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Water
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Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy
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Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Oceans and Coastal Zones".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2023) | Viewed by 8370

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stanislav Myslenkov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oceanology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: ocean waves; wave modelling; wave forecast; ocean currents; altimetry
Dr. Sergei Badulin

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Nonlinear Wave Processes Laboratory, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovskii pr., 117997 Moscow, Russia
Interests: sea waves; satellite altimetry for wave studies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on wind waves and wave energy distribution in the world’s oceans. In recent years, we have seen an increase in the demand for “renewable energy” and wave energy resources.

Wind waves and wave energy can be studied through the use of numerous methods, different sources and different approaches, such as direct measurements, altimetry data and numerical modelling data. This Special Issue is open to receiving studies based on different data and methods. We would like to see articles related to the analysis of wave energy in open oceans, coastal zones and different semi-closed basins.

We would like to invite you to contribute your research to this Special Issue entitled “Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy”, presenting the results of numerical modelling and measurement data analyses, as well as your studies verifying, extending and improving on the current engineering design of the wind wave energy sphere.

The deadline is February 28, 2023.

Dr. Stanislav Myslenkov
Dr. Sergei Badulin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wave energy
  • ocean waves
  • wave modelling
  • renewable energy
  • ocean engineering
  • coastal engineering
  • wave forecast
  • climate change

