon steel. However, it remains unclear how quenching and tempering heat treatment, which is commonly applied to steel reinforcement in some [...] Read more.

Using Cr-bearing low-alloy steel is an effective preventive measure for marine structures, as it offers superior corrosion resistance when compared to plain carbon steel. However, it remains unclear how quenching and tempering heat treatment, which is commonly applied to steel reinforcement in some specific environments to improve its mechanical properties, affects its corrosion resistance. In the present work, the impact of heat treatment on the passive film and depassivation behavior of the 0.2C-1.4Mn-0.6Si-5Cr steel are studied. The results reveal that quenching and tempering result in grain refinement of the Cr-bearing steel, which increases its hardness. However, this refinement causes significant degradation in its corrosion resistance. The critical [Cl⁻]/[OH⁻] ratio after quenching and tempering is determined to be approximately 6.6 times lower than that after normalization, and the corrosion rate is 1.6 times higher. After quenching and tempering, the passive film predominantly comprises iron oxides and hydroxides, with relatively high water content and defect density. Additionally, the Fe^II/Fe^III ratio and film resistance are relatively low. In comparison, after normalization, the steel exhibits high corrosion resistance, with the passive film formed offering the highest level of protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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16 pages, 5679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Corrosion Resistance of High-Silicon Ductile Iron Alloyed with Nb

by Carlos Rodrigo Muñiz Valdez, Daniel García Navarro, Jesús Salvador Galindo Valdés, Félix Alan Montes González, Efrain Almanza Casas and Nelly Abigail Rodríguez Rosales

Metals 2023, 13(5), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050917 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

In this study, the effects of Nb on the microstructural characteristics, hardness, and corrosion resistance of high-silicon ductile cast iron (HSDI)-3.6 wt.% Si were investigated. Samples from different castings with 0–0.9 wt.% Nb were obtained and compared to a commercial ductile iron. Microstructures [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of Nb on the microstructural characteristics, hardness, and corrosion resistance of high-silicon ductile cast iron (HSDI)-3.6 wt.% Si were investigated. Samples from different castings with 0–0.9 wt.% Nb were obtained and compared to a commercial ductile iron. Microstructures showed that the amount of ferrite in the matrix increased with increasing Nb content, from 34% for unalloyed HSDI to 88% for HSDI-0.9 wt.% Nb. The presence of randomly distributed NbC carbides was identified by EDX for all the samples alloyed with Nb, and the hardness of the HSDI increased with the Nb content. To evaluate the influence of the Nb content on the corrosion resistance of HSDI, potentiodynamic tests were carried out in a solution of H₂SO₄. The highest corrosion rate on HSDI was obtained for the HSDI-0.3 wt.% Nb sample, with 2802 mills per year, due to the amount of pearlite present and the lowest presence of NbC carbides, compared to the HSDI-0.9 wt.% Nb, with 986 mills per year. This behavior was attributed to the ferrite matrix obtained because of a high Si content in the DI, which delayed the anodic dissolution of the alloy and suppressed the pearlitizing effect of Nb for contents greater than 0.3 wt.%, as well as to the effect of NbC carbides, which acted as inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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11 pages, 5580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Energy Density on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Nickel-Based WC Coatings by Laser Cladding of Preset Zr702 Alloy Plates

by Guangsheng Zhang, Aixin Feng, Pu Zhao, Xiaoming Pan and Huibin Feng

Coatings 2023, 13(5), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050826 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1082

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding coatings with different energy densities in the case of a preset 0.5 mm thick Zr702 alloy plate to determine the specific present form of Zr elements and the optimal laser [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding coatings with different energy densities in the case of a preset 0.5 mm thick Zr702 alloy plate to determine the specific present form of Zr elements and the optimal laser energy density. Thereby, microscopic characterization and performance tests were carried out by the microhardness tester, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tribometer. The results showed that, at different energy densities, the Zr elements in the coating were mainly in the form of ZrC and (Zr,W)C, which are hard particles with high wear resistance, and diffusely distributed in the coating to have second-phase-strengthening effects. Moreover, when the energy density was 28.3 J/mm², the coating was well fused and had the highest microhardness of 936.4 HV_0.2. The wear rate of the coating was the lowest at 90.8 μm³/(m·N). The wear was characterized by hard particle spalling and abrasive wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Alloys and Composites Corrosion and Mechanical Properties)

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