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2490 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Wave Energy Converters Based on Historical Data from a Given Point in the Sea
by Deivis Avila, Yanelys Cuba Arana, Ramón Quiza and G. Nicolás Marichal
Water 2023, 15(23), 4075; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234075 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 999
Abstract
The assessment of wave energy converters is a key issue for planning and managing the economic feasibility wave power plants. However, obtaining reliable assessments is a difficult goal due to the strong stochastic component of wave behaviour. This paper proposes a simple and [...] Read more.
The assessment of wave energy converters is a key issue for planning and managing the economic feasibility wave power plants. However, obtaining reliable assessments is a difficult goal due to the strong stochastic component of wave behaviour. This paper proposes a simple and straightforward assessment method based on empirical data to estimate not only the expected values of converted power, but also their confidence limits. The method combines Gaussian mixed models with the Monte Carlo method. The proposed approach was validated by assessing five converters with data obtained from two different buoys. The daily converted power values agree with the measured wave parameter patterns. Furthermore, all the observed values of monthly generated energy in the three years after the evaluation fell within the forecast intervals, supporting the validity of the proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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18 pages, 4612 KiB  
Article
Wind Waves Web Atlas of the Russian Seas
by Stanislav Myslenkov, Timofey Samsonov, Anastasia Shurygina, Sofia Kiseleva and Victor Arkhipkin
Water 2023, 15(11), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112036 - 27 May 2023
Viewed by 1453
Abstract
The main parameters of wind waves in the World Ocean are connected with global climate change. Renewable energy technologies, intensive shipping, fishery, marine infrastructure, and many different human marine activities in the coastal zone and open sea need knowledge about the wind-wave climate. [...] Read more.
The main parameters of wind waves in the World Ocean are connected with global climate change. Renewable energy technologies, intensive shipping, fishery, marine infrastructure, and many different human marine activities in the coastal zone and open sea need knowledge about the wind-wave climate. The main motivation of this research is to share various wind wave parameters with high spatial resolution in the coastal zone via a modern cartographic web atlas. The developed atlas contains information on 13 Russian Seas, including the Azov, Black, Baltic, Caspian, White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering Seas, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan/East Sea. The analysis of wave climate was based on the results of wave modeling by WAVEWATCH III with input NCEP/CFSR wind and ice data. The web atlas was organized using the classic three-tier architecture, which includes a data storage subsystem (database server), a data analysis and publishing subsystem (GIS server), and a web application subsystem that provides a user interface for interacting with data and map services (webserver). The web atlas provides access to the following parameters: mean and maximum significant wave height, wave length and period, wave energy flux, wind speed, and wind power. The developed atlas allows changing the map scale (zoom) for detailed analysis of wave parameters in the coastal zones where the wave model spatial resolution is 300–1000 m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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26 pages, 18272 KiB  
Article
Wave Buoy Measurements at Short Fetches in the Black Sea Nearshore: Mixed Sea and Energy Fluxes
by Aleksandra Rybalko, Stanislav Myslenkov and Sergei Badulin
Water 2023, 15(10), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101834 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1527
Abstract
Wave buoy measurements were carried out near the northeastern Black Sea coast at the natural reserve Utrish in 2020–2021. In total, about 11 months of data records were collected during two stages of the experiment at 600 and 1500 m offshore and depths [...] Read more.
Wave buoy measurements were carried out near the northeastern Black Sea coast at the natural reserve Utrish in 2020–2021. In total, about 11 months of data records were collected during two stages of the experiment at 600 and 1500 m offshore and depths of 18 and 42 m. The measured waves propagate almost exclusively from the seaward directions. Generally, the waves do not follow the local wind directions, thus, implying a mixed sea state. Nevertheless, dimensionless wave heights and periods appears to be quite close to the previously established empirical laws for the wind-driven seas. The results of the wave turbulence theory are applied for estimates of spectral energy fluxes and their correspondence to the energy flux from the turbulent wind pulsations. These estimates are consistent with today’s understanding of wind–wave interaction. It is shown that the main fraction of the wind energy flux is sent to the direct Kolmogorov–Zakharov cascade to high wave frequencies and then dissipates in small amounts. Less than 1% of the wind energy flux is directed to the low frequency band (the so-called inverse Kolmogorov–Zakharov cascade), thus, providing wave energy growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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13 pages, 4205 KiB  
Article
Drag Coefficient Parameterization under Hurricane Wind Conditions
by Alexandra Kuznetsova, Georgy Baydakov, Alexander Dosaev and Yuliya Troitskaya
Water 2023, 15(10), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101830 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
The influence of small-scale processes at the ocean–atmosphere boundary layer such as spray and foam on the surface waves prediction is studied. Estimates of the effect of including the exact number of specific fragmentation “parachute” type in the spray on the resulting drag [...] Read more.
The influence of small-scale processes at the ocean–atmosphere boundary layer such as spray and foam on the surface waves prediction is studied. Estimates of the effect of including the exact number of specific fragmentation “parachute” type in the spray on the resulting drag coefficient is shown. For the estimates, the numerical simulations within WAVEWATCH III wave model are performed. The parameterizations of wind input are tested within WAVEWATCH III wave model: default ST4 and ST6 parameterizations and the ST1 and ST6 parameterizations used together with the implemented drag coefficient parameterization. The proposed parameterization takes into account the presence of foam and spay. The obtained results are compared with the NDBC buoys data. The importance of small-scale processes for waves at hurricane winds prediction and the prospects for their inclusion in modern numerical wave models is shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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15 pages, 602 KiB  
Article
On ST6 Source Terms Model Assessment and Alternative
by Andrei Pushkarev, Vladimir Geogjaev and Vladimir Zakharov
Water 2023, 15(8), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081521 - 13 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1129
Abstract
We present the study of the ST6 balanced set of wind energy input and wave energy dissipation due to wave breaking source terms, offered as the option in operational wave forecasting models and based on theoretical self-similarity analysis and numerical simulation of the [...] Read more.
We present the study of the ST6 balanced set of wind energy input and wave energy dissipation due to wave breaking source terms, offered as the option in operational wave forecasting models and based on theoretical self-similarity analysis and numerical simulation of the wave energy radiative transfer equation. The study relies on the classical limited fetch wind wave excitation problem with constant wind blowing orthogonally to the shoreline toward the open ocean. It is found that the ST6 model exhibits asymptotic quasi self-similar behavior for fetches exceeding ≃25 km, as well as non-universal wave energy growth for shorter fetches, depending on the shoreline wave energy levels. We construct the alternative model PGZ-2 from a self-similar consideration, which reproduces field experimental data almost in the whole fetch span and reduces wave energy evolution dependence on the shoreline energy level. We assert that the PGZ-2 model is more accurate than the ST6 model. Moreover, it has a wider area of applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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18 pages, 8178 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation Study on Interactions between the Wave and Newborn Sandbank in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea
by Huiming Huang, Zhenwen Liu, Chun Chen, Xiang Lin, Siqi Li, Xiantao Huang, Mee Mee Soe and Mohammad Saydul Islam Sarkar
Water 2022, 14(21), 3566; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213566 - 06 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1334
Abstract
As a unique landform in the island and reef area, the newborn sandbank is not only the initial stage of island development, but also has a rapid evolution and a complex dynamic mechanism. However, the dynamic geomorphology mechanism of the newborn sandbank is [...] Read more.
As a unique landform in the island and reef area, the newborn sandbank is not only the initial stage of island development, but also has a rapid evolution and a complex dynamic mechanism. However, the dynamic geomorphology mechanism of the newborn sandbank is still lacking extensive study and direct evidence of the interaction process between the marine dynamics and the newborn sandbank geomorphology. Therefore, in order to reveal the interaction mechanisms between marine dynamics and newborn sandbanks, a newborn sandbank in the sea area of the Xisha Islands, in the South China Sea, has been selected as the focus of this research. The method of numerical simulation was used to discuss and analyze the wave field characteristics around the newborn sandbank and their impacts on the sandbank’s migration and development. The results show that: (1) The islands and reefs have significant refraction, diffraction, and energy dissipation effects on waves, and the newborn sandbank has the same effect, but with a weaker function. The wave height around the reef islands reduced by approximately 60–67% in dominated and strong wave directions. At the same time, the wave height attenuation in the wave shadow zone, behind the newborn sandbank, can reach approximately 27–33%. (2) Wind is important for the evolution of wave fields; in particular, when the wind speed exceeds grades four and five, the effect of the wind on the waves is particularly significant, causing the winds to control the wave characteristics around the islands and newborn sandbanks. This results in significant seasonal differences in wave fields within the sea area. (3) The wave direction primarily controls the migration direction of the newborn sandbank, and the wave height primarily controls the migration speed and distance. After one month of wave action in the strong wave direction, the maximum eastward deposition length was approximately 50 m. After one month of wave action in the dominated wave direction, the maximum eastward deposition length was approximately 60 m. Therefore, the topography of the newborn sandbank affects the wave propagation, meanwhile, the wave conversely determines migration and development of the newborn sandbank in a short term. The dynamic geomorphology action between the wave and newborn sandbank is a fast two-way process, and occurs not only during storms or the winter monsoon, but also during other, more common, weather events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Ocean Waves and Analysis of Wave Energy)
